Submitted by
Divyam Goel (2013TT10924)
Supervised by
Prof. S. M. Ishtiaque
Introduction
A clamped yarn breaks at the weakest point in it. The breaking strength of this point is the
breaking strength of the whole length. The two ends of test sample, gripped by the clamps
maintain their static state throughout the testing. The final result of the testing is the result
of a measured strength file of the weakest links and the strength of other places are not
taken into account.
Also, the tension developed along the yarn in static state is different from the tension
developed under dynamic yarn conditions like in winding. Thus, the readings are unable
to predict the performance of the yarn in subsequent processes.
Research indicates, that 500mm length of the yarn usually used to determine static yarn
strength is more appropriate in predicting the fabric properties and not for simulating
behavior of yarn in running condition.
This is where dynamic tension testers come into play. Yarns are tested using Constant
Tension Tester under dynamic conditions. In Continuous Tensile Transport, CTT; the yarn
is tested at constant tension at constant output speed such that, every inch or yarn is tested
to its true elongation. This is good in simulating dynamic tension experienced by the yarn
during processing and thus, tensile characteristics of every portion is continuously tested.
Thus, the readings achieved are closer to actual working conditions than static tension
testing.
Dynamic Yarn Strength : It is the maximum tension level under which the yarn is
transported without break for a length of 200m, at a speed of 40m/min. The extension at
this maximum tension level is called dynamic tension.
Instruments:
Universal Dynamic Testing Instrument (CTT-UDT)
The CTT, developed by Lawson-Hemphill is the only yarn instrument
available as a mini-textile laboratory. It can range from test speeds of
(20m/min to 360m/min) at a tension range of (1g 700g).
Advantages:
1. CTT allows more than 10 different yarn quality control tests to run
on the same machine.
2. Thus, it is popular in labs for major advantages in terms of
investment, cost and space requirements.
3. It is able to test natural and synthetic yarns, as well as high
performance yarns like carbon, glass or hybrid.
4. The dynamic stress-strain test made on the yarn is a better
simulation as compared to actual fabric production condition in
say knitting/weaving as compared to static tension testers.
5. Another major advantage is the speed of the testing. It tests
every millimeter of 360m of yarn in one minute test. Static
testers test measly one metre in one minute.
Mechanisms
Static Failure mechanism
During extension of staple yarn, fibres in different radial positions experience
different radial tension. The force acts along the axis of the fibre and causes
slippage. When the tension reaches the fibre breaking load, the fibre is unable to
resist stress and breaks. Since the slipping and broken fibres dont contribute to
yarn tension, stress distribution over yarn cross section changes additionally without
any change in yarn extension. If the no. of slipping or broken fibres increases more
rapidly at any moment during the extension of the yarn, the breaking mechanism
starts operating. The break finally occurs when all fibres slip or break.
Dynamic Failure Mechanism
The mechanism as such is similar to static mechanism, besides the impact of
stiffening action generated due to speed of testing. This stiffening action makes
yarn more compact. This has significant impact on the synergetic effect of radial
pressure generation. The increase in radial pressure increases the resistance to
slipping during axial loading. Also, the stiffening action increases with increase in
testing speed.
Bibliography
1. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research. Vol. 33, June 2008, pp. 111-118.
Static and dynamic failure mechanisms of cotton yarns. S M Ishtiaque, B R
Dasa,A Kumar & M Ramamoorthy
2. failure mechanism of yarns: a critical review. B R Dasa, S M Ishtiaque, R.
S. Rengasamy
3. New Geneartion Tensile Tester: CTT. B.R.Das, S. Hati.
4. Tensile Behaviour of Spun Yarns under Static State. B. R. Das