DEVELOPMENT OF WATER STRESS INDEX AS A TOOL FOR THE

ASSESSMENT OF WATER STRESS AREAS IN THE METROPOLITAN JAKARTA

Firdaus Ali
Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body &
Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering-University of Indonesia
Jl. Pejompongan Raya No. 57, Jakarta -Indonesia
Email: firdaus108@hotmail.com & firdaus_ali@eng.ui.ac.id

ABSTRACT
Jakarta metropolitan city with total area of 662 km2 and real population reaching 12.5 million
people is currently facing critical condition with respect the environmental support, particularly
water resources. As a capital city of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta is always experiencing
scarcity of raw water source to meet the clean water need and a very low water service coverage
(<45%). However, at the same time it is always facing flood and stagnation threat, especially in
the wet season. On the other hand, the urban environmental sanitation condition is also very
critical, especially due to pollutant load that is always being discharged into water bodies in the
form of urban waste (wastewater and solid waste). With very low level of water security
condition (2.29%), many areas in Jakarta experience a serious clean water stress and poor
sanitation, one of the critical area is the North Jakarta. This paper describes a new strategic
approach aiming to identify water stress areas with the development of a water stress index
(WSI) which further becomes a basis in determination of policy and strategy for the
improvement of clean water and sanitation condition in the Jakarta Metropolitan City. The
calculation methodology for WSI used in this study is based on 3 (three) main components
comprising of water resources, ecological system, and demand magnitude and clean water
consumption. By using 8 (eight) supporting indicators for each respective components, the result
of the study shows that from 32 kelurahan (sub-district or vilages) in 6 sub-districts in the North
Jakarta Municipality, only 2 villages (West and East Kelapa Gading) are not experiencing water
stress.
Keywords: raw water, water supply, sanitation, water stress index and water stress area.

1.

INTRODUCTION
The DKI Jakarta Province, capital city of the Republic of Indonesia, has a total area of 662 km2

which is divided into 5 (five) municipalities and 1 (one) regency and 44 kecamatan (districts). Based
on the Jakarta official registration, population in 2009 has reached 12.5 million, whereas, the average
population density is relatively very high, reaching 13,776 person/km2.
The high level of development and population density in Jakarta is causing pressure to the
environment that have exceeded the environmental support capacity, particularly with respect to the
water resources. The quantity and quality of rivers and ponds in Jakarta could no longer serve the need
of raw water for clean water piped system of the city. The shallow groundwater could no longer be
available due to high level of contamination by domestic waste. Almost all of the shallow wells in the
North Jakarta Municipality are saline due to sea water intrusion. Excessive deep groundwater
abstraction is increased the rate of land subsidence endangering the risk or threat of flooding or water
stagnation.
1

Figure 1
Map of North Jakarta Municipality and the DKI Jakarta Province, Indonesia
Jakarta historically has had clean piped water system since the Dutch colonial administration and
has experienced modernization for the last 40 years, especially after the involvement of private water
providers within the last 12 years. However, the availability of clean water is still crucial which places
Jakarta in a very low water security condition that is 2.2% outside the use of deep groundwater
reserved which is increasingly more critical. This situation put challenge for the Jakarta administration
to immediately address the problem in comprehensive, effective, efficient, and sustainable manner.
The study on water security is needed to determine the clean water stress areas by using the
approach of Water Stress Index (WSI) calculation, which is further, could be used as basis in
determining the policy directive of drinking water provision and regulating the water resources in the
Jakarta region. For the first phase, the study is focused on the North Jakarta area with total area of
143.2 km2 and population of more than 1.4 million people.
The selection of this area as the main target of the study based on consideration that the North
Jakarta area has a very high level of population density and often identified as the area with very low
water availability, or in other words it is situated in the water stress area. Other consideration is due
to extremity of the water availability in this area. Hence, it make the area a good reference for baseline
in determining the approach and calculation model in the WSI study, later can be used as a common

methodology or reference in determining the policy and planning of drinking water provision in the
Jakarta Province.
The purpose and objective of the study is to know and to map the location in the North Jakarta
area that experience lagging in meeting the need for clean water. The result of mapping will show the
level of water scarcity in each respective area or villages in the North Jakarta area. It can be used to
determine the policy with respect to determine targeting priority in the provision of clean water in the
North Jakarta area.
In this section, an illustration will be presented briefly on the condition and characteristics of
physical environment in the North Jakarta Municipality. The understanding of the study area will be
important in conducting the study/assessment on the level of water scarcity (water stress area).
Related environmental factors to be considered are administrative area, topography, climate or
climatology, and water resources in the North Jakarta.
2.

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

Geographically, the North Jakarta Municipality is situated at 15o1000 05o1000 South

Longitude and between 106o2900 - 106o0700 East Latitude. North Jakarta is bounded by Tangerang
Regency in the west part with Bekasi Regency on the east side, and West Jakarta, Central Jakarta and
East Jakarta on the south side; whereas, in the northern part with the Java Sea.
Administratively, North Jakarta Municipality is divided into 6 kecamatan (district); they are
Kecamatan Penjaringan, Tanjung Priuk, Koja, Cilincing, Pademangan, Kelapa Gading; and 32
kelurahan. Kecamatan Penjaringan has an area of 35.98 km2. Kecamatan Tanjung Priok has an area of
24.90 km2. In these districts there is Tanjung Priok Port which is the busiest sea-port in Indonesia and
as the main international sea-port in Indonesia.
Kecamatan Kelapa Gading is the most developed area which was build by real estate company
Summarecon Agung since 1962. In the 1960s, Kecamatan Kelapa Gading was known as swampy area
and rice paddy field. Now, Kelapa Gading has transformed into a well planned area and developing
rapidly. The Kelapa Gading area is located at an elevation of about 5 meters above the sea level,
making it vulnerable to flooding, especially during the 5 yearly flood cycle. However, at certain
places, the flood threat could happen any time during the wet season without having to wait the 5
yearly flood cycles.
3.

ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION CONDITION

3.1 Clean Water

The MDGs target for the clean water sector which must be reached by year 2015 is to serve 80%
of the urban population. However, up to the present, the piped water service coverage is only less than

44% of the total Jakarta population. The remaining population of Jakarta still has no access to piped
water system and has to rely on groundwater source, both shallow as well as deep groundwater wells.
Moreover, a small portion of the Jakarta population, particularly in North Jakarta obtain clean
water by purchasing water from the water vendors, especially the population in the densely and slum
areas. The growing trend of the population now starts to shift to bottled water as source of drinking
water. Increasingly, bottled water becomes the main source of drinking water since access to piped
water is becoming limited and poor quality of groundwater in Jakarta. This increase burden to the
peoples domestic spending considering the high price of bottle water.
In the North Jakarta region, the piped water service coverage in the North Jakarta is only 43.54%,
about 55.37% of the population uses bottled water for its drinking water. Only a small portion of the
North Jakarta population who uses water source originated from groundwater, i.e. 0.08%. This
condition is mainly due to the poor quality of groundwater in North Jakarta which is already infiltrated
by sea water, which causes it to become saline, in addition to the contamination by domestic
wastewater from the septic tanks.
The clean water service in North Jakarta area is managed and operated by P.T. Aetra Air Jakarta
(Aetra) and P.T. PAM Lyonnaise Jaya (Palyja). Aetra served most of the North Jakarta area which
comprises of Kecamatan Cilincing, Koja, Kelapa Gading, Tanjung Priuk and a small part of
Kecamatan Pademangan. The rest, i.e. Kecamatan Penjaringan and part of Kecamatan Pademangan
are served by Palyja.
Piped clean water service received by the customers is still not satisfactory as seen from the many
complaints received, especially with respect to water flow rate. Some parts of the area only receive
water at 02.00 oclock in the morning for 2-4 hours and stops flowing thereafter. This condition is
experienced almost in all neighborhoods in the Kelurahan West and East Pademangan. Some
customers will never received water at all if not using pump as experienced by the customer at the
Kelurahan Ancol and West Pademangan. But, there are also customers who have no problem with
water flow such as in the Kelurahan West Kelapa Gading. Other related problems are water quality
which sometimes turbid, odorous, and saline as found in several areas in the West and East
Pademangan.
Some parts of the population who have no access to piped clean water system obtain drinking
water by purchasing it from the water vendors with the price of Rp. 2,000 (USD. 0.22) for 2 containers
with a 20 liter capacity or sometimes have to buy water for Rp. 10,000 with the same volume, Water
sold by the vendors is originated from public hydrants or taps provided by Palyja or Aetra.
3.2 Sanitation
Meanwhile, related to sanitation facility, MCKs (public facilities for bathing and cloth washing)
are already well provided due to the improved residential areas such as real estate, low cost flats, and

apartments. Domestic wastewater from the residential areas is treated individually as well as semicollectively by septic tanks and infiltration gallery. Only a small part of the area has access to
sewerage system which is further treated by wastewater treatment plant.
The slum settlements in Jakarta generally located along the river bank, rail track, or even under
the bridge or elevated toll road. The population living in slum areas generally discharges domestic
wastewater directly into water bodies (streams), both unto the river and drainage channel. These
unhealthy sanitary habits at the end cause pollution on the receiving water bodies, as its presents in the
poor water quality of all rivers across metropolitan Jakarta.
3.3 Water Resources in North Jakarta Area
Viewed from hydrological aspect, the North Jakarta area has water resources potential (rivers,
ponds, and lakes), but their quality require a proper and planned treatment so that they could be
utilized to support the city growing demand for water. The aspect discussed in this paper is to review
the quality of water streams and the risk of contamination in the context of their potential use for urban
water demand of domestics, industrial and commercial purpose, based on the standard and regulation.
DKI Jakarta is crossed by 13 big rivers, several of them flow through North Jakarta area and to
the estuaries at the Jakarta Bay. The rivers crossing North Jakarta area are Angke River, Sunter and
Ciliwung Rivers, and several other smaller rivers or streams which are tributaries or river diversion. In
addition, the North Jakarta area is also crossed by a canal or man-made river, namely East Banjir
Kanal, Cakung Drain and Cengkareng Drain. Due to very low public awareness regarding wastewater
treatment and the absence of wastewater treatment facility and infrastructure, the receiving water
bodies are in heavily polluted condition. Beside, the North Jakarta area is situated ay the most
downstream part of the rivers or streams, which take along all the discharged materials leading to the
sea. As a result, water from these rivers could no longer be utilized as raw water sources for drinking
water purpose.
4.

WATER STRESS INDEX

Water stress is a condition where an imbalance occurs between water demand/need and water

availability consumed for meeting the need (UNESCO, 2009). Determination of water stress in an
area will be determined by using index that is called water stress Index (WSI). The development and
evaluation of WSI has been widely developed in various countries, one of which is developed by a
Swedish researcher, Prof. Malin Falkenmark, in 1989.
The development of Water Stress Index (WSI) will be tested in the North Jakarta Municipality by
referring to theories and other indexes which have been developed and applied in other countries. WSI
will be developed by taking into consideration the appropriate situation and condition of Indonesia in
general and Jakarta in particular.

4.1 Components and Indicators of Water Stress Index

Refering to theories and application in several countries, the WSI to be developed in North
Jakarta area consists of 3 (three) components:
a.

Water resources; the water resources component consists of three indicators, namely water
resources potential/availability, piped water coverage, and water resources continuity.

b.

Ecosystem; ecosystem component describes water quality properly used both for the piped water
system as well as non-piped water system (surface water and groundwater).

c.

Water consumption; water consumption component describes how much water need of the
population of a certain area, use of drinking water sources and affordability (ability to pay for
water) or ability of the population to obtain supply of water.
Each WSI component already determined above comprises of several indicators that provide a

complete illustration on the condition of water availability, as well as the accessibility of the
population to obtain it. These indicators are as follows:
a.

Water Availability Indicator (I1)

This indicator describes the availability of water sources to meet the daily water demand of every
person in a year in a certain area. Rain water and sea water are not included in the analysis of
water availability because its usage is relatively small.

b.

Piped Water Coverage Indicator (I2)

This indicator shows percentage (ratio) of piped water service coverage in a certain area. It shows
the number of population receiving piped water service compared to the population that is not
served by piped water system.

c.

Water Source Continuity Indicator (I3)

Water source continuity indicator shows accessibility to the use of water sources for 24 hours a
day and 7 days a week.

d.

Non-Piped Water Quality Indicator (I4)

This indicator comprises of surface water and groundwater sources, refering to the Indonesia
Ministry of Health Decree No. 907 year 2002 on the Requirements and Supervision/Control of
Drinking Water.

e.

Piped Water Quality Indicator (I5)

Determination of piped water quality indicator refers to the Ministry of Health Decree No. 907
year 2002.

f.

Water Demand Indicator (I6)

The water demand indicator refers to the average consumption of clean water for each person in a
day (L/capita/day).

g.

Drinking Water Source Indicator (I7)

This indicator will measure the people trust in term of psychological
psychological acceptance on the standard
of water sources used for its daily consumption.

h.

Affordability Indicator (I8)

Affordability Indicator describes the ability of consumer to pay for its water need of drinking
water in their houses without heavy burden carrying on its income.

4.2 Determination of Score of Each WSI Indicator

The determination of value or score for each indicator (I1-I8) is described as follows:
a.

Water Availability Indicator (I1)

The determination of score for this indicator uses Falkenmark
Falken
Indicator as follows:

Water availability (I1) more than 1,700 m3/capita/yr then a score of 20 is given

Water availability (I1) between 1,000-1,700
1,000
m3/capita/yr
yr is given the score of 15

Water availability (I1) between 500-1,000
500
m3/capita/yr is given the score of 10

Water availability (I1) less than 500 m3/capita/yr is given the score of 5
The equation (formula) used to making calculation of water availability is as follows:
I1 = (GW + SW + PW) / P ...(1)
...(1)
Where,
GW = Groundwater
water availability (m3/yr)
SW = Surface water availability (m3/yr)
PW = Piped water flow capacity (m3/yr)
P

b.

= Number of population (person)

Piped Water Service Coverage Indicator (I2)

The determination of piped water service coverage indicator is conductedd based on the size of the
population that receives piped water service compared to the number of population that live in the
area. To estimate the magnitude of score the following equation is used:
I2

.....
.
. (2)

Where,
T = % piped water service coverage
c.

Water Sources Continuity Indicator (I3)

Determination of the score refers to water flow continuity or accessibility to water sources which
must be available for 24 hours a day for piped water, groundwater, as well as water purchased.
The score limit given refers to access to water for more than 12 hours or less than 12 hours a day.
The score determination for population served by piped water system is based on:

Access to water less than 12 hours will be given the
t score of 8


Access to water more or equals to 12 hours will be given the score of 20

For the population who are not piped water customers, the score is then based on the assumption
that the whole population has access to continuing water supply by buying water from the vendor
or utilizes ground water. The water purchased that is stored in the house and ground water is
assumed can be accessed at any time by the household. Thus, the score of indicator I3 is:
I3 = (K1 + K2)/2 ..............................................(3)
Where,
K1 = level of water customer satisfaction toward access to piped water based on complaint
reported, or based on Water Works Enterprise/Water Provider water pressure log.
K2 = level of water customer satisfaction toward water continuity for non-customer. In this
study the score is set at 20 because water can be accessed any time after purchased and
stored in the house or even groundwater that is readily available any time.
d.

Non-Piped Water Quality Indicator (I4)

Non-Piped Water Quality Indicator calculation refers to the Pollution Index calculation (IP)
developed by Sumitomo and Nemerow (1970). The level of pollution classification is based on
water standard quality divided into 4 (four) classes, namely:
0 < IP < 1.0

: meeting standard quality (good condition)

1.0 < IP < 5.0 : slight polluted

5.0 < IP < 10

: medium pollution

IP > 10

: heavily polluted

Further, the score calculation for the indicator I4 uses the equation below.
I4 = 20 - IP .....(4)
Where,
IP
e.

= Pollution Index

Piped Water Quality Indicator (I5)

Piped water quality indicator calculation uses 3 (three) parameters which are used by PAM Jaya
(Jakarta Water Utility), they are odor, taste, and turbidity. The piped water quality in an area
refers to the condition of piped water service provided by PAM Jaya. The score given for each
parameter is:

Good water quality will be given the score of 20

Normal water quality will be given the score of 15

Bad or poor water quality will be given the score of 5
Further, the water quality indicator I5 is equated as follows.
I5 =

..(5)

Where,
Q1 = Odor parameter score
Q2 = Taste parameter score
Q3 = Turbidity parameter score
f.

Water Demand/Need Indicator (I6)

Water Need Indicator refers to the basic human need for the urban area in Indonesia which is 90
L/cap/day. Based on the above, scoring determination of indicator is as follows:
If water consumption is > 90 L/cap/day, then I6 = 20
If water consumption is < 90 L/cap/day, then I6 = (water consumption/90) x 20 .....(6)

g.

Drinking Water Source Indicator (I7)

This indicator is obtained from questionnaire in order to know the number of population that
consumes bottled water as a source of drinking water. The score determination is carried out by
using the following equation.
I7 = 20- (

h.

x 20) ....(7)

Affordability Indicator (I8)

Affordability indicator refers to the government regulation regarding piped water tariff setting
with the limit of 4% of monthly income. This limit is stipulated by the Indonesia Minister of
Home Affairs Regulation No. 23 Year 2005 on the Technical Guideline and Procedure for Tariff

Setting. Thus, the score is given based on the use of income (expenditure) to meet the water
demand by using the following criteria.

b1: Heavy burden when the income used to buy water is > 4,5%, will be given the score of 2
b2: Slightly burden when the income used to buy water is 4 - 4,5%, will be given the score of 5
b3: Not a burdeng when the income used to buy water is < 4%, will be given the score of 20
5.

RESULT OF WSI CALCULATION

WSI calculation is carried out by calculating the value or score of each respective indicators and

each weighted component. With the consideration that the objective of this study focuses on the water
availability or water security, and by taking into account the high reliance of the North Jakarta area on
piped water service, then weighted components described in Table 1 below.

Table 1
Weighted WSI Components
No.

COMPONENT

Water resources

Ecosystem quality

Water consumption

INDICATOR
I1 : Water availability
I2 : Water coverage
I3 : Water source continuity
I5 : Groundwater quality
I6 : Piped water quality
I8 : Water demand/need
I9 : Drinking water source
I10: Affordability

WEIGHTED
(WI)
1.0
2.0
1.5
0.75
0.75
0.25
0.25
0.5

Further, the calculation of the index is determined by using the following equation:
WSI = (20

)/20

............................................................................................................(9)

Where:
Wi = weighted value of each respective indicator to-i
Ii

= indicator score to-i

The calculation results by using equations 9 yield a WSI for an area. In order to know the level of
water stress on the supply of water source, WSI classification determined as follows:

WSI < 0.2

: No Water Stress Area

0.2 WSI < 0.3

: Low Water Stress Area

0.3 WSI < 0.4

: Medium Water Stress Area

0.4 WSI< 0.5

: High Water Stress Area

WSI 0.5

: Very High Water Stress Area

5.1 Water Stress Index Mapping

Visual presentation of WSI calculation across Jakarta can be shown using different colors
grouping within the city map. Table 2 shows the color code classification of water stress level use in
this study.
Table 2
Classification of Level of Water Stress and its Colored Codes
WATER STRESS INDEX
(WSI)
WSI < 0.2
0.2 WSI < 0.3
0.3 WSI < 0.4
0.4 WSI < 0.5
WSI 0.5

CLASSIFICATION OF LEVEL WATER STRESS

COLOR CODE

NO water stress area

LOW water stress area
MEDIUM water stress area
HIGH water stress area
VERY HIGH water stress area

10

The purpose of using different colors is to see and distinguish various level of water stress in an
area in the North Jakarta. The information of water stress in an area can be used by the policy maker in
setting up priority for the development of piped water service.
5.2 Calculation of Water Stress Index
Table 3 provides the result of calculation for each respective indicator, which further becomes the
basis in conducting WSI calculation. Based on the calculation the magnitude of index is obtained for
32 kelurahan in the North Jakarta area.
Table 3
Scoring Calculation of WSI Components
COMPONENTS SCORING

DISTRICTS

CILINCING

KOJA

KELAPA GADING

TAJUNG PRIUK

PADEMANGAN

PENJARINGAN

WATER
RESOURCES

VILLAGES
KALIBARU
CILINCING
SEMPER BARAT
SEMPER TIMUR
SUKAPURA
ROROTAN
MARUNDA
KOJA
RAWA B UTARA
RAWA B SELATAN
TUGU UTARA
TUGU SELATAN
LAGOA
K. G ADING BARAT
K. G ADING TIMUR
PEGANGSAAN DUA
TANJUNG PRIUK
KEBUN BAWANG
SUNGAI B AMBU
PAPANGGO
WARAKAS
SUNTER AGUNG
SUNTER JAYA
PADEMANGAN TIMUR
PADEMANGAN BRT.
ANCOL
PENJARINGAN
PLUIT
PEJAGALAN
KAPUK MUARA
KAMAL MUARA

SUB-TOTAL

WATER
C ONSUMPTION

ECOSYSTEM

I1

I2

I3

I4

I5

I6

I7

I8

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0

1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5

0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75

0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75

0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25

0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

WR

ES

WC

SUM OF
SCORE

WSI

62
62
56
73
68
58
63
66
66
74
62
65
66
71
71
62
51
57
60
72
53
61
57
76
64
64
48
81
80
77
35

18
19
17
17
25
17
22
17
19
17
23
23
17
25
25
25
18
17
14
14
14
14
8
19
14
15
18
12
8
9
10

16
16
17
17
18
17
17
15
15
8
16
8
15
17
17
16
6
6
17
15
6
16
6
9
15
6
17
9
9
17
17

7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0

0.31
0.31
0.36
0.24
0.21
0.34
0.27
0.30
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.31
0.30
0.19
0.19
0.26
0.46
0.43
0.35
0.28
0.48
0.35
0.49
0.26
0.34
0.39
0.41
0.27
0.31
0.26
0.56

The calculation result shows that the areas that are not experiencing water stress comprise of
Kelurahan West Kelapa Gading and East Kelapa Gading. This condition not only because both areas
are already served by piped water system, but also due to abundance alternative surface water sources
are exist in these areas resulting in significantly relatively good water security. On the other hand, it is
seen that Kelurahan Penjaringan is in the high water stress; meanwhile, Kelurahan Kamal Muara is in
the highest water stress condition. This is due to low water coverage in the Kelurahan Penjaringan
area, and unavailability of piped water system in the Kelurahan Kamal Muara. The community in both
kelurahans relies on bottled water from water vendor. In addition, in these two areas no other

11

alternatives for water sources available, since there are no rivers crossing the areas and the poor
quality of its groundwater system.
For other villages,, it could be seen that they are experiencing a low to medium water stress. This
condition is not much better than the previous classification (high
(
water stress)) because when this
condition is continuously neglected (not properly addressed) it could lead to a high water stress. The
result of Water Stress Index calculation with its colored codes has been presented in visual form on the
Water Stress Index Mapping of North Jakarta as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2
WSI and WSA Map in the North Jakarta

6.

CONCLUSION
The conclusions of the study are as follows:

1.

The calculation result carriedd out shows that out of 32 villages in the North Jakarta Municipality,
the villages that are in good condition (not experiencing water stress) are Kelurahan
an West Kelapa
Gading and East Kelapa Gading. Whereas, Kelurahan Penjaringan is in the high water stress
stre
condition, and
nd Kelurahan Kamal Muara is in very high
gh water stress condition. Other villages in
the North Jakarta Municipality are in the low and medium water stress condition.

2.

The result of WSI calculation which has been put into a map and visually pre
presented can be
utilized as basis for policy planning in the development of water supply provision in North
Jakarta area and also for monitoring and evaluation purpose of water service performance in
North Jakarta area. Similar effort could also be taken for the whole Jakarta region.

12

ACKOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes to thank you Evi Novita of the Environmental Engineering Program of the
University of Indonesia who has worked hard together with Lastyo Kuntoaji from the Indonesia Water
Institute and their team in conducting this study. Irzal Z. Djamal, Chairman of the Jakarta Water
Supply Regulatory Body (JWSRB), who have given full support and advise. Tatit Palgunadi, Cipta
Aditya, Marsha Kamila and other staff of the JWSRB who have given their time and support during
the implementation of this strategic activity. Asikin Saleh who contribute in the translation to the
English version. Thanks to Penny Lukito who made the final touching for the paper.

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