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TXQ Seminar Course

Investigation of tests for yarn failure in dynamic and static


conditions

Submitted by
Divyam Goel (2013TT10924)

Supervised by
Prof. S. M. Ishtiaque

Textile Technology Department


Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
February 2016

Introduction

Yarns breaking strength plays an important role in Textile Industry.


Breaking strength of spun yarn is an important parameter of accessing
yarn quality. Machine stoppages lead to loss in precious production
time and dip in profits.
The tensile properties decide the performance of post spinning
operations; warping, weaving and knitting and the properties of the
final textile structure; hence its accurate technical evaluation carries
much importance in industrial applications.
The failure mechanism of yarn is affected by various material and
testing parameters. In this article, we critically investigate the testing
mechanism for failure of yarn in static and dynamic conditions.
Tensile properties of the yarn are measured by static and dynamic
Tensile Testers. The spun yarn failure under real dynamic condition i.e.
winding is performed to validate the simulation trial of warping. It is
observed that the yarn failure behavior in both the winding process
and the simulated warping process is moreover same. The air drag is
found to have strong influence on the spun yarn failure behavior during
winding. This paper deals with analysis using spun cotton yarn.

Constant Tension Transport


: Introduction and Principle

A clamped yarn breaks at the weakest point in it. The breaking strength of this point is the
breaking strength of the whole length. The two ends of test sample, gripped by the clamps
maintain their static state throughout the testing. The final result of the testing is the result
of a measured strength file of the weakest links and the strength of other places are not
taken into account.
Also, the tension developed along the yarn in static state is different from the tension
developed under dynamic yarn conditions like in winding. Thus, the readings are unable
to predict the performance of the yarn in subsequent processes.
Research indicates, that 500mm length of the yarn usually used to determine static yarn
strength is more appropriate in predicting the fabric properties and not for simulating
behavior of yarn in running condition.

This is where dynamic tension testers come into play. Yarns are tested using Constant
Tension Tester under dynamic conditions. In Continuous Tensile Transport, CTT; the yarn
is tested at constant tension at constant output speed such that, every inch or yarn is tested
to its true elongation. This is good in simulating dynamic tension experienced by the yarn
during processing and thus, tensile characteristics of every portion is continuously tested.
Thus, the readings achieved are closer to actual working conditions than static tension
testing.
Dynamic Yarn Strength : It is the maximum tension level under which the yarn is
transported without break for a length of 200m, at a speed of 40m/min. The extension at
this maximum tension level is called dynamic tension.
Instruments:
Universal Dynamic Testing Instrument (CTT-UDT)
The CTT, developed by Lawson-Hemphill is the only yarn instrument
available as a mini-textile laboratory. It can range from test speeds of
(20m/min to 360m/min) at a tension range of (1g 700g).

Advantages:
1. CTT allows more than 10 different yarn quality control tests to run
on the same machine.
2. Thus, it is popular in labs for major advantages in terms of
investment, cost and space requirements.
3. It is able to test natural and synthetic yarns, as well as high
performance yarns like carbon, glass or hybrid.
4. The dynamic stress-strain test made on the yarn is a better
simulation as compared to actual fabric production condition in
say knitting/weaving as compared to static tension testers.
5. Another major advantage is the speed of the testing. It tests
every millimeter of 360m of yarn in one minute test. Static
testers test measly one metre in one minute.

A range of additional modules enables researchers to test different


yarn properties:

1. Friction Testing (CTT-DTT)


This allows the basic machine to test yarn-yarn friction and yarn
friction over any surface.
This helps to accurately attribute yarn failure to different
parameters. For eg. In knitting, the yarn may break due to either
friction or inferior strength of the yarn. CTT enables researchers
to accurately pinpoint the cause of breaks. Also, the tests can be
customized to end use by varying parameters like input/output
tension.
1. Dynamic Shrinkage/Elongation Tests (CTT-DSET)
This module offers measurements for continuous dynamic
measurements of yarns shrinkage. It allows for higher accuracy
and better analysis of shrinkage variability as it doesnt need
human preparation. Temperature and tension can be varied to
predict survivability of yarn under specific conditions.

2. Weak Spot Testing


In this test, each yarn is tested for a set length at pre-determined tension up to
700g and speed condition as high as 360m/min. This is done to check the local
strength of the yarn and check it survivability during processes like weaving,
winding and spinning. CTT only measures if a yarn can withstand a specific
tension level as it is moving and thus the need for Dynamic Tensile Strength
testing. This allows continuous measurements of more than 21km of yarn in one
hour. Early detection of weak spots is necessary to prevent production losses.
3. Yarn Abrasion Tester (CTT-YAT)
This allows researchers to measure yarn abrasion. The yarn is run
over a tensioned standardized copper wire and the Abrasion
Factor is measured as the length of yarn it takes to cut the wire.
These tests can be helpful for detecting factors that cause
abrasion of the yarn. In this comparison test, the higher number
indicates less abrasive yarn

Static Tensile Testing


Standard tests are often done in Universal Testing Machines (UTMs) for
testing static yarn strength. At its simplest, a piece of yarn is clamped on
each of its ends and pulled apart until it breaks. This measures the tensile
strength, elongation and tensile modulus. The samples are randomly chosen
from the population and mean tensile strength is calculated statistically. The
drive to the clamps can be electromechanical, servo-hydraulic, linear drive,
or resonance.

Mechanisms
Static Failure mechanism
During extension of staple yarn, fibres in different radial positions experience
different radial tension. The force acts along the axis of the fibre and causes
slippage. When the tension reaches the fibre breaking load, the fibre is unable to
resist stress and breaks. Since the slipping and broken fibres dont contribute to
yarn tension, stress distribution over yarn cross section changes additionally without
any change in yarn extension. If the no. of slipping or broken fibres increases more

rapidly at any moment during the extension of the yarn, the breaking mechanism
starts operating. The break finally occurs when all fibres slip or break.
Dynamic Failure Mechanism
The mechanism as such is similar to static mechanism, besides the impact of
stiffening action generated due to speed of testing. This stiffening action makes
yarn more compact. This has significant impact on the synergetic effect of radial
pressure generation. The increase in radial pressure increases the resistance to
slipping during axial loading. Also, the stiffening action increases with increase in
testing speed.

Outcomes and Conclusion


According to research on breakage of spun cotton yarns, it was found
that the dynamic strengths and extension of all combinations of carded
yarns were lower than the static strength and breaking extension by
more than 25% and 15% respectively. The lesser value of dynamic
readings is due to the presence of weakest place in a larger sample of
200m. These weakest places are properly captured by the dynamic
testers and thus accurately predict the weavability of the yarns.

Static Tensile Testing on the other hand overestimates tensile strength


and breaking extension. The weakest places may often be missed out
during the random sampling operation of static tensile testing.

Bibliography
1. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research. Vol. 33, June 2008, pp. 111-118.
Static and dynamic failure mechanisms of cotton yarns. S M Ishtiaque, B R
Dasa,A Kumar & M Ramamoorthy
2. failure mechanism of yarns: a critical review. B R Dasa, S M Ishtiaque, R.
S. Rengasamy
3. New Geneartion Tensile Tester: CTT. B.R.Das, S. Hati.
4. Tensile Behaviour of Spun Yarns under Static State. B. R. Das

5. EVALUATION OF A TENSILE TEST FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE MATERIAL


BEHAVIOUR OF FILAMENT YARNS UNDER HIGH STRAIN RATES. Chokri Cherif,
Andr Seidel, Ayham Younes, Jan Hausding
6. Dynamic tensile testing of plastic materials. Xinran Xiao
7. Characterization and Constitutive Modeling of Twaron Yarns

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