Buiding Services Compass Survey

Definitions
Defect or Error
Stress in member exceeds limiting value permanently
Failure
Failure means the structure may collapse or totally
fails to perform the designed function
Decay:
Development of defect due to aging
1
Contd
Repair:
Technical aspect of rehabilitation
Rehabilitation:
Restoring structure to service level
Damage:
Sequence of defects
Distress:
Visible or Hidden signs of damage
2
Causes of Failure
Inadequate maintenance
Bad use of building
Poor workmanship in construction
Defective construction materials
Defective construction practices
Wear and tear
Weathering
3
Remedies to arrest Decay ( Failures )

Regular maintenance
Stopping leakage in:
Roof
Walls
Soil pipes
Plumbing
Waste water pipes
Rain water pipes
4
Contd
Use of:
1. Specified materials
2. Good workmanship during construction
3. Protection against weathering agencies
4. Protection against aggressive environment
5. Avoid overloading
5
Classification of Failures
Failures can be broadly classified
Structural failures
Non structural failures
Structural Failures
Causes :These are due to
1. Incorrect design
2. Faulty construction
3. Over loading
Example : Extensive cracking of the RCC beam.
7
Non-structural failures
Causes : These are due to
Internally induced stresses in building materials
Penetration of moisture
Weathering action
Contd
The nonstructural cracks are not a threat to the safety
of building. But they
Look ugly
Creates impression faulty work
May give a feeling of instability
Example:
Vertical cracks in a long compound wall due to
Shrinkage
Thermal movement .
9
Failures in Concrete
Concrete being most widely used, we deal with failures
in concrete. They are
Cracking
Spalling
Disintegration
10
Classification of Cracks (Based on Width of

Crack )
Fine: less than 0.5 mm
Thin : 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm
Wide: 0.7 to 2.0 mm
Very wide: 0.7 to 2.0 mm
11
Contd
Photo1. Vertical Cracks in RCC Railing due to drying shrinkage

of concrete and thermal movement
12
Contd
Photo 2. Vertical crack at the junction of two blocks of residential

flats, each block being about 20m in length
13
Contd
Fig.1.Temperature cracking in Building

14
Contd
Photo.3
Photo.4
15
Contd
Photo.5
Photo.6
16
Effects of Over Loading
Excessive cracking due to :
Flexure
Shear
Diagonal tension
Compression
Shear bond failure
17
Contd
Column surface spalling due to:
Excessive compressive stress
Large deflection
Cracking in slabs
Settlement of foundation
18
Types of Structural Cracks

Due to
Pure flexure
Pure tension
Shear
Torsion
Bond
Concentrated load
19
Common forms of failure
Corrosion of reinforcement
Alkali and sulphate attack
Displacement of the system
Excessive deformation
Malfunctioning of expansion joints
20
Effects of Failures
Plastic Deformation
Shrinkage Cracks
Contraction Cracks
Cracks Due To Reinforcement Corrosion
Alkali Aggregate Reaction
Frost And Sulphate Attack Cracking
21
Contd
Fig.2 Environment soil structure interaction and resultant

pattern of cracking
22
Defects in Masonry Structures
Dampness
Condensation
Efflorescence
Structural cracks
23
Strengthening of Members Failed Under

Torsion
Strengthening with
Mild steel plates
Jacketing techniques
Fiber reinforced concrete
Shotcrete
Ferrocement
Steel reinforcement and grouting
24
Contd
Photo 7 Procedure For Applying FRP Sheets
25
Contd
Photo 8
Procedure For Applying FRP Sheets
26
Contd
Photo.9

27
Contd
Photo.10 Procedure For Applying FRP Sheets

28
Contd

29
Contd
Photo.12

30
Contd
Photo.4
31
Contd
32
Contd
33
34
Contd
Retrofitting
Technique
Carbon Fibre
Glass Fibre
Photo.17
Photo.18
35
Contd
Fig.3
Strengthening of column using concrete jacketing

36
Contd
Photo.19
Strengthening of column using steel jacketing

37
Contd
Photos.20 and 21
Strengthening of column using CFRP wrap

38
Contd
Fig.4 Strengthening of beam using steel jacketing

39
Procedure For Applying Ferrocement

Application of bonding agent over the old surface
Covering with welded mesh
Preparation of mortar
Plastering
Curing
40
Procedure For Applying Microconcrete

Preparation of form work to cover all sides of beam
Application of bonding agent
Preparation of micro concrete
Filling form work with micro concrete and finishing
Curing
41
Precautions To Prevent Cracks Due To

Vegetation
Trees should not be grown in expansive soils and clay
adjacent to buildings
Trees like ashoka and coconut do not cause distress and
harm less
Roots of trees like jack fruit spread horizontally: harmful to
structures
42
Failures of Foundations
Main causes of failure of foundations
1.
Unequal settlement of the sub soil.
2.
Unequal settlement of the masonry.
3. Withdrawal of moisture from the sub soil

4. Lateral pressure on the superstructure
5. Horizontal movement of the earth
6. Transpiration of trees and shrubs
7. Atmospheric action
43
Construction Failures Repairs Maintenance

And Building Services
44
Non-structural Failures
Failure of Masonry Structures
45
Principal causes of cracks

a)
Moisture changes,
b)
Thermal variations,
c)
Elastic deformation,
d)
Creep,
e)
Chemical reaction,
f)
Foundation movement, and settlement of soil, and
g)
Vegetation.
46
Defects in Masonry Structures
Dampness
Condensation
Efflorescence
Structural cracks
47
Contd
Surface cracks
Stains
Defects in plastering
Defects in repair work
48
Cracks in Masonry Walls
Cracks due to tensile stresses
Flexural tension at lintel level
Shear cracks
49
Contd
Fig.1
Tensile crack in a masonry wall
50
Contd
Fig.2
Flexural Tension Crack in Wall Masonry

51
Contd
Fig.3 Shear crack in Masonry wall

52
Contd
Fig.4
Shear crack in masonry pillar due to

expansion of RCC beam
53
Contd
Fig.5
Cracking Due to Expansion of Brickwork

54
Contd
Fig.6
Cracking in Top most storey of a Load Bearing Structure
55
Contd
Fig.7
Cracking due to expansion of brickwork

56
Contd
Fig.8
RCC Roof Slab Over Masonry Wall

57
Contd
Fig.9
Cracking in Cladding and Cross Walls qf a Framed

Structure
58
Contd
Fig.10 Arching up and Cracking of Coping Stones of a

Long Garden Wall
59
Contd
Fig.11 Horizontal Crack at the Base of Brick Masonry

Parapet
60

Shear cracks in masonry pillar at beam support
Cracks due to expansion of brick work
Cracks in topmost storey of load bearing structure
61
Contd
Diagonal cracks in cross walls of multi storeyed load

bearing structure
Vertical cracks at window openings
Horizontal cracks in wall at supports
Cracking of compound wall due to roots
62
Contd
Cracks in walls due to trees close to buildings

Horizontal cracks in top most storey due to
shrinkage and deflection of slab
Diagonal cracks at corners of building due to
foundation settlement
63
Contd
Fig.12
Diagonal cracks in cross walls of multi-storied load bearing
structures
64
Contd
Fig. 13 Vertical Cracks in multi-storied buildings having

window openings in load bearing wall
65
Contd
Fig. 14 Horizontal cracks in a wall at supports due to

excessive deflection of a slab of large span
66
Contd
Fig.15
Cracking of a compound wall due to growing roots under the
foundation
67
Contd
Fig.16
Trees growing close to a building on shrinkable soil may cause
cracks in the walls
68
Fig.17
69
Fig.18
Trees Growing Close To A Building On Shrinkable Soil May
Cause Cracks In Walls
70
Fig.19
Horizontal cracks in top-most storey below slab due to
shrinkage and deflection of slab
71
Fig.20
Horizontal Cracks In Brick Panels Of Framed Structure
72
Fig.21 Horizontal Crack at the Base of Brick Masonry

Parapet
73
Fig.22 Vertical Cracks at the Junction of RCC Column And

Wall
74
Photo.1 Horizontal Crack In Masonry Wall Due To Elastic

Deformation, Shrinkage In Canopy Slab
75
Photo.2 Horizontal cracks in compound wall of brickwork,

having horizontal reinforcement
76
Photo 3 Diagonal crack in the corner of a building due to

foundation settlement
77
Fig.23 Horizontal Cracks In Brick Panels Of Framed

Structure
78
Fig. 24 Vertical Crack In Brick Panel Wall Due To

Expansion Of Brick Work
79
Fig. 25 Vertical crack in brick panel wall of framed structure

due to expansion of brick work
80
Fig.26
81
Fig.27
82
Fig.28
83
Fig.29
84
Fig.30
85
Fig.31
86
Fig.32
87
Photo 4
88
Fig.33
89
Fig.34
90
PHOTO 5
91
Fig.35
92

Remedy:
Strengthening of foundation
By underpinning
Grouting
Strengthening of members
Ferrocement for repair and rehabilitation
93
Non - Structural Failures

Do not directly affect the structural safety
Penetration of moisture through cracks:
Leads to structural failure
Spoiling of internal finish
94
Causes of Non - Structural Cracks

Moisture changes
Thermal variations
Creep
Chemical reactions
Settlement of soil
Vegetation
Shrinkage at the time of initial drying
Absence of expansion/contraction joints
95
Precautions / Remedies to Prevent Nonstructural Cracks

Proper grading of concrete
Compaction by vibrator
Maintenance of water cement ratio
Proper curing
Cleaning of aggregates
Avoid bleeding of concrete
Covering concrete with wet canvas
96
Contd
Plastering masonry after drying of curing
Drying for about 3 months
Providing shrinkage reinforcement
0.25% of cross sectional area of concrete
use small bars at closer intervals
Plastering of concrete structures immediately after
removal of shuttering
Provide strip joints between slab and supporting wall in
load bearing structures
97
Contd
Adequate insulation to roof slabs
Expansion joints in long walls @ 15 m intervals
Masonry construction over RCC slabs 15 days
after removal of form work
98
Contd
In RCC framed structure:

completion of frame work before construction of
masonry walls
Construction of partition walls commences from top
99
Contd
In masonry partitions having length to height ratio >
2: provide horizontal reinforcement
If soluble sulphates present in soil, ground water, or
clay bricks: use rich mix and sulphate resistant
cement
Do not use bricks containing more than 1% soluble
sulphates
100
Contd
Provide under reamed pile foundation in expansive
soils
Provide adequate cover to reinforcement
Horizontal extension of building separated from the
old by expansion joint right from bottom to top
No excavation below the foundations of old buildings
101
Contd
Fig.36
102
Precautions to Prevent Cracks due to

Vegetation
Trees should not be grown in expansive soils and
clay adjacent to buildings
Trees like ashoka and coconut do not cause distress
Roots of trees like jack fruit spread horizontally:
harmful to structures
103
Cracks In Masonry
Causes:
Poor quality of materials
Bad workmanship
Uneven settlement of foundation
Heavy concentration of loads
Impact loads
Vibrations
Improperly designed lintels and beams

104
Repairs to Cracks in Masonry

Cement grouting to minor cracks:
Clean cracked surface
Wash with water
Fill crack with cement grout by cement gun
105
Contd
Repair to wider cracks using expanding cement slurry
Clean cracked surface
Wash with water
Fill crack with expanding cement grout by cement gun
Cement expands after setting
106
Failure in plastering
1.
Blistering of plastered surface
2.
Cracks
3.
Efflorescence
4.
Flaking
5.
Peeling
6.
Popping
7.
Rust-stains
8.
Softness
9.
Uneven surface
107
Remedies
1.
Plastering should be carried out in the last

workmanship manner.
2.
Bond of brick work should be properly maintained.
3.
Efflorescence is removed by rubbing brushes on the

damaged surface. A solution of (one part of Hcl or H2
SO4 + five parts of clean water)
4.
Bricks of superior nature be used

108
Contd
5.
Water free from salts be used for brick work and

plastering work.
6.
Surface to be plastered be well-watered
7.
Excessive trowelling be avoided.
8.
Damp- proof courses be provided at convenient place

in the building.
109
Leakage of R.C.C Roofs

Causes:
Harsh and poorly designed mix
Poor compaction
Excess water cement ratio
Excess fine aggregate
Use of fine sand
110
Contd
Improper curing
Thermal expansion
Failure of expansion joints
Improper removal of farm work
111
Prevention is better than cure. Therefore water proofing of

roof is made by employing any one of the following
methods:
Finishing of roof surface is done at the time of laying
cement concrete. The C.M proportion is 1:4
Bedding concrete and flooring
Application of Mastic asphalt and jute cloth
But despite the fact that all the care is taken still leakage
may occur
112
Prevention of Leakage in R.C.C Roofs

Using well designed mix
Application of: Membrane water proofing
Cement base paints
water repelling agents
113
Contd
Application of surface coat with mixture of ordinary
portland cement and any one of : Hydrated lime
Hygroscopic salts like calcium chloride, sodium
chloride
Titanium oxide
114
Fig.1 Water Proofing of Terrace

115
Spalling
Causes:1. Corrosion of reinforcements
2. Sudden changes in temperature
3. Thermal expansion
4. Improper cover
5. Segregation
116
Photo.1 Underside of slab deterioration due to water leakage

through slab crack
117
Photo 2 Concrete deterioration due to water leakage through

slab crack
118
Prevention of Spalling
1.
Sufficient cover
2.
Well designed dense mix
3.
Suitably designed and distributed reinforcement
119
Repair of Spalling
1.
Defective area should be scarified
2.
Cleaned of all loose materials
3.
Surface kept moist for fourteen hours
4.
Strengthening by mat reinforcement
5.
Guniting dense concrete
6.
Curing
120
Failures in Flooring
The common types of failures in flooring

Pitting
Cracking
Spalling at joint
The reasons are
Wear and tear
Accident
121
Pitting
Pitting consists of small holes on the surface due to
Aggregate becoming loose
Dents caused by accidents
The remedial measure is applying
Epoxy resins with matching colours and cements
122
Cracking
This may occur in concrete and terrazzo flooring
Reasons are
Deflection due to load ( upper floors )
Due to settlement ( ground floor )
Remedial measures
In upper floors a cushion layer of lime concrete is
suggested
In case of ground floor
Break the flooring totally at the damaged part
Refill properly and relay the floor
Can also be repaired by expansive grout or by epoxy
123
Spalling
Generally it happens near joints due to weak mortar.
Remedial measures
Depth of spall is less than 25mm use epoxy resins.
The large chunks are found
Cut the spalling area in a regular way
Reconcrete with a binder like araldite , epoxy etc.,
124
COMPASS SURVEYING
Prepared by:
RAMINENI VENU,
M.TECH(STRUCTURES)
COMPASS SURVEYING
125
Purpose and Principle of Compass

Compass :Angle measuring instrument (Bearing)
Principle:
traversing
The principle
of
compass surveying is
Designation of compass
The size of the compass is expressed in terms of its
diameter
The compass 12 cms(120mm) means the diameter of box
is 12 cms(120mm)
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Traversing:
It is a series of connected lines.
Types of traversing:(a) Open traverse : continuous lines, not returns
(b) Closed traverse : forms closed circuit
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Contd
Fig.1 Sketch of Open Traverse

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Contd
Fig.2 Sketch of Closed Traverse

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Methods of Traversing
Chain traversing (by chain angle)
Compass traversing (by free needle)
Theodolite traversing (by fast needle)
Plane table surveying (by plane needle)
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When is Compass surveying recommended ?

Compass Survey is recommended when
A large area is to be surveyed
The course of a river or coast line is to be surveyed
The area is crowded with many details and triangulation is not
possible
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131
When is Compass surveying not recommended ?
Where local attraction is suspected due to magnetic material

steel , iron & electric cables
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132
Types of compass
There are two types of Compass
1. Prismatic Compass(0 to 360 Degrees)
2. Surveyors Compass(0 to 90 Degrees)
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Prismatic Compass
Fig.3 Sketch of Prismatic Compass

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Fig.4
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Parts of Prismatic Compass

Compass Box:
Circular 8 to 10 cm (80mm to 100mm) metallic
At the center of box pivot is provided.
Magnetic Needle and Graduated Ring:
On pivot the magnetic needle rests
Aluminium graduated ring is attached to needle
Graduated ring has 0 degree to 360 degrees clockwise
i.e. 00 at south ,900 at west ,1800at north ,2700 at east
Least count is 30minutes
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Sketch showing system of Graduation in Prismatic Compass

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137
Contd
Sight vane and Object vane Of Compass:

Sight vane and Object vane are fixed diametrically opposite to
the each other.
Object vane consists of vertical hair attached to the frame
Sight vane ( or eye slit )consists of vertical slit cut into upper
assembly of the prism unit
Prism unit is hinged to the box
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Dark Glasses
Red glasses
Sighting luminous objects.
Blue glasses
Reduces strain to observer.
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139
Contd
Adjustable Mirror
Provided with sight vane horizontally vertically and Inclined
manner.
Brake Pin
At the base of sight vane. If pressed, oscillation is stopped
Lifting Pin
Below the sight vane
Lifts magnetic needle
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Adjustments of Prismatic Compass

Fixing the compass with tripod stand.
Centering.
Leveling.
Adjustment of prism.
Observation of bearing.
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Definitions: Bearing of the line:- The horizontal angle made by the

survey line with some fixed reference direction is bearing of
line.
The fixed reference is known as Meridian
The meridians are
True meridian
Magnetic meridian
Arbitrary meridian
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True Meridian: It is the line passing through the point

and joining the North and South poles of the earth.
Q
Fig.3
Line PAQ is the True Meridian

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True Bearing: It is he horizontal angle made by the survey

line with the true meridian
Fig.4
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Magnetic Meridian: The direction shown by a freely

suspended well balanced Magnetic Needle at any point is
termed as Magnetic Meridian
Fig.5
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Magnetic Bearing: Horizontal angle made by the survey

line with the magnetic meridian.
Fig.6
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Arbitrary Meridian: Any arbitrarily assumed direction

chosen to measure the bearings is termed as Arbitrary Meridian
Arbitrary Bearing: The horizontal angle made by the

survey line with the arbitrary meridian
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Bearings are designated by two systems

Whole Circle Bearing ( WCB )
Quadrantal Bearing or reduced bearings( QB or RB )
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Whole circle bearing (W.C.B.) :

The bearing of a line measured from the North in clockwise
direction.
The value of WCB varies from 00 to 3600
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Sketch Of Whole Circle Bearing (W.C.B.)

A
WCB of OA = 1
WCB of OB = 2
WCB of OC = 3
WCB of OD = 4
C
Fig.1
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150
Quadrantal Bearing Or Reduced Bearing (Q.B. or R.B.)

The bearing of a Line observed either from the North or South
Measured in Clockwise (or) Anticlockwise direction
Towards East or West
The value of QB ranges between 00 to 900
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151
Sketch of Reduced (Quadrantal) Bearing

R.B of OA = N 1 E
R.B of OB = S 20 E
R.B of OC = S 30 E
R.B of OD = N 40 E
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Rules For Conversion Of Bearing From

W.C.B. To Q.B. (R.B.)
Line lying in
The quadrant
W.C.B lying between
Rule for conversion

to Q.B.
Quadrant
I.
00 to 900
R.B. is same as
W.C.B.
N.E.
II.
900 to 1800
RB = 1800 WCB
S.E.
III.
1800 to 2700
RB = WCB 1800
S.W.
IV.
2700 to 3600
RB = 3600 WCB
N.W.
Table.1
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Reduced Bearing (Q.B.) To W.C.B.:

Quadrant in
which survey
line lies
W.C.B lying
between R.B.
Rule for conversion to Q.B.

Rule for conversion W.C.B.
Quadrant
W.C.B. lying
between
I.
N.E.
W.C.B same as R.B.
00 to 900
II.
S.E.
W.C.B = 180degrees R.B.
900 to 1800
III.
S.W.
W.C.B = R.B.+180 degrees
1800 to 2700
IV.
N.W.
W.C.B = 360 R.B.
2700 to 3600
Fig.2
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Declination: The horizontal angle subtended between the

true meridian and the magnetic meridian.
Declination East
Declination West
Fig.7
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155
Contd
Fig.8
If the Magnetic Meridian is towards East of True

Meridian, the declination is East
If the Magnetic Meridian is towards West of True
Meridian, the declination is West
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156
Contd
West Declination
East Declination
Fig.9
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157
Contd
The relation between the true bearing and magnetic bearing of a
line can be written as
True Bearing = Magnetic Bearing Declination.
For East declination, +ve Sign is to be used where as ve sign
is used for West declination.
Magnetic Bearing = True Bearing Declination

For East declination, ve sign is to be used where as -ve sign
is used for West declination.
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Local Attraction
A magnetic needle indicates the north direction when freely
suspended or pivoted.
Some times the needle comes near some magnetic substances

such as iron ore, steel structures, electric cables conveying
current etc.
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159
Local Attraction
Then it is found to be deflected from its true direction and does
not show the actual magnetic north.
This disturbing influence of magnetic substances is known as

Local Attraction.
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160
Contd
If all the lines of a traverse are found to be affected by local
attraction
The line with minimum error is identified
The fore bearing and back bearing of this line are

adjusted by distributing the error equally
Then starting from this adjusted line, the fore and

back bearings of other lines are corrected
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161
Problems in W.C.B
1. Convert the following whole circle bearings into quadrantal
bearings.
a) 780201
b) 1300301
c) 2800301
d) 2320301
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162
N
Contd
IV
B
78020l
A
III
II
S
78020l it is in first quadrant

W.C.B = Q.B
78020l = N 78020l E
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N
Contd
IV
130030l E
III
II
130030l is in second quadrant

Q.B = 1800 W.C.B = SE
Q.B = 1800 - 130030l = S 490301 E
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N
Contd
IV
B
W
E
280030l
III
II
S
280030l is in fourth quadrant

Q.B = 3600 W.C.B = 3600 - 280030
=N 790301 W
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N
Contd
IV
E
232030l
III
B
II
S
232030l is in third quadrant

Q.B = W.C.B 1800 = 232030l 1800
S 52030l W
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2. Convert the following Whole circle bearing into Reduced

bearing.
a)
b)
c)
d)
420151
2230151
3220301
1420301
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N
Contd
IV
I
42015l
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = Q.B
Q.B = N 42015l E
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N
Contd
IV
223015l E
A
III
II
S

Q.B = W.C.B 1800 = 223015l - 1800
Q.B = S 430151 W
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169
B
Contd
I
IV
W
E
322030l
III
II
S

Q.B = 3600 W.C.B = 3600 - 322030l
N 370301 W
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170
N
Contd
IV
A
III
E
142030l
II
B
S
Q.B = 1800 W.C.B = 1800 142030l
Q.B = S 37030l E
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3.
Convert the following Whole circle bearing into Reduced

bearing.
a)
b)
c)
d)
2870
1070451
120451
1930151
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172
N
Contd
I
IV
B
E
287000l
III
II
S

Q.B = 3600 W.C.B
Q.B = 3600 - 287000l
Q.B = N 730 W
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N
Contd
IV
I
107045l
B
III
II
S

Q.B = 1800 W.C.B
Q.B = 1800 107045l
Q.B = S 72015l E
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N
B
Contd
IV
I
12045l
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = Q.B
Q.B = N 12045l E
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N
Contd
IV
193015l E
III
II
B S
Q.B = W.C.B 1800
Q.B = 193015l - 1800
Q.B = S 130151 W
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4.Convert the following whole circle bearings into reduced

bearings.
a) 500
b) 2300
c) 1450301
d) 3250301
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N
Contd
IV
500
W
A
III
II
S
500 it is in first quadrant

W.C.B = Q.B
Q.B = N 500 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
178
N
Contd
IV
E
2300
III
B
II
S
2300 is in third quadrant

Q.B = W.C.B 1800
Q.B = 2300 1800
Q.B = S 500 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
179
N
Contd
IV
145030l E
II
III
B
S
Q.B = 1800 W.C.B = SE
Q.B = 1800 - 145030l
Q.B = S 340301 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
180
B
Contd
N
I
IV
325030l
W
A
III
II
S

Q.B = 3600 W.C.B
Q.B = 3600 - 325030l
Q.B = N 340301 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
181
5. Convert the following whole circle bearing into reduced

bearing.
a)
b)
c)
d)
2890271
1090271
2190541
390451
COMPASS SURVEYING
182
N
Contd
IV
289027l
B
W
A
III
II
S

Q.B = 3600 W.C.B
Q.B = 3600 - 289027l
Q.B = N 700331 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
183
N
Contd
IV
109027l E
II
III
B
S
Q.B = 1800 W.C.B = SE
Q.B = 1800 - 109027l
Q.B = S 700331 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
184
N
Contd
IV
A
III
E
2190541
II
S
Q.B = W.C.B 1800
Q.B = 2190541 1800
Q.B = S 390541 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
185
N
Contd
IV
390451
W
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = Q.B
Q.B = N 390451 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
186
6.Convert the following whole circle bearing into quadrantal

bearing.
a)
b)
c)
d)
870531
2670531
780161
2580161
COMPASS SURVEYING
187
N
Contd
IV
870531
W
A
III
II
S

Q.B = W.C.B
Q.B = N 870531 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
188
N
Contd
IV
E
2670531
III
II
S

Q.B = W.C.B 1800
Q.B = 2670531 1800
Q.B = S 870531 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
189
N
Contd
IV
780161
W
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = Q.B
Q.B = N 780161 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
190
N
Contd
IV
E
2580161
III
B
II
S

Q.B = W.C.B 1800
Q.B = 2580161 1800
Q.B = S 780161 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
191
7. Convert the following W.C.B to Q.B.S

a) W.C.B of AB = 450301
b) W.C.B of BC = 1250451
c) W.C.B of CD = 2220151
d) W.C.B of DE = 3200301
COMPASS SURVEYING
192
N
Contd
B
IV
E
A
III
II
S
Line AB is in first quadrant

In first quadrant the value of WCB = QB
QB values are always w.r.t to N & S
450301 N 450301E
QB of AB = N 450301E
COMPASS SURVEYING
193
W.C.B of BC = 1250451
Contd
N
IV
I
B
III
II
S
Line BC is in second quadrant i.e. SE

QB
= 1800 W.C.B
= 1800 - 1250451
= 540151
W.C.B of 1250451 = QB S540151E

COMPASS SURVEYING
194
W.C.B of CD = 2220151
Contd
N
I Quadrant
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
II Quadrant
Line CD is in third quadrant

If the line is in third quadrant
QB = W.C.B 1800
= 2220151 1800
= 410151
1W
QB = S41015COMPASS
SURVEYING
195
W.C.B of DE = 3200301
Contd
N
E
I Quadrant
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
II Quadrant
Line DE is in fourth quadrant

W.C.B = 3200301
QB = 3600 W.C.B
QB = 3600 - 3200301
= 390301
QB = N 390301 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
196
8.Convert the following W.C.B to Quadrantal bearing

a)
b)
c)
d)
W.C.B of 450301
W.C.B of 1220301
W.C.B of 2250001
W.C.B of 3050301
COMPASS SURVEYING
197
N
Contd
B
IV
E
A
III
II
S
= 450301 is in first quadrant

WCB = QB = N450301E
COMPASS SURVEYING
198
W.C.B of 1220301
N
Contd
IV
I
B
III
II
S
QB
= 1800 W.C.B = S E
= 1800 - 1220301
= S770301E
QB = S770301E
COMPASS SURVEYING
199
W.C.B of 2250001
N
Contd
I Quadrant
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
II Quadrant
S
3 = 2250001 is in third quadrant
QB = W.C.B 1800 = SW
= 2250001 1800 = S450001W
QB = S450001W
COMPASS SURVEYING
200
W.C.B of 3050301
Contd
N
E
I Quadrant
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
II Quadrant
S
QB = 3600 W.C.B = NW
QB = 3600 - 3050301
= N550301W
W.C.B of 3050301 = QB of N 550301 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
201
9. Convert the following whole circle bearings into reduced

bearings.
a) 460101
b) 2260101
c) 1190201
d) 2980401
COMPASS SURVEYING
202
N
Contd
IV
46010l
W
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = Q.B
46010l = N 46010l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
203
N
Contd
IV
A
226010l E
III
II
B
S

Q.B = W.C.B 1800 = SW
Q.B = 226010l 1800
Q.B = S 460101 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
204
N
Contd
IV
119020l
W
A
III
II
S
Q.B = 1800 W.C.B
Q.B = 1800 119020l
Q.B = S 600401 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
205
N
Contd
IV
B
W
E
298040l
III
II
S

Q.B = 3600 W.C.B 1800
Q.B = 3600 298040l
Q.B = N 61020l W
COMPASS SURVEYING
206
10. Convert the following whole circle bearing into reduced

bearing.
a)
b)
c)
d)
1690301
3510101
2800201
990201
COMPASS SURVEYING
207
N
Contd
IV
I
169030l
A
III
II
S
169030l it is in second quadrant

Q.B = 1800 - W.C.B
Q.B = 1800 - 169030l
Q.B = S 10030l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
208
Contd
IV
351010l E
A
W
III
II
S
Q.B = 3600 W.C.B
Q.B = 3600 351010l
Q.B = N 80501 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
209
N
Contd
I
IV
B
W
E
280020l
III
II
S

Q.B = 3600 W.C.B
Q.B = 3600 - 280020l
Q.B = N 790401 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
210
N
Contd
IV
E
99020l
III
II
S

Q.B = 1800 W.C.B
Q.B = 1800 99020l
Q.B = S 80040l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
211
11. Convert the following whole circle bearing into quadrantal

bearing.
a)
b)
c)
d)
440301
1240301
181001
2890301
COMPASS SURVEYING
212
N
Contd
IV
I
44030l
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = Q.B
Q.B = N 44030l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
213
N
Contd
IV
I
124030l
A
III
II
B
S

Q.B = 1800 W.C.B
Q.B = 1800 124030l
Q.B = S 55030l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
214
N
Contd
IV
18100l
III
S
II
B
Q.B = W.C.B 1800
Q.B = 18100l - 1800
Q.B = S 1001 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
215
N
Contd
IV
B
289030l E
A
W
III
II
S
Q.B = 3600 W.C.B
Q.B = 3600 289030l
Q.B = N700301 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
216
Problems
1.Convert the following Q.Bs into W.C.B.
a) N450301W
b) N600401W
c) N30201W
d) S56001E
COMPASS SURVEYING
217
Contd
IV
W
45030l
E
A
III
II
S

Q.B = 3600 W.C.B
Q.B = 3600 - 45030l
Q.B = N 314030lW
COMPASS SURVEYING
218
Contd
IV
60040l
W
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = 3600 60040l
Q.B = N 299020lW
COMPASS SURVEYING
219
Contd
N
I
3020l
IV
W
A
III
II
S
The line is in fourth quadrant

Q.B = 3600 W.C.B
Q.B = 3600 - 3020l
Q.B = N 356040lW
COMPASS SURVEYING
220
Contd
IV
A
III
5600l
II
B
S
The line is in second quadrant
W.C.B = 1800 Q.B
Q.B = 1800 5600l
Q.B = S 12400l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
221
2.Convert the following Q.B into W.C.B.

a) S260141E
b) N780181W
c) N69091E
d) S320151W
COMPASS SURVEYING
222
Contd
IV
A
III
26014l
II

W.C.B = 1800 Q.B
Q.B = 1800 26014l
Q.B = S 153046l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
223
Contd
IV
W
78018l
E
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = 3600 Q.B
Q.B = 3600 - 78018l
Q.B = N 281042lW
COMPASS SURVEYING
224
Contd
IV
I
6909l
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = Q.B
Q.B = N 6909l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
225
Contd
IV
A
W
III
32015l
II
B
S

W.C.B = Q.B + 1800
Q.B = 32015l + 1800
Q.B = S 2120151 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
226

a) S460241W
b) S220181E
c) N82091W
d) N320221E
COMPASS SURVEYING
227
Contd
IV
A
46024l
III
II
B
S

W.C.B = Q.B + 1800
Q.B = 46024l + 1800
Q.B = S 2260241 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
228
Contd
IV
A
III
22018l
II
B
S
W.C.B = 1800 Q.B
Q.B = 1800 22018l
Q.B = S 157042l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
229
Contd
IV
W
8209l
E
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = 3600 Q.B
Q.B = 3600 - 8209l
Q.B = N 277051lW
COMPASS SURVEYING
230
Contd
IV
I
32022l
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = Q.B
Q.B = N 32022l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
231

a)
b)
c)
d)
S370301E
S430151W
N73001W
N120451E
COMPASS SURVEYING
232
Contd
IV
A
III
37030l
II
B
S
W.C.B = 1800 Q.B
W.C.B = 1800 37030l
W.C.B = S 142030l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
233
Contd
IV
A
43015l
III
II
B
S

W.C.B = Q.B + 1800
W.C.B = 43015l + 1800
W.C.B = S 2230151 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
234
Contd
IV
W
7300l
E
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = 3600 Q.B
W.C.B = 3600 - 7300l
W.C.B = N 28700lW
COMPASS SURVEYING
235
Contd
IV
I
12045l
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = Q.B
W.C.B = N 12045l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
236

a)
b)
c)
d)
N840301W
S38001E
S410301W
N15001W
COMPASS SURVEYING
237
Contd
IV
W
84030l
E
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = 3600 Q.B
W.C.B = 3600 - 84030l
W.C.B = N 275030lW
COMPASS SURVEYING
238
Contd
IV
A
III
3800l
II

W.C.B = 1800 Q.B
W.C.B = 1800 3800l
W.C.B = S 14200l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
239
Contd
IV
A
41030l
III
II
B
S

W.C.B = Q.B + 1800
W.C.B = 41030l + 1800
W.C.B = S 2210301 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
240
Contd
IV
W
1500l
E
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = 3600 Q.B
W.C.B = 3600 - 1500l
W.C.B = N 34500lW
COMPASS SURVEYING
241

a)
b)
c)
d)
S150451W
N430451E
N210301E
S630301W
COMPASS SURVEYING
242
Contd
IV
A
15045l
III
II
B
S

W.C.B = Q.B + 1800
W.C.B = 15045l + 1800
W.C.B = S 1950451 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
243
Contd
IV
I
43045l
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = Q.B
W.C.B = N 43045l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
244
Contd
IV
I
21030l
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = Q.B
W.C.B = N 21030l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
245
Contd
IV
A
63030l
III
II
B
S

W.C.B = Q.B + 1800
W.C.B = 63030l + 1800
W.C.B = S 2430301 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
246

a)
b)
c)
d)
N460101E
S460101W
S600401E
N610201W
COMPASS SURVEYING
247
Contd
IV
I
46010l
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = Q.B
W.C.B = N 46010l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
248
Contd
IV
A
46010l
III
II
B
S

W.C.B = Q.B + 1800
W.C.B = 46010l + 1800
W.C.B = S 2260101 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
249
Contd
N
IV
A
III
60040l
II
B
S
W.C.B = 1800 Q.B
W.C.B = 1800 60040l
W.C.B = S 119020l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
250
Contd
IV
W
61020l
E
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = 3600 Q.B
W.C.B = 3600 - 61020l
W.C.B = N 298040lW
COMPASS SURVEYING
251

a)
b)
c)
d)
N 470301 E
S 65001 E
S 410301 W
N 20001 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
252
Contd
IV
I
47030l
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = Q.B
W.C.B = N 47030l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
253
Contd
N
IV
A
III
6500l
II
B
S
W.C.B = 1800 Q.B
W.C.B = 1800 6500l
W.C.B = S 11500l E
COMPASS SURVEYING
254
Contd
IV
A
41030l
III
II
B
S

W.C.B = Q.B + 1800
W.C.B = 41030l + 1800
W.C.B = S 2210301 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
255
Contd
IV
W
2000l
E
A
III
II
S

W.C.B = 3600 Q.B
W.C.B = 3600 - 2000l
W.C.B = N 34000lW
COMPASS SURVEYING
256
Contd
9.Convert the following QB into W.C.B
a)
b)
c)
d)
QB of
QB of
QB of
QB of
AB =
BC =
CD =
DE =
S360301W
S430301E
N260451E
N400151W
COMPASS SURVEYING
257
Contd
N
I Quadrant
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
II Quadrant
Third quadrant S.W W.C.B = QB + 1800

= 360301 + 1800 = 2160301
W.C.B = 2160301
COMPASS SURVEYING
258
Contd
0
1
Q.B of BC = S43 30 E
N
IV
I
B
W
III
E
II
0
1
Second quadrant Q.B = S.E = W.C.B = 1800- 43 30
W.C.B = 1360301
COMPASS SURVEYING
259
Contd
Q.B of CD = N260451E
N
D
IV
E
C
III
II
S
W.C.B = NE = WCB = QB
W.C.B = 260451
COMPASS SURVEYING
260
Contd
Q.B of N400151W
N
D
I Quadrant
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
II Quadrant
S
Angle is in Fourth quadrant
W.C.B = 3600-Q.B
= 3600 - 400151
W.C.B = 3190451
COMPASS SURVEYING
261
10.Convert the following QB into W.C.B
a)
b)
c)
d)
N400151E
S180141W
N240201W
S34031E
COMPASS SURVEYING
262
Contd
N
B
IV
E
A
III
II
S
AB line is in First Quadrant

0
1
W.C.B = QB = 40 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
263
Contd
N
I Quadrant
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
II Quadrant
BC is in Third quadrant
W.C.B = QB + 1800
= 180141 + 1800
W.C.B = 1980141
COMPASS SURVEYING
264
Contd
N240201W
N
D
I Quadrant
IV Quadrant
III Quadrant
II Quadrant
S
The DC is in Fourth quadrant
W.C.B = 3600-Q.B
= 3600 - 240201
W.C.B = 3350401
COMPASS SURVEYING
265
S34031E
Contd
N
IV
I
D
W
III
E
II
The DE is in Second quadrant

W.C.B = 1800- Q.B
0 1
= 1800- 34 3
W.C.B = 1450571
COMPASS
9C-105.40
SURVEYING
266
Fore bearing and Back bearing

Every line may be defined by two bearings
Each one observed from either end of station.
The bearing in the progress of survey is called Fore bearing
The bearing in the opposite direction of the progress of survey
is called Back bearing
COMPASS SURVEYING
267
Contd
The bearing in the direction from A to B is Fore bearing of AB ,

say .
This is simply called bearing of AB
The bearing of line AB in the direction from B to A is Back
bearing of AB , say
COMPASS SURVEYING
268
Contd
FIG.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
269
Contd
Referring to Fig 1
Let the fore bearing of a line AB =
Back bearing of BA= o
(Or)
= (1800 + SBA)
= BAN
= + 1800
Back bearing = Fore bearing + 1800

COMPASS SURVEYING
(i)
270
Contd
Fig 2
COMPASS SURVEYING
271
Contd
Now , consider the bearing of BA as Fore bearing =
Then , = (1800 ~ SAB )
= (1800 ~ ABN)
= 1800 ~ (3600 ~ )
= ( ~ 1800)
(or )
Back bearing = Fore bearing ~ 1800 (ii)
COMPASS SURVEYING
272
Contd
Equations (i) and (ii) may be combined into one equation
i.e.
Back bearing = Fore bearing 1800
Use + ve sign if the Fore Bearing is less than 1800
Use ve sign if the Fore Bearing is more than 1800
COMPASS SURVEYING
273
Contd
The rule is applicable for W.C.B System only
If Q.Bs are given , convert them into W.C.Bs
And apply the above rule and reconvert into Q.Bs
(or)
In case of Q.Bs the numerical value of FBs and BBs are
same.
COMPASS SURVEYING
274
Contd
But the cardinal directions are reversed as follows
For North, substitute South and vice-versa
For East, substitute West and vice-versa
The following example illustrates all the above cases
COMPASS SURVEYING
275
Example 1:
The following are the observed Fore bearings of some lines in a
traverse. Find their Back bearings.
1) AB 420 30
2) BC 1350 15
3) CD 2120 30
4) DE 2850 45
COMPASS SURVEYING
276
Solution
1) F.B of AB = 420 30
B.B of AB = (420 30+1800)
= 2220 30
2) F.B of BC = 1350 15
B.B of AB = (1350 15+1800 )
= 3150 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
277
Contd
Fig.3A
Fig.3B
COMPASS SURVEYING
278
Contd
3) F.B of CD = 2120 30
. . B.B of CD = (2120 30 ~ 1800)

= 320 30
4) F.B of DE = 2850 45
. . B.B of DE = (2850 45 ~ 1800)

=1050 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
279
Contd
Fig.4A
Fig.4B
COMPASS SURVEYING
280
Example :2
The F.B of AB is N 300 E .Find its B.B
Solution:
The F.B of AB is N 300 E
The B.B of AB is S 300 W.
COMPASS SURVEYING
281
Solution by converting to WCB system

The F.B of AB is N 300 E
The F.B of AB is in WCB = 300
The B.B of AB is in WCB = 300+1800
= 2100
By reconverting into Q.B The B.B of AB is S 300 W.
COMPASS SURVEYING
282
Calculation of included angles

Case 1:When the bearings of two line measured from same
station
(From their point of inter section)

Let F. B of AB is 1 and AC is 2 as shown below
N
A 1
Angle BAC
= (Bearing of BC ~ Bearing of AB)

= (2 - 1 )
C
Fig.5
= (Bearing of preceding line ~ bearing of succeeding line)

COMPASS SURVEYING
283
Contd
Case:2
When the bearings of two lines measured from different
stations
A
C
Fig.6
COMPASS SURVEYING
284
Contd
In this case express the bearings of two
Lines as if measured from single station
And apply the formula
Thus find B.B of AB
Then B = F.B of BC ~ B.B of AB
COMPASS SURVEYING
285
Contd
Note:1) When two lines meet at a point two angles
The interior and exterior angles are formed
The sum of these angles = 3600
... If the calculated interior angle is >1800 it is exterior
The interior angle then is = 3600 ~ exterior angle.
2) If the bearing are given in Q.B . System convert them to

W.C.B system and then apply the above rules
The following numerical examples illustrates the above
cases.
COMPASS SURVEYING
286
Contd
Note : ~ This symbol indicates difference.

Therefore whether we subtract bigger bearing from smaller
bearing
or
vice-versa
we should take only numerical value into consideration
COMPASS SURVEYING
287
Example 3
Find the angle between the lines OA &OB given their bearings as
below
350 30 and 1500 45
Solution :
Draw the sketch.
From sketch AOB = Bearing of OB ~ bearing of OA
= 1500 45 ~ 350 30`
= 1150 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
288
Contd
Fig.7
COMPASS SURVEYING
289
Example 4
below
200 15 and 3230 30
Solution :
Draw the sketch.
From sketch AOB = bearing of OB ~ bearing of OA
= 3230 30 ~ 200 15
= 3030 15>1800
= Indicates exterior angle
= 560 45
Therefore interior AOB = 3600 ~ 3030 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
290
Contd
Fig.8
COMPASS SURVEYING
291
Example 5
below
1150 15 and 2500 45
Solution :
Draw the sketch.
From sketch AOB = Bearing of OB ~ bearing of OA
= 2500 45 ~ 1150 15
= 1350 30
COMPASS SURVEYING
292
Contd
Fig.9
COMPASS SURVEYING
293
Example 6
The bearings of AB and BC are given below. Find the angle
between the lines
1520 15 and 700 30
Solution :
In this problem the bearings of lines are not from point of
intersection
Therefore express the bearings as if measured from point of
intersection
Then apply the rule.
COMPASS SURVEYING
294
Contd
Fig.10
COMPASS SURVEYING
295
Contd
Bearing of AB = 1520 15`
Bearing of BA = 1520 15` + 1800
= 3320 15`
(Note that Bearing of BA is nothing but B.B of AB)
Bearing of BC = 700 30
Included B = 3320 15 ~ 700 30
= 2610 45 > 1800 Indicates exterior angle.
Therefore Included B = 3600 ~ 2610 45
= 980 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
296
Example 7
The bearings of AB and BC are given below. Find the angle
between the lines
650 30 and1150 15`
Solution :
Bearing of AB = 650 30
Bearing of BA = 650 30+1800
= 2450 30
(Note that Bearing of BA is nothing but B.B of AB)
Bearing of BC = 1150 15
Included B = 2450 30 ~ 1150 15
= 1300 15`
COMPASS SURVEYING
297
Contd
Fig.11
COMPASS SURVEYING
298
Example - 8
Find the include angle B given the following bearings
Bearing of AB, N 150 15` E and bearing of AC, N. 870 10` E
Solution
Step(1)
Convert the given Q. Bs into W. C. Bs
Step(2)
Apply the formula as usual
COMPASS SURVEYING
299
Contd
W.C.B of AB = 15015`
W.C.B of AC = 87010`
BAC
= (W.C.B of AC ~ W.C.B of AB)

= 87010` ~ 15015`
= 71055`
COMPASS SURVEYING
300
Contd
Example - 8
Find the include angle B given the following bearings:
Bearing of AB, N 120 24` E and bearing of AC, S. 520 30` E
Solution
Step(1):
Convert the given Q. Bs into W. C. Bs
Step(2):
Apply the formula as usual
COMPASS SURVEYING
301
Contd
W.C.B of AB = 12024`
W.C.B of AC = 1800 ~ 52030`
= 127030`
BAC
= (W.C.B of AC ~ W.C.B of AB)

= 12024` ~ 127030`
= 11506`
COMPASS SURVEYING
302
Example - 9
The bearing of line AB is N.620 45` E ;
CA is N.280 15È Find angle BAC
Solution
Convert the above bearings into W.C.B's and apply the rule
W.C.B if AB = 620 45`
Bearing of CA = N.280 15`W
Bearing of AC = S 280 15`W
W.C.B of AC = 280 15` + 1800
= 2080 15`
angle BAC = Bearing of AB ~ Bearing of AC
= 620 45` ~ 2080 15`
= 1450 30`
COMPASS SURVEYING
303
Contd
From the above two examples ,we can conclude that

In a traverse angle between two successive lines
= (Back bearing of preceding line ~ bearing of succeeding line)
COMPASS SURVEYING
304
Procedure to calculate included angles of a Traverse

Draw the required sketch
Carefully enter the readings
If only fore bearings are given, find corresponding back
bearings.
If the bearings are given in Q. Bs, convert them into W. C. Bs
and find the included angles
COMPASS SURVEYING
305
Contd
Apply the check that the sum of interior angles
= (2n-4) x 900
Where n is the no. of sides of the traverse
COMPASS SURVEYING
306
Example - 1
The following bearings were taken in a closed traverse
ABCD
Line
Fore bearing
Back bearing
AB
45015`
2250 15`
BC
1230 15`
3030 15`
CD
1810 00`
10 00`
DA
2890 30`
1090 30`
Calculate the interior angles of the traverse

COMPASS SURVEYING
307
Solution :
Calculation of the interior angles of the closed traverse ABCD
Fig.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
308
Contd..
A = (Fore bearing of AB Back Bearing of DA)

= (450 15` -1090 30`)
= 640 15`
B = (Fore Bearing of BC Back Bearing of AB)

= (1230 15 - 2250 15`0 )
= 1020 00`
COMPASS SURVEYING
309
Contd
Check : A + B+ C+ D
= 640 15` + 1020 00`+ 1220 15`+ 71030`
= 3600 O.K
A= 640 15`
B= 1020 00`
C=1220 15`
D=710 30`
COMPASS SURVEYING
310
Contd
The arrow marks indicated below in the table may be followed
for calculation of included angles
Line
Fore bearing
AB
45015`
Back
bearing
2250 15`
BC
1230 15`
3030 15`
CD
1810 00`
10 00`
DA
2890 30`
1090 30`
COMPASS SURVEYING
311
Example - 2
The bearing of the sides of a closed transverse ABCDEA are as
follows
Side
F.B
B.B
AB
1070 15`
2870 15`
BC
220 00`
2020 00`
CD
2810 30`
1010 30`
DE
1810 15`
10 15`
EA
1240 45`
3040 45`
Compute the interior angles of the traverse and exercise necessary

checks
COMPASS SURVEYING
312
Contd
Fig.2
COMPASS SURVEYING
313
Solution
(i) The included A = (FB of AB ~ BB of EA )
= (1070 15` ~ 3040 45`)
= 197030` > 1800 (Exterior)
= 3600 ~ 197030` = 162030`
COMPASS SURVEYING
314
Contd..
(ii) Included angle at B:
= ( FB of BC ~ BB of AB)
= (220 00` ~ 2870 15`)
= (2650 15`>1800 ) (Exterior)
= (3600 ~ 265015`)
= 940 45`
(iii) Included angle at C:
= (FB of CD ~ BB of BC)
= (2810 30` ~ 2020 00`)
= 790 30`
COMPASS SURVEYING
315
Contd..
(iv) Included angle D
= (FB of DE ~ BB of CD)
= (1810 15` ~ 1010 30`)
= 790 45`
(v) Included angle E

= (FB of EA ~ BB of DE)
= (1240 45` ~ 10 15)
= 1230 30`
COMPASS SURVEYING
316
Check
Sum of the included angles of a pentagon
= (2x5-4) x 900
= 6 x 900
= 5400 00`
And , sum of the included angles (A+B+C+D+E)
= (1620 30` + 940 45`+ 790 30` + 790 45`+ 1230 30`)
= 5400 00`
Hence O.K
COMPASS SURVEYING
317
Contd
The arrow marks indicated below in the table may be followed
for calculation of included angles
Side
F.B
B.B
AB
1070 15`
2870 15`
BC
220 00`
2020 00`
CD
2810 30`
1010 30`
DE
1810 15`
10 15`
EA
1240 45`
3040 45`
COMPASS SURVEYING
318
Example- 3
The following are the bearings of the lines of a closed traverse
ABCD: Calculate the included angles of the traverse
Line
FB
AB
N.460 10È
BC
S.600 40` E
CD
S.90 50` W
DA
N.800 40` W
COMPASS SURVEYING
319
Solution :
Convert the given F.Bs given in Q.B. system into W.C.Bs.
Find the B.Bs of given lines in W.C.Bs
The conversions are shown in the table
Then find included angles as usual
COMPASS SURVEYING
320
Contd..
Line
F.B in Q.Bs
F.B in WCB Add or

Subtract
B.Bs in
W.C.B
AB
N.450 10` E
460 10`
+1800
2260 10`
BC
S.600 40È
1190 20`
+1800
2990 20`
CD
S.900 50`W
1890 50`
-1800
90 50`
DA
N. 800 40` W
2790 20`
-1800
990 20`
COMPASS SURVEYING
321
Contd..
A = (F.B of AB ~ B.B of DA)
= (460 10` ~ 990 20`)
= 530 10`
B = (F.B of BC ~ B.B of AB)

= (1190 20` ~ 2260 10`)
= 1060 50`
COMPASS SURVEYING
322
Contd
C = (F.B of CD ~ B.B of BC)
= (1890 50` ~ 2990 20`)
= 1090 50`
D = (F.B of D.A ~ B.B of CD)
= (2790 20` ~ 90 50`)
= (2690 30` > 1800) (Exterior)
= (3600 2690 30`)
= 900 30`(interior)
Check :
A+ B+ C+ D = 530 10` + 1060 50`+ 1090 30` + 900 30`
= 3600
COMPASS SURVEYING
323
Local attraction
Local attraction is the term used to denote any influence which
prevents the magnetic needle from pointing to the magnetic
North, in a given locality.
COMPASS SURVEYING
324
Sources of Local attraction

Iron ore, Magnetite in ground
Cables carrying electric current
Steel structures, railroad rails
Underground iron pipes
Bunch of keys, axes, chains, steel tapes, etc
COMPASS SURVEYING
325
Detection of Local attraction :

Find the difference of Fore bearing (F.B.) and Back bearing (B.B)
of a line
If the difference Of F.B. & B.B. of a line is 180 00, then both
stations are said to be free from Local Attraction
If the difference Of F.B. & B.B. of line is other than 180 00, the
stations are affected by local attraction
COMPASS SURVEYING
326
Correction for Local attraction

Two methods
By calculating the included angles at the affected stations
By calculating the Local attraction of each station and

applying the required correction, starting from the unaffected
station
COMPASS SURVEYING
327
Method 1 : Elimination of Local attraction

by Included Angle
Steps :
In case of closed traverse,
Compute the included angles at each station from the

observed bearings.
Starting from the unaffected line, rundown the correct bearings

of the
successive lines.
COMPASS SURVEYING
328
Example Problem
A closed compass traverse ABCD was conducted and the
following bearings were obtained. Determine which of the stations
are affected by Local attraction and give the values of the corrected
bearings.
COMPASS SURVEYING
329
Contd
Line
F.B.
B.B.
AB
74 20
256 00
BC
107 20
286 20
CD
224 50
44 50
DA
306 40
12600
COMPASS SURVEYING
330
Contd
107020/
B
C
740 20/
A
306040/
Fig.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
331
Contd
On observing the above bearings, we find that
The F.B & B.B of line CD differ exactly by 180.
COMPASS SURVEYING
332
Contd
Therefore the stations C & D are free from local attraction
Therefore, the observed bearings at stations C&D are correct.
COMPASS SURVEYING
333
Contd
The observed
Fore Bearing of line CD = 224 50
Back Bearing of line BC = 286 20
Back Bearing of line CD =
44 50 and
Fore Bearing of line DA = 306 40

are correct.
That means stations C and D are free from Local attraction
Stations A and B only are affected by local attraction.
COMPASS SURVEYING
334
Contd
Calculation of interior angles :

Interior angle at A = B.B of line DA F.B of line AB
= 126 00 - 74 20
= 51 40.
Interior angle at B = B.B of line AB - F.B of line BC
= 256 00 - 107 20
= 148 40
COMPASS SURVEYING
335
Contd
Interior angles at C = B.B of line BC F.B of line CD

= 286 20 - 224 50
=
61 30
Interior angle at D = 360 - FB of line DA + BB of line CD

= 360 00 - 306 40 + 44 50
= 98 10.
COMPASS SURVEYING
336
Contd
Sum of interior angles = 5140 + 4840+6130 + 9810

= 360 00
Arithmetic check
= ( 2n 4 ) x 90
= ( 2x4 4 ) x 90
= 360 00
COMPASS SURVEYING
337
Contd
Calculation for corrected bearings :

Correct FB of line AB = BB of line DA Angle A
= ( 306 40 - 180 ) - 51 40
= 126 40 - 51 40
= 75 00.
COMPASS SURVEYING
338
Contd
Then correct BB of AB = 75 00+ 180

= 255 00
FB of line BC
= B.B of line AB Angle B

= 255 00 - 148 40
= 106 20.
COMPASS SURVEYING
339
Contd
Then correct B.B of line BC = 106 20 + 180

= 286 20
F.B of line CD
then, B.B of line CD
B.B of line BC Angle C
286 20 - 61 30
224 50
224 50 - 180
44 50
COMPASS SURVEYING
340
Contd
F.B of line DA = (360 -Angle D) + BB of line CD

= 360 - 98 10 + 44 50
= 306 40
B.B of line DA = 306 40 - 180 00

= 126 40
COMPASS SURVEYING
341
Contd
Corrected Bearings
LINE
F.B
B.B
AB
75 00
255 00
BC
106 20
286 20
CD
224 50
44 50
DA
306 40
126 40
COMPASS SURVEYING
342
Method 2 : Elimination of Local Attraction by

applying corrections to Bearings
Steps to be followed are:
Calculate the magnitude and direction of error due to
Local Attraction at each affected station
Run down the bearings, starting from the bearing
unaffected by Local Attraction
COMPASS SURVEYING
343
Example Problem
A closed compass traverse ABCD was conducted and the following
bearings were obtained. Determine which of the stations are
affected by Local attraction and give the values of the corrected
bearings.
COMPASS SURVEYING
344
Contd
line
AB
Fore Bearing
Back Bearing
74 20
256 00
BC
107 20
286 20
CD
224 50
44 50
DA
306 40
12600
COMPASS SURVEYING
345
Contd
107020/
B
C
740 20/
A
306040/
Fig.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
346
346
Solution:
We have already solved this problem by eliminating the local
attraction by included angles method
Now Let us solve this problem by applying corrections to
bearings.
On inspection of the bearings, we find that the Fore Bearing
and Back Bearing of line CD differ exactly by 180.
Hence, stations C and D are free from Local attraction .
COMPASS SURVEYING
347
Contd
There fore ,
The observed Fore Bearing of CD = 224 50 correct
The observed Bore Bearing of BC = 28620 correct
The observed of Bore Bearing CD = 4450 correct
The observed Fore Bearing of DA = 30640 correct
COMPASS SURVEYING
348
Contd
The other bearings are affected.
The observed Back Bearing of line BC = 286 20
The Correct Fore Bearing of line BC
= 286 20 - 18020
= 106 20
But, the observed Fore Bearing of BC = 107 20
COMPASS SURVEYING
349
Contd
Error due to Local Attraction at B
= Observe bearing Correct bearing
= 107 20 - 106 20
Error = +1 00
Therefore Correction to be applied at B = - 1 00
COMPASS SURVEYING
350
Contd
Correct Back Bearing of line AB

= Observed bearing + Correction
= 256 00- 1 00
= 255 00
COMPASS SURVEYING
351
Contd
Therefore, Correct Fore Bearing of line AB

= 255 - 180
= 75 00
Observed Fore bearing of line AB
= 74 20
COMPASS SURVEYING
352
Contd
Error due to Local Attraction at A =
Observed bearing correct bearing.
= 74 20 -
75 00
= - 40
There fore Correction to be applied at A = + 40
COMPASS SURVEYING
353
Contd
The observed Back Bearing of line DA = 126 00

Correct Back Bearing of line DA
= Observed bearing + Correction
= 126 00 + 0 40
= 126 40
COMPASS SURVEYING
354
Contd
Therefore the correct Fore Bearing of line DA

= 126 40 + 180
= 306 40
COMPASS SURVEYING
355
Corrected Bearings
Line
F.B.
B.B.
AB
75
255 00
BC
10620
286 20
CD
224 50
44 50
DA
306 40
126 40
COMPASS SURVEYING
356
Problem. 1
Following are the bearings observed while traversing with a
Compass in area where local attraction was suspected. Find the
correct bearings of the lines and also the True bearings, if the
Magnetic declination is 10 W.
COMPASS SURVEYING
357
357
Contd
Line
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
F.B.
B.B.
59 00
239 00
139 30
31700
215 15
3630
208 00
29 00
318 30
13845
COMPASS SURVEYING
358
358
Contd
B
139 30
215 15
59 00
C
208 00
D
318 30
Fig.1 Sketch of Traverse

COMPASS SURVEYING
359
Solution
On verifying the observed bearings
We find that the Fore Bearing and Back Bearing of Line
AB differ by exactly 180 .
So stations A and B are free from local attraction
After carrying out necessary corrections for Local
Attraction correction
True Bearing = Magnetic Bear West Declination
COMPASS SURVEYING
360
Contd
Hence, the observed
Fore Bearing of line AB = 59 00
Back Bearing of line AB = 239 00
Back Bearing of line EA
= 13845 and
Fore Bearing of line BC
=139 30 are correct
It means the stations A and B are free from Local

Attraction
COMPASS SURVEYING
361
361
Contd
The actual Back Bearing of line BC should be

= 139 30 + 180 00
= 319 30 .
But, the observed Back Bearing is 31700.
COMPASS SURVEYING
362
Contd
So, apply a correction of (319 30 - 31700)

= + 2 30
Should be applied to all the bearings observed at station C.
COMPASS SURVEYING
363
Contd
Correct Fore Bearing of line CD = 215 15 + 2 30

= 217 45 .
Therefore, the actual Back Bearing of line CD should be
= 217 45 - 180 00
= 37 45 .
But, the observed Back Bearing is 36 30
COMPASS SURVEYING
364
Contd
Therefore apply a correction of 37 45 - 36 30 = + 1 15

To all the bearings observed at station D.
Therefore, correct Fore Bearing of line DE = 20800 + 115
= 20915
Then,
The correct Back Bearing should be = ( 20915 - 18000 )
= 2915
But, the observed Back Bearing is 29 00
COMPASS SURVEYING
365
Contd
So, a correction of ( 2915 - 2900 ) = 0 15 should be

applied at station E.
Then, Correct Fore Bearing of line EA = 20915 + 015
= 31845
Therefore, The actual Back Bearing of line EA should be
= 31845 - 18000
= 13845 which tallies with the
observed Back Bearing of line EA.
COMPASS SURVEYING
366
Contd
So, station A is free from local attraction as stated at the

beginning.
This is the check on our calculations
The result are tabulated as follows:
COMPASS SURVEYING
367
Contd
Line
Observed
Correction Correct
Remarks
F.B.
B.B.
F.B.
B.B.
AB
5900
23900
BC
13930
31700
CD
21515
3630
+230at C 21745 3745
DE
20800
2900
115at D
EA
31830
13845 015at E
Station A is free from
0 at A
5900
23900 Local attraction.
0 at B
13930 31930 Station B is free from

local attraction.
20915 2915
31845 13845
COMPASS SURVEYING
368
Table for True Bearing

Line
Observed
Declination Correct
F.B.
B.B.
AB
5900
23900
BC
13930
CD
10 W
Remarks
F.B.
B.B.
-10
4900
22900 True bearing is

obtained
31930
-10
12930 30930 By deducting

declination
21745
3745
-10
20745 2745
From magnetic
DE
20915
2915
-10
19915 1915
Bearings.
EA
31845
13845
-10
30845 12845
COMPASS SURVEYING
As declination
is West
369
369
Problem
Find which stations are affected by local attraction and
work out correct bearings of the lines of the lines of a
closed traverse ABCDEA.
Line
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Line
191 30
69 30
32 15
262 45
230 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
Back bearing
13 00
246 30
210 30
80 45
53 00
370
Contd
N
N
N
19130
262 45
A
23015N
C
32 15
69 30
B
Fig.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
371
Solution:
On observation of the fore and back bearings of the lines of
the traverse, we find that
No line has a difference of 180 in its Fore and Back
bearings
This type of problem is generally solved by Included Angle
method
COMPASS SURVEYING
372
Contd
Calculations of Included angles

Angle A = Fore Bearing of line AB Back Bearing of line EA
=
=
191 30 - 53 00
138 30
Angle B = Fore Bearing of line BC Back Bearing of line AB

=
69 30 - 13 30
56 30
COMPASS SURVEYING
373
Contd
Angle C = 360 00+ Back Bearing of line BC + Fore Bearing
of line CD
=
=
360 00 - 246 30 - 32 15
145 45
Angle D = Fore Bearing of line DE Back Bearing of line CD

=
262 45 - 210 30
52 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
374
Contd
Angle E = Fore Bearing of line EA Back Bearing

of line DE
=
=
230 15 - 80 45
149 30
COMPASS SURVEYING
375
Contd
Sum of the interior angles

= 138 30+ 56 30 +145 45+ 52 15+ 149 30
= 542 30
COMPASS SURVEYING
376
Contd
The required sum of the interior angles = (2n 4) x 90

= (2 x 5 4 ) x 90
= 540 00
COMPASS SURVEYING
377
Contd
Therefore, total error in five angles = 542 30 - 540 00
= + 2 30
Therefore correction to be applied for the five angles = - 2 30
Therefore, correction to be applied for each angle = - 2 30 / 5
= - 30
COMPASS SURVEYING
378
Contd
The Corrected Angles are,
Corrected angle A = 138 30 - 30 = 138 00
Corrected angle B = 56 30 - 30 = 56 00
Corrected angle C = 145 45 - 30 = 145 15
Corrected angle D = 52 15 - 30 = 51 45
Corrected angle E = 149 30 - 30 = 149 00
--------------------------Sum = 540 00
--------------------------COMPASS SURVEYING
379
Contd
After correction, The differences between the Fore and Back
bearings of the lines, are
Fore bearing of line AB Back bearing of line AB
= 191 30 - 13 00
= 178 30
Back bearing of line BC - Fore bearing of line BC
= 246 30 - 69 30
= 177 00
COMPASS SURVEYING
380
Contd
Back bearing of line CD - Fore bearing of line CD
= 210 30 - 32 15
= 178 15
Fore bearing of line DE Back bearing of line DE
= 262 45 - 80 45
= 182 00
COMPASS SURVEYING
381
Contd
Back bearing of line AE - Fore bearing of line AE

= 230 15 - 53 00
= 177 15.
COMPASS SURVEYING
382
Contd
It is seen that the fore and back bearings of the line AB differ
the least from 180.
Therefore, the difference in bearings
= 180 - 178 30
= 1 30
COMPASS SURVEYING
383
Contd
Therefore, the correct fore bearing of AB = 191 30 + 1 30 / 2
= 192 15
Then , The correct fore bearing of BC

= correct fore bearing of AB + corrected Angle B - 180.
= 192 15 + 56 - 180
=
68 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
384
Contd
The correct fore bearing of CD

= Back bearing of BC + Angle C - 360
= 248 15 + 145 15 - 360
= 33 30.
COMPASS SURVEYING
385
Contd
The correct fore bearing of DE

= Back bearing of CD + corrected Angle D
= 33 30+ 180 + 51 45
= 265 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
386
Contd
Correct Fore bearing of EA
= Back bearing of DE + corrected Angle E
= 265 15 - 180 + 149 00
= 234 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
387
Contd
Correct Fore bearing of AB
= Back bearing of EA + corrected Angle A
= 234 15 - 180 + 138
= 192 15
Checked.
COMPASS SURVEYING
388
The results may be tabulated as under

line
Observed
bearings
FB
Included
Angles
BB
Correct
Observed Corrected FB
Rem
arks
BB
No
AB
191 30 13 00
138 30
138 00
BC
69 30 24630
56 30
56 00
CD
32 15 21030
145 15
145 15 33 30 213 30 from
DE
262 30 80 45
52 15
51 45
265 15 85 15 local
EA
230 15 5300
149 30
149 00
234 15 54 15 Attra
ction.
COMPASS SURVEYING
192 15 12 15 stn
68 15 24815 Is
free
389
Problem
The following Fore and Back
bearings were taken in
traversing with a Prismatic compass in a place of
local
attraction. Find the correct bearings of the lines.
COMPASS SURVEYING
390
Contd
Line
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
F.B.
B.B.
191 00
10 00
70 30
24745
32 15
21215
260 45
81 45
230 15
5300
COMPASS SURVEYING
391
Contd
N
N
D
N
E
230 15
260 45
191 00
N 32 15
N
C
70 30
B
Fig.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
392
Solution :
On verifying the above bearings, we find that the
Fore Bearing and Back Bearing of Line CD differ
by exactly 180 . Hence stations C and D are free
from local attraction.
COMPASS SURVEYING
393
Contd
Therefore,
The observed bearings at station C and D are correct.
i.e.,
Fore Bearing of line CD = 32 15

Back Bearing of line BC = 247 45
Back Bearing of line CD = 21215 and
Fore Bearing of line DE = 260 45
are correct.
COMPASS SURVEYING
394
Contd
Starting from Fore Bearing of line DE = 260 45 .
Correct back bearing of line DE = 260 45 - 180 00
= 80 45 .
But, the observed Back Bearing of DE is = 81 45.
So, Apply a correction at station E = 80 45 - 8145
= - 1 00
COMPASS SURVEYING
395
Contd
Correct Fore Bearing of line EA =
Observed fore bearing of EA + Correction.
= 230 15 - 1 00
= 229 15 .
Correct Back Bearing of line EA = 229 15 - 180 00
.
= 49 15 .
COMPASS SURVEYING
396
Contd
But,
The observed Back Bearing of line EA is 53 00 .
So, apply
a correction at station A = 49 15 - 53 00
= - 3 45
COMPASS SURVEYING
397
Contd
Correct Fore Bearing of line AB= 191 00 - 3 45
= 187 15
The correct Back Bearing of AB = 187 15 - 18000
= 7 15
But, the observed Back Bearing of AB is 10 00
So, a correction at station A = 7 15 - 10 00
= - 2 45
COMPASS SURVEYING
398
Contd
Correct Fore Bearing of line BC = 7030 - 245
= 67 45
The actual Back Bearing of line BC
= 67 45 + 18000
= 247 45
which tallies with the observed Back Bearing of line BC.
COMPASS SURVEYING
399
The values can be tabulated as follows

Line
Observed
bearing
Corrections
Corrected
bearing
AB
19100
- 3 45
187 15
BA
10 00
- 2 45
7 15
BC
70 30
- 2 45
67 45
CB
247 45
0 00
247 45
CD
32 15
0 00
32 15
DC
212 15
0 00
212 15
DE
260 45
0 00
260 45
ED
81 45
-1 00
80 45
EA
230 15
-1 00
229 15
AE
53 00
-3 45
49 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
400
Problem
Following are the bearings observed in running a traverse
with a Compass in an area where local attraction was
suspected. Find the correct bearings of the lines .
COMPASS SURVEYING
401
Contd
Line
AB
BC
CD
DA
F.B.
N 43 30 E
S 54 30 E
B.B.
S 45 30 W
N 55 45 W
S 5 00 W
N 5 00 E
N 61 30 W
S 62 15 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
402
Contd
N
B
430301
540301
C
50001
N
610301
Fig.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
403
Solution
This problem can be solved by converting the Quadrantal Bearings
into Whole Circle Bearings and adopting the same procedure as in
earlier solved examples
The problem can also be solved without converting the bearings as

follows
COMPASS SURVEYING
404
The Fore bearing and Back bearing of line CD differ by 180 00

Because both the bearings have the same numerical value
But the cardinal points S and W are replaced by N and E.
COMPASS SURVEYING
405
Contd
The stations C and D are free from local Attraction.
Hence, correction at C and D is 0.
The fore bearing of DA is correct
Because the bearing is observed at station D.
Correct fore bearing of line DA = N 61 30 W
Then, the correct back bearing of line DA = S 61 30 W
COMPASS SURVEYING
406
Contd
But, the observed Back Bearing of line DA = S 6215E

N
6215
6230
COMPASS SURVEYING
407
Contd
Correction at station A = S 62 15 E - S 61 30 E
= 45 ( clock wise )
Correct Fore Bearing of line AB
= Observed F.B. of AB + Correction
= N 43 30 E + 45 ( clock wise )
= N 44 15 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
408
Contd
Correct B.B. of AB = S 44 15 W
But,
observed B.B. of AB = S 45 30 W
N
44 15
45 30
COMPASS SURVEYING
409
Contd
Correction at station B = S 45 30 W - S 44 15 W
= 1 15 (Anti clockwise )
Correct F.B. of BC = observed F.B. of BC + correction
= S 54 30 E + 1 15 (Anti clockwise )
= S 55 45 E .
correct B.B. of BC = N 55 45 W = observed B.B. of BC.
COMPASS SURVEYING
410
The results are tabulated as follows :

Line
Observed bearing
Corrected bearing
FB
BB
Correction
FB
BB
AB
N 43 30 E
S 45 30W
Correction at
A = 00 45
clockwise
N 44 15 E
S 44 15 W
BC
S 54 30 E
N 55 45 W Correction at
B = 10 15
anticlockwise
S 55 45E
N 55 45 W
CD
S 5 00 W
N 5 00 E
Correction
= 00 0
S 5 00 W
N 5 00 E
DA
N 61 30W
S 62 15 E
Correction
=00 0
N 61 30W
S 61 30 E
COMPASS SURVEYING
411
Problem
Following are the bearings observed while traversing with a
Compass in an area where local attraction was suspected. Find
the correct bearings of the lines and also the True bearings, if
the magnetic declination is 5 E.
COMPASS SURVEYING
412
Contd
Line
F.B.
AB
59 00
B.B.
239 00
BC
139 30
317 00
CD
215 15
36 30
DE
208 00
29 00
EA
318 30
138 45
COMPASS SURVEYING
413
Contd
B
1390301
C
590001
2150151
2080000
3180301
Fig.1
COMPASS SURVEYING
E
414
Solution
On verifying the observed bearings
We find that the Fore Bearing and Back Bearing of the
Line AB differ by exactly 180
So stations A and B are free from local attraction.
COMPASS SURVEYING
415
Contd
Hence, The observed
Fore Bearing of line AB = 59 00
Back Bearing of line AB = 239 00
Back Bearing of line EA
= 13845 and
Fore Bearing of line BC
=139 30
are correct.
COMPASS SURVEYING
416
Contd
The actual Back Bearing of line BC should be
= 139 30 + 180 00
= 319 30 .
But, the observed Back Bearing of line BC = 31700.
So, apply a correction = 319 30 - 31700
= + 2 30 is to be applied to all the
bearings observed at station C.
COMPASS SURVEYING
417
Contd
Correct Fore Bearing of line CD = 215 15 + 2 30
= 217 45 .
Therefore, the Correct Back Bearing of line CD should be
= 217 45 - 180 00
.
= 37 45 .
COMPASS SURVEYING
418
Contd
But, the observed Back Bearing of line CD is 36 30 .

So, apply a correction
Correct B.B of line CD - observed B. B. of line CD

= 37 45 - 36 30
= + 1 15 should be applied, to all
the bearings observed at station D.
COMPASS SURVEYING
419
Contd
Correct Fore Bearing of line DE
= 20800 + 115
= 20915
The correct Back Bearing of line DE = 20915 - 18000

= 2915
But, the observed Back Bearing of line DE = 29 00
COMPASS SURVEYING
420
Contd
So, a correction =
Correct B.B. of line DE Observed B.B. of line DE
= 2915 - 2900
= 0 15 should be applied at station E.
COMPASS SURVEYING
421
Contd
Correct Fore Bearing of line EA = 20915 + 015
= 31845
The actual Back Bearing of line EA should be
= 31845 - 18000
= 13845 which tallies with
the observed Back Bearing of line EA.
So, station A is free from local attraction ,as stated at the
beginning.
COMPASS SURVEYING
422
The results can be tabulated as follows

Observed
Line
Correct
Remarks
Correction
AB
F.B.
5900
B.B.
23900
0 at A
F.B.
5900
BC
13930
31700
0 at B
13930 31930
CD
21515
3630
+230at C 21745 3745
---
DE
20800
2900
115at D
20915 2915
---
EA
31830
13845
015at E
31845 13845
---
COMPASS SURVEYING
B.B.
23900
A free
from local
attraction
B free
from local
attraction
423
Table for calculation of True Bearing
Line
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
Observed
F.B.
B.B.
5900
13930
21745
20915
31845
23900
31930
3745
2915
13845
Declination
5 E
+5
+5
+ 5
+5
+5
COMPASS SURVEYING
Correct
F.B.
B.B.
6400
14430
22245
21415
32345
23400
31430
4245
3415
14345
424
Problem 1:
The Bearing of one side of a plot in the shape of a regular
pentagon is 700. Find the Bearing of other sides of the plot when
0
70
N
traversed in a clock wise direction .
720
N 700 B
N
0
108
0
A
142
1080
C
720
E
720
2860
Fig.1
1080
720
COMPASS SURVEYING
D
2140
425
Solution :
The interior Angle of a Pentagon
= (2n - 4) x Right Angles
5
= (2 x 5) - 4 x 900
5
= 1080001
The Angle between a side produced and Adjacent side
= 1800 - 1080 = 720
COMPASS SURVEYING
426
Contd
From the sketch
Bearing of side of the pentagon
= 720 + Bearing of preceding side
From Figure.1
Bearing of AB
= 700
(given)
Bearing of BC = 700 + 720 = 1420

Bearing of CD
= 1420 + 720 = 2140
Bearing of DE
= 2140 + 720 = 2860
Bearing of EA
= 2860 + 720 = 3580
Check : Bearing of AB = 3580 + 720 = 4300

i.e., 4300 3600 = 700
COMPASS SURVEYING
427
Problem 2:Find the magnetic Declination if the magnetic Bearing of the

sun at noon is (a) 1740301 (b) 70301
N
M
N
174030
1
O
Fig.2
COMPASS SURVEYING
428
Solution :
At noon the SUN is exactly on Geographical meridian.
(a)
Magnetic Bearing of Sun = 1740301

Sun is at South pole
Magnetic Bearing of South pole =1740301
Magnetic Bearing of North pole is
= 1740301 + 1800
= 3540301
COMPASS SURVEYING
429
Contd
Magnetic meridian is = 3600 3540301
= 50301 to the east of True North
Declination of the place = 50301 E
(b) When the magnetic Bearing Sun at noon is = 70301
= Magnetic Bearing of North pole
Magnetic declination = 70301 west
COMPASS SURVEYING
430
Problem 3
The following bearings were taken in running a compass
traverse. At what stations do you suspect Local Attraction ?
Find the corrected Bearing.
Line
Observed Bearing
AB
N 460101E
BA
S 460101W
BC
S 600401E
CB
N 610201W
CD
S 100301E
DC
N 80501W
DA
N 790401W
AD
S 800401E
COMPASS SURVEYING
431
Contd
In this type of problem, the following procedure may be adopted
Convert the Bearing in W.C.B's

Apply the Local attraction correction as usual
Reconvert the final W.C.B's into Q.B's
The results can be tabulated
COMPASS SURVEYING
432
Contd
Line
Observed Bearing
QB
WCB
Corrected Bearing
Conversion
AB
N 460101E 460101
BA
S 460101W 2260101
BC
S 600401E
CB
N610201W 2980401
1190201
+401
WCB
460101
2260101
1190201
2990201
Remarks
QB
N 460101E
Station C
S 460101W
and D are
S 600401E
Affected
N 600401W
by Local
Attraction
CD
S100301E
1690301
DC
N 80501E
DA
N790401W 2800201
AD
S 800401E
3510101
990201
+401
1700101
S 90501E
-10
3500101
N 90501W
-10
2790201
N 800401W
990201
S 800401E
COMPASS SURVEYING
433
Prismatic Compass
SIGHTING
VANE
SIGHTING
GRADUATED
VANES
CIRCLE
PRISM
Fig 2
COMPASS SURVEYING
434
Prismatic Compass with tripod(stand)

COMPASS SURVEYING
Fig 3
435
RANGING ROD
Fig 4
COMPASS SURVEYING
436
PEG
Fig 5
COMPASS SURVEYING
437
PLUMB BOB
Fig 6
COMPASS SURVEYING
438
Operations involved in field in Compass

Survey
Reconnaissance of the area
Temporary adjustments
Recording the bearings
Measurement of traverse lines (legs)
and taking offsets
COMPASS SURVEYING
439
Reconnaissance of the area
Check
Whether the chain lines connecting the stations are as long
as possible
Whether chain lines are as near the detail points as possible
COMPASS SURVEYING
440
After Reconnaissance of the area

Prepare index sketch showing the skeleton of the traverse
Traverse stations are marked on the ground by pegs or nails
The pegs should be projected by a height of about 3cm above

the ground.
COMPASS SURVEYING
441
Index plan
Fig 7
A,B,C,D are Traverse Stations

COMPASS SURVEYING
442
Peg
3 cm
Fig 8
COMPASS SURVEYING
443
Fig.9 Peg with a circular mark showing Station

COMPASS SURVEYING
444
2. Temporary Adjustments
The adjustments which are required to be made at every set up
of the instrument, are known as Temporary or Station
adjustments.
COMPASS SURVEYING
445
Temporary Adjustments include

Centering
Leveling
Focusing the prism
(only in the case of prismatic compass)
COMPASS SURVEYING
446
Centering
The process of centering the instrument i.e. marking the pivot
exactly vertical over the ground station mark, is called
centering
COMPASS SURVEYING
447
How is centering done?

The compass is fixed on the top of a tripod
By adjusting the legs of tripod, centering is achieved.
A plumb bob may be hung from the centre of the circular box,
to check the centering of the compass
COMPASS SURVEYING
448
Centering
Fig 10
COMPASS SURVEYING
449
Contd
If no plumb bob is provided, the centering may be judged by

dropping a small pebble freely from the center of the bottom of
the circular box.
COMPASS SURVEYING
450
Fig 11
COMPASS SURVEYING
451
Contd
If the compass is centered perfectly, the pebble will fall

exactly over the ground station mark.
COMPASS SURVEYING
452
Levelling
The process of holding the compass in such a way that its
graduated ring swings freely, is called levelling
COMPASS SURVEYING
453
How is levelling done?
The levelling is done by eye judgement
Generally the compass is provided with a ball and socket

arrangement attached to the tripod for achieving quick
levelling of the instrument.
COMPASS
9C105.53
SURVEYING
454
BALL AND SOCKET

ARRANGEMENT
Fig 12
COMPASS SURVEYING
455
BALL AND SOCKET

ARRANGEMENT
Fig 13
COMPASS SURVEYING
456
ADJUSTED ABOUT
THIS BALL
Fig 14
COMPASS SURVEYING
457
Contd
In case of Surveyors compass two plate levels at right angles to
each other, are sometimes provided.
The ball and socket arrangement is adjusted till the bubble remain
central in both the plate levels.
COMPASS SURVEYING
458
Focusing the prism

(Only applicable to prismatic compass)
The process of moving the Prism up and down for obtaining

the figures and graduations sharp and clear is called focusing
the prism.
COMPASS SURVEYING
459
Fig 15
COMPASS SURVEYING
460
Recording the bearings

After temporary adjustments, the compass is set up at each
successive stations
The fore and back bearings of chain lines are observed and
recorded in a field book
COMPASS SURVEYING
461
Contd
As each
bearing is observed independently of the other,
errors do not accumulate but tend to compensate.
COMPASS SURVEYING
462
Contd
If error between the fore and back bearings of a line exceeds

the permissible limit i.e. 15.
The fore and back bearings of the chain line are re observed
COMPASS SURVEYING
463
Contd
Even if , on checking, the error remains it may be assumed that

one or both the stations of the line are affected by local
attraction
COMPASS SURVEYING
464
Contd
The Fore and Back bearings should be corrected for the Local
attraction, if any, before these are used in plotting.
COMPASS SURVEYING
465
Measurement of traverse lines and taking offsets
After recording the bearings, the traverse lines and the

offsets to the detail points on either side of the traverse line
are taken as usual
COMPASS SURVEYING
466
Contd
The operation is repeated for the remaining traverse lines
COMPASS SURVEYING
467
Known To Unknown
Do you know traverse ?
Traverse is a connected series of straight lines, each line
joining two points on the ground.
B
A
CLOSED
TRAVERSE
A
E
C
B
OPEN TRAVERSE
COMPASS SURVEYING
468
Contdl
What measurements do you take in compass traversing ?
Linear measurements
&
Angular measurements
COMPASS SURVEYING
469
Contdl
Identify
these
objects
where do you use

these
objects ?
Do you use these objects

for measuring
the distance on the ground ?
SCALES
COMPASS SURVEYING
470
Contdl
Which instruments do you use for linear measurements on the
ground ?
Tape
Chain
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
471
where do
you use
this
object?
Identify
this
object
PROTRACTOR
Do you use this
object for measuring
the angle on the field
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
472
Contdl
Which instruments do you use for angular measurements in the
field ?
Prismatic
Compass
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
473
Explain method of recording field notes
In case of compass survey, angular and linear

measurements are taken
Let an area is bounded by stations A,B,C,D,E etc.,
A compass is centered over station A and is levelled

properly
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
474
Contdl
The fore bearing of AB and back bearing of EA are taken by
sighting the ranging rods held at B and E respectively
The line is chained and the reading is entered in table.
These readings are entered in table as shown in the next slide
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
475
Table 1
Line
AB
Distance
(m)
78
Observed Bearings
B.B
F.B
Remarks
191 30'
53 30'
EA
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
476
Contdl
Details of offsets are entered in chain survey field book on

either side of the line AB as shown in next slide
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
477
Contdl
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
478
Contdl
The fore bearing of BC and back bearing of AB are taken by
sighting the ranging rods held at C and A respectively
The line is chained and the reading is entered in table as shown
in the next slide.
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
479
Table 2
Line
Distance
(m)
Observed Bearings
B.B
F.B
AB
78
191 30'
BC
100
69 30'
Remarks
13 0'
53 30'
EA
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
480
Contdl
The fore bearing of CD and back bearing of BC are taken by
sighting the ranging rods held at D and B respectively
The line is chained and the reading is entered in table as shown
in the next slide.
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
481
Table 3
Line
Distance
(m)
Observed Bearings
B.B
F.B
AB
78
191 30'
BC
100
69 30'
CD
115
32 15'
Remarks
13 0'
246 30'
53 30'
EA
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
482
Contdl
The fore bearing of DE and back bearing of CD are taken by
sighting the ranging rods held at E and C respectively
The line is chained and the reading is entered in table as shown.
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
483
Table 4
Line
Distance
(m)
Observed Bearings
B.B
F.B
AB
78
191 30'
BC
100
69 30'
246 30'
CD
115
32 15'
210 30'
DE
120
262 45'
Remarks
13 0'
53 30'
EA
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
484
Contdl
The fore bearing of EA and back bearing of DE are taken by
sighting the ranging rods held at D and A respectively
The line is chained and the reading is entered in table as shown.
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
485
Table 5
Line
Distance
(m)
Observed Bearings
B.B
F.B
AB
78
191 30'
BC
100
69 30'
246 30'
CD
115
32 15'
210 30'
DE
120
262 45'
80 45'
EA
120
230 15'
53 00'
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
Remarks
13 0'
486
Checking the observed bearings

The difference of F.B and B.B of each traverse line
shall be equal to 180
If the difference is not equal to 180 , the stations are

effected by local attraction
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
487
Table 6
Observed Bearings
Distance
Line
B.B
(m)
F.B
78
AB
191 30' 13 00'
F.B B.B = 178 30'
BC
100
69 30'
246 30'
F.B B.B = 177 00'
CD
115
32 15'
210 30'
F.B B.B = 178 15'
DE
120
262 45'
80 45'
F.B B.B = 182 45'
EA
120
230 15'
53 00'
F.B B.B = 177 15'
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
Remarks
488
Calculation of included angle

Table 7
Included
Angle
Bearing of (AB AE) = 19130'-5300' =138 30'
Bearing of (BC BA) = 6930'- 1300' = 56 30'
Bearing of (CB CD) = 24630'-3215' =214 15

Being exterior angle,
= 360-21415' =145 45
Bearing of (DE DC) = 26245'-21030' =52 15'
Bearing of (EA ED) = 23015'-8045' =149 30'

COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
489
Checking for error

Sum of the interior angles
= 138 30' +56 30' + 145 45' + 52 15' + 149 30`
= 542 30'
The required sum of the interior angles = (2 x 5 -4) 90
= 540 00`
Total error in the five angles = 542 3' - 540 00`
= +2 30'
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
490
Contdl
The fore and back bearing of the side AB differ the least from
180
The difference in bearings = 180- 17830 = 1 30
of line AB
Correc. Fore bearing of AB = 191 30' + 1 30'
------- =192 15'
2
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
491
Table 8
Corrected fore bearing of AB = 192 15'
Add angle B
=
56 00'
Sum
Subtract 180
Correct bearing of BC
Add angle C
= 248 15'
= - 180 00'
= 68 15'
= + 145 15'
Sum
Subtract 180
= 213 30'
= - 180 00'
Correct bearing of CD
33 30'
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
492
Table 9
Correct bearing of CD
Add angle D
=
=
33 30'
51 45'
Sum
Add 180
Correct bearing of DE
Add angle E
= 85 15'
= + 180 00'
= 265 15'
= + 149 00'
Sum
Subtract 180
= 414 15'
= - 180 00'
Correct bearing of EA
234 15'
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
493
Table 10
Corrected Bearings
Distance
Line
B.B
(m)
F.B
78
AB
192 15' 12 15'
F.B B.B = 180 00'
BC
100
68 15'
248 15'
F.B B.B = 180 00'
CD
115
33 30'
213 30'
F.B B.B = 180 00'
DE
120
265 15'
85 15'
F.B B.B = 180 00'
EA
120
234 15'
54 15'
F.B B.B = 180 00'
COMPASS
9C-105.54
SURVEYING
Remarks
494
What is magnetic
meridian ?
COMPASS SURVEYING
495
N
A
192 15
B
Fig.1 Representing a bearing AB w.r.t magnetic meridian
COMPASS SURVEYING
496
The traverse may be plotted by any one of the

following methods
By Parallel Meridians
By Included angles
Plotting by tangents
COMPASS SURVEYING
497
This table gives the measured distances corrected bearing of a

traverse
Table 1
Distance Corrected bearings

Line
m
FB
BB
Remarks
AB
78
192 15'
12 15'
F.B B.B = 180 00'
BC
100
68 15'
248 15'
F.B B.B = 180 00'
CD
115
33 30'
213 30'
F.B B.B = 180 00'
DE
120
265 15'
85 15'
F.B B.B = 180 00'
EA
120
234 15'
54 15'
F.B B.B = 180 00'
COMPASS SURVEYING
498
After deciding the layout of the traverse a line representing the

magnetic meridian, through the location of the starting station
is drawn on the paper.
COMPASS SURVEYING
499
Contd
N
A
Fig.2
COMPASS SURVEYING
500
Contd
The bearing of the line AB is plotted with an ordinary

protractor
And its length duly reduced to scale, is marked off to get the
location of station A, is drawn
The scale should be adopted to accommodate longest length of
chain of the traverse
COMPASS SURVEYING
501
Contd
N
A
192 15
B
Fig.3
COMPASS SURVEYING
502
Contd
The bearing of BC is plotted and length BC is plotted to scale

Note that at the station B direction of magnetic meridian is
parallel to the previous station
Hence the N-S line drawn at B should be parallel to that
drawn at A
This is repeated at all stations
COMPASS SURVEYING
503
Contd
D
N
A
192 15
33030'
C
68 15
Fig.4
B
COMPASS SURVEYING
504
Contd
The bearing of CD is plotted and length CD is plotted to scale
COMPASS SURVEYING
505
Contd
E
D
265015'
N
A
192 15
33 30
C
56 30
Fig.5
B
COMPASS SURVEYING
506
Contd
The bearing of DE is plotted and length DE is plotted to scale
COMPASS SURVEYING
507
Contd
E
D
265 15'
N
A
192 15
33 30
56 30
C
Fig.6
B
COMPASS SURVEYING
508
Contd
The bearing of EA is plotted and length EA is plotted to scale
COMPASS SURVEYING
509
Contd
E
D
265 15'
234 15'
N
A
192 15
33 30
56 30
C
Fig.7
B
COMPASS SURVEYING
510
Contd
The process is continued till last station is plotted
Please note that right plotting care should be taken to see that
the sketch does not go beyond the drawing sheet
For this a rough trial sketch should be prepared before a trial

plotting
COMPASS SURVEYING
511
Contd
E
D
265 15'
234 15'
N
A
192 15
33 30
CLOSING
ERROR
C
56 30
B
Fig .8
COMPASS SURVEYING
512
Contd
In case of a closed traverse, last line should end on the starting
station A
If it does not, the distance between two locations of the same

station, is termed as closing error
A A = CLOSING ERROR
COMPASS SURVEYING
513
The traverse may be plotted by any one of the

following methods
By Included angles
Plotting by tangents
COMPASS SURVEYING
514
What is included angle ?

Angle between two lines meeting at one point
B
30
A
O
Fig .1
COMPASS SURVEYING
515
Contd
How do you draw it using
protractor?
30
A
O
Fig .2
COMPASS SURVEYING
516
The following Table shows the measured distance and corrected

Bearings of Compass Traverse
Table 1
Line Distance Corrected Bearings
(m)
F.B
B.B
78
AB
192 15' 12 15'
F.B B.B = 180 00'
BC
100
68 15'
248 15'
F.B B.B = 180 00'
CD
115
33 30'
213 30'
F.B B.B = 180 00'
DE
120
265 15'
85 15'
F.B B.B = 180 00'
EA
120
234 15'
54 15'
F.B B.B = 180 00'
COMPASS SURVEYING
Remarks
517
Calculation of included angle

Table 2
Included
Angle
Bearing of (AB AE) = 19130'-5300' =138 30'
Bearing of (BC BA) = 6930'- 1300' = 56 30'
Bearing of (CB CD) = 24630'-3215' =214 15

Being exterior angle,
= 360-21415' =145 45
Bearing of (DE DC) = 26245'-21030' =52 15'
Bearing of (EA ED) = 23015'-8045' =149 30'

COMPASS SURVEYING
518
By Included Angles
After deciding the location of the starting station A on the
paper draw a line to represent the magnetic meridian passing
through A
COMPASS SURVEYING
519
Contd
N
A
Fig .3
COMPASS SURVEYING
520
Contd
Plot the magnetic bearing of first chain line AB and plot AB

duly reduced to scale.
COMPASS SURVEYING
521
Contd
N
A
192 15
Fig .4
COMPASS SURVEYING
522
Contd
Now, Plot the included angle ABC by a protractor and plot the
location of Station C
For this, plot BC to the duly Reduced scale
COMPASS SURVEYING
523
Contd
N
A
192 15
56 30
B
Fig .5
COMPASS SURVEYING
524
Contd
Now, Plot the included angle BCD by a protractor and plot the
location of Station D
For this plot CD to the duly Reduced scale
COMPASS SURVEYING
525
Contd
D
N
A
192 15
145 45
56 30
Fig .6
COMPASS SURVEYING
526
Contd
Now, Plot the included angle CDE by a protractor and plot the
location of Station E
For this plot DE to the duly Reduced scale
COMPASS SURVEYING
527
Contd
E
D
52 15'
N
A
192 15
145 45
56 30
Fig .7
COMPASS SURVEYING
528
Contd
Now, Plot the included angle DEA by a protractor and plot the
location of Station A
For this plot EA to the duly Reduced scale
COMPASS SURVEYING
529
Contd
E
D
52 15'
149 30'
N
A
192 15
145 45
56 30
Fig .8
COMPASS SURVEYING
530
Contd
It may be noted that for a closed traverse

If linear measurements between stations are correct
And plotting is errorless
The closing station will coincide with the starting station A
COMPASS SURVEYING
531
Contd
If not, the distance between two locations of the starting

station is known as closing error.
A A = Closing Error
Both in direction and magnitude
COMPASS SURVEYING
532
Contd
E
D
52 15'
149 30'
N
A
192 15
145 45
CLOSING
ERROR
56 30
Fig .9
COMPASS SURVEYING
533
Bowditch method of plotting Compass survey

and correction of Closing error
When a closed traverse is plotted from the field measurements,
the end station of a traverse generally does not coincide
exactly with its starting station.
COMPASS SURVEYING
534
Contd
This discrepancy is due to the errors in the field observations

i.e. magnetic bearings and linear distances.
Such an error of the traverse is known as Closing Error or
Error of Closure
COMPASS SURVEYING
535
Contd
E
D
Closing Error
A
N
A
B
Fig .1
COMPASS SURVEYING
536
Contd
When the angular and linear measurements are of equal
precision,
Graphical adjustment of the traverse may be made
This method is based on the Bowditchs Rule
COMPASS SURVEYING
537
Contd
Corrections are applied to lengths as well as to bearings of the

lines in proportion to their lengths.
This graphical method is also sometimes known as

proportionate method of adjustment.
COMPASS SURVEYING
538
Adjustment is done as follows

Let ABCDEA be a closed traverse as plotted from the observed
magnetic bearings and linear measurements of the traverse
lines.
A is the starting station and A is the location of the station A as
plotted.
Hence AA is the closing error
COMPASS SURVEYING
539
Contd
E
D
Closing Error
A
N
A
B
Fig .2
COMPASS SURVEYING
540
Adjustment is done as explained below

Draw a straight line AA equal to the perimeter of the traverse
to any suitable scale
Set off along it the distances AB,BC,CD,DE and EA equal to

the lengths of the sides of the traverse
Note that this scale is always smaller than that adopted in

plotting the Traverse
COMPASS SURVEYING
541
Contd
AA = AB +BC+CD+DE+EA
COMPASS SURVEYING
542
Contd
Draw AA parallel and equal to the closing error AA.

Draw parallel lines through points B,C,D and E to meet AA
at B,C,D and E
EE' ,DD' ,CC' and BB' represents the error at the respective
stations both in direction and magnitude
COMPASS SURVEYING
543
Contd
AA = AB +BC+CD+DE+EA
B
A
C
B
Fig .3
COMPASS SURVEYING
544
Contd
Draw parallel lines through the plotted stations B,C.D,E and
Plot the errors equal to BB,CC,DD in the direction of AA
While doing so reconvert the error to the scale adopted to plot

the Traverse
Join the points ABCDEA to get the adjusted traverse.

COMPASS SURVEYING
545
Contd
E
D
E
A
N
A
C
C
B
B
Fig .4
COMPASS SURVEYING
546
Contd
Thus the correction for Closing error in Compass traverse is

done by Bowditchs Rule ( Graphical method )
COMPASS SURVEYING
547
Sources of errors in Compass traversing

The errors in Compass traversing, may be broadly
classified as under
Instrumental errors
Observational errors (manipulation errors)
Errors due to external influence
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
548
I. Instrumental errors
Instrumental errors are caused by defective parts of
the instrument
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
549
Contd
1. Sluggish magnetic needle.
The needle of the compass gets sluggish due to dullness

of the pivot.
The pivot gets dull when the magnetic needle is

unnecessarily allowed to swing even when not in use
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
550
Contd
2. The eccentricity of the pivot
If the pivot is not at the centre of the graduated ring,

readings will be erroneous.
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
551
Contd
3. Non verticality of the sight vanes

The sight vane, object vane and the pivot may not be in the
same vertical plane.
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
552
Contd
4. Non horizontality of the graduated ring
5. Unequal divisions of the graduated ring
COMPASS SURVEYING
553
Contd
6. The line of sight may not be passing through the

centre of the graduated circle.
7. NonCoincidence of the magnetic and geometrical

axes of the needle
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
554
II. Observational errors

Observational errors are due to observer while taking the
observations or readings
COMPASS SURVEYING
555
Contd
1. Incorrect bisection of the ranging rods

The sighting vane may not be bisecting the ranging rod
correctly
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
556
Contd
2.
Incorrect reading of compass
3.
Incorrect recording of readings
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
557
Contd
4. Presence of magnetic substances in the

vicinity of stations
5. Magnetic changes in the area
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
558
III. Errors Due To external influences

(1) Magnetic changes in the atmosphere on cloudy days may
result in error
(2) Irregular variations due to magnetic storms , earth quakes etc
(3) Variation in Declination (viz secular , annual , diurnal and
irregular)
(4) Local Attraction due to proximity of electric poles , steel
structures etc
COMPASS
9C105.58
SURVEYING
559
Precautions to be taken in Compass Survey

The instrumental and observational errors during a compass survey
may be minimized by taking certain precautions
COMPASS
9C105.59
SURVEYING
560
Contd
Set up and level the compass carefully.
Stop the vibrations of the needle by gently pressing the brakepin so that it will come to rest soon.
Always look along the needle and not across it to avoid
parallax.
COMPASS
9C105.59
SURVEYING
561
Contd
When the instrument is not in use, its magnetic needle should
be kept off the pivot.
If it is not done, the pivot is subjected to unnecessary wear

which may cause sluggishness of the magnetic needle.
COMPASS
9C105.59
SURVEYING
562
Contd
Before taking a reading the compass box should be gently
tapped to ensure that the magnetic needle is freely swinging
and has not come to rest due to friction of the pivot.
COMPASS
9C105.59
SURVEYING
563
Contd
Stations should be selected such that these are away from the
sources of Local attraction.
Fore and Back bearings of each line should be taken to guard

against the Local attraction.
COMPASS
9C105.59
SURVEYING
564
Contd
If the compass cannot be set at the end of a line, the bearings
may be taken from any intermediate point along that line
Two sets of readings should be taken at each station for

important details by displacing the magnetic needle after
taking one reading.
COMPASS
9C105.59
SURVEYING
565
Contd
Object vane and eye vane must be straightened before making
observations.
If the glass cover has been dusted with a handkerchief, the
glass gets charged with electrostatic current and the needle
adheres to the glass cover.
This may be obviated by applying a moist finger to the

glass.
COMPASS
9C105.59
SURVEYING
566
Contd
Surveyor should never carry iron articles, such as a bunch of

keys which may cause local attraction
COMPASS
9C105.59
SURVEYING
567
What is accuracy ?
Accuracy is defined as, "The ability of a measurement to
match the actual value of the quantity being measured".
If in reality , the distance between AB is 34.0 meters and

reading taken by a tape is 34.0 meters, then that
measurement is accurate.
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
568
What is Precision?
Precision is defined as,
(1) The ability of a measurement to be consistently reproduced
and
(2) The number of significant digits to which a value has been

reliably measured.
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
569
Contd
If on several measurements the value matches the actual value
(34.0 m), then the measurement is precise.
Ex. 34.0m , 33.98 m, 34.0m, 33.99m
By the second definition, the measurement 33.989 m is more

precise than the measurement 33.98m
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
570
Precision and Accuracy

GROUPS
A Precise and accurate
B Not Precise and not
accurate
C Not Precise and
accurate
D
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
Not accurate but

Precise
571
Contd
An example of a measurement with GOOD accuracy and
GOOD precision: Suppose the actual value of AB is 38.0
meters.
The readings taken by a group of 4 students gives following
values : 38.0 m, 38.0 m , 37.8 m, 38.1 m.
This distribution does show a tendency toward a particular
value (high precision) and is very near the actual value each
time (high accuracy).
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
572
Contd
An example of a measurement with BAD accuracy and BAD
precision: Suppose the actual value of AB is 38.0 meter.
values : 39.4m, 38.9m, 39.3m, 37.5m.
This distribution shows no tendency toward a particular value
(lack of precision) and does not acceptably match the actual
value (lack of accuracy).
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
573
Contd
An example of a measurement with GOOD accuracy and BAD

precision : Suppose the actual value of AB is 38.0 meters.
values :37.8 m,38.3 m,38.1m,38.0 m.
The distribution shows no impressive tendency towards a
particular value (lack of precision ) but each value does come
close to the actual value (high accuracy).
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
574
Contd
An example of a measurement with BAD accuracy and GOOD

precision : Suppose the actual value of AB is 38.0 meters.
values: 39.2m,39.3m,39.1m and 39.0m.
The distribution does shows tendency towards a particular
value (high precision ) but every measurement is well off
from the actual value (low accuracy).
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
575
Limits of Precision
In the case of the prismatic compass, the least value that can
be estimated is 15
Therefore, the permissible error per bearing should never
exceed this amount.
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
576
Contd
The angular error of closure or summation error in minutes

should not exceed 15 N
Where
N is the number of stations or sides of a traverse
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
577
Contd
The relative error of closure should be between 1in 3000 to 1

in 600
Amount of closing error
Relative closing error =
Perimeter of traverse
COMPASS
9C105.60
SURVEYING
578

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Definitions

Remedies to arrest Decay ( Failures )

Internally induced stresses in building materials

Classification of Cracks (Based on Width of

Fine: less than 0.5 mm

Thin : 0.1 mm to 0.3 mm

Wide: 0.7 to 2.0 mm

Very wide: 0.7 to 2.0 mm

Photo1. Vertical Cracks in RCC Railing due to drying shrinkage

Photo 2. Vertical crack at the junction of two blocks of residential

Fig.1.Temperature cracking in Building

Effects of Over Loading

Excessive cracking due to :

Shear bond failure

Column surface spalling due to:

Excessive compressive stress

Types of Structural Cracks

Common forms of failure

Alkali and sulphate attack

Displacement of the system

Malfunctioning of expansion joints

Cracks Due To Reinforcement Corrosion

Alkali Aggregate Reaction

Frost And Sulphate Attack Cracking

Fig.2 Environment soil structure interaction and resultant

Defects in Masonry Structures

Strengthening of Members Failed Under

Photo 7 Procedure For Applying FRP Sheets

Procedure For Applying FRP Sheets

Procedure For Applying FRP Sheets

Photo.10 Procedure For Applying FRP Sheets

Photo.11 Procedure For Applying FRP Sheets

Procedure For Applying FRP Sheets

Photo.14 Procedure For Applying FRP Sheets

Photo.15 Procedure For Applying FRP Sheets

Strengthening of column using concrete jacketing

Strengthening of column using steel jacketing

Strengthening of column using CFRP wrap

Fig.4 Strengthening of beam using steel jacketing

Procedure For Applying Ferrocement

Procedure For Applying Microconcrete

Precautions To Prevent Cracks Due To

Unequal settlement of the sub soil.

Unequal settlement of the masonry.

3. Withdrawal of moisture from the sub soil

Construction Failures Repairs Maintenance

Principal causes of cracks

Foundation movement, and settlement of soil, and

Defects in Masonry Structures

Defects in repair work

Cracks in Masonry Walls

Cracks due to tensile stresses

Flexural tension at lintel level

Tensile crack in a masonry wall

Flexural Tension Crack in Wall Masonry

Fig.3 Shear crack in Masonry wall

Shear crack in masonry pillar due to

Cracking Due to Expansion of Brickwork

Cracking due to expansion of brickwork

RCC Roof Slab Over Masonry Wall

Cracking in Cladding and Cross Walls qf a Framed

Fig.10 Arching up and Cracking of Coping Stones of a

Fig.11 Horizontal Crack at the Base of Brick Masonry

Cracks in Masonry Walls