Getting a warning while running the

program.Matrix is close to singular or badly

scaled. Results may be inaccurate. RCOND =
1.394922e-018..
Asked by Deviprakash Upadhyaya on 21 Mar 2013
I am running the below given program which gives the warning message.How to remove the warning.
---------------------------------------------------------------------

A barrel vault has radius r=25 ft, subtended angle of 80 degrees,

length 50 f, and thickness 3in.Elastic modulus is 3 msi,Poisson's ratio is
0,and weight of the shell is 90 lb per square ft. Two curved edges are
supported by rigid diaphragm and the other two edges are free.
Solve using 4 by 4 elements of a quarter of the shell.
Variable descriptions
%

k = element matrix in the local axes

ke = element matrix in the global axes

kb = element matrix for bending stiffness

ks = element matrix for shear stiffness

km = element matrix for membrane stiffness

f = element vector

kk = system matrix

ff = system vector

disp = system nodal displacement vector

gcoord = coordinate values of each node

nodes = nodal connectivity of each element

index = a vector containing system dofs associated with each element

pointb = matrix containing sampling points for bending term

weightb = matrix containing weighting coefficients for bending term

points = matrix containing sampling points for shear term

weights = matrix containing weighting coefficients for shear term

bcdof = a vector containing dofs associated with boundary conditions

bcval = a vector containing boundary condition values associated with

the dofs in 'bcdof'

kinmtsb = matrix for kinematic equation for bending

matmtsb = matrix for material property for bending

kinmtss = matrix for kinematic equation for shear

matmtss = matrix for material property for shear

kinmtsm = matrix for kinematic equation for membrane

matmtsm = matrix for material property for membrane

tr3d = transformation matrix from local to global axes

%-------------------------- % input data for control parameters %---------------------------

clear
nel=16;

% number of elements

nnel=4;

% number of nodes per element

ndof=6;

% number of dofs per node

nnode=25;

% total number of nodes in system

sdof=nnode*ndof;

% total system dofs

edof=nnel*ndof;

% degrees of freedom per element

emodule=3e6;

% elastic modulus

poisson=0.0;
t=3;

% Poisson's ratio
% plate thickness

nglxb=2; nglyb=2;

% 2x2 Gauss-Legendre quadrature for bending

nglb=nglxb*nglyb;

% number of sampling points per element for bending

nglxs=1; nglys=1;

% 1x1 Gauss-Legendre quadrature for shear

ngls=nglxs*nglys;

% number of sampling points per element for shear

%--------------------------------- % input data for nodal coordinate values %---------------------------------

gcoord=[0.0 0.0 0.0; 0.0 6.25 0.0; 0.0 12.5 0.0; 0.0 18.75 0.0;0.0 25.0 0.0;
4.34 0.0 -0.38;4.34 6.25 -0.38;4.34 12.5 -0.38;4.34 18.75 -0.38;4.34 25.0
-0.38;
8.55 0.0 -1.51;8.55 6.25 -1.51;8.55 12.5 -1.51;8.55 18.75 -1.51;8.55 25.0
-1.51;
12.5 0.0 -3.35;12.5 6.25 -3.35;12.5 12.5 -3.35;12.5 18.75 -3.35;12.5 25.0
-3.35;
16.1 0.0 -5.85;16.1 6.25 -5.85;16.1 12.5 -5.85;16.1 18.75 -5.85;16.1 25.0
-5.85];
gcoord=12.0*gcoord;

%----------------------- % input data for nodal connectivity for each element %-----------------------

nodes=[6 7 2 1; 7 8 3 2; 8 9 4 3; 9 10 5 4;
11 12 7 6; 12 13 8 7; 13 14 9 8; 14 15 10 9;
16 17 12 11; 17 18 13 12; 18 19 14 13; 19 20 15 14;
21 22 17 16; 22 23 18 17; 23 24 19 18; 24 25 20 19];

%------------------------------------- % input data for boundary conditions %-------------------------------------

bcdof=[1 3 5 6

7 11 12

13 17 18

19 23 24

25 26 28 29 30 ...

31 33

56 58 60

121 122 123

61 63

86 88 90

91 93

116 118 120 ...

146 148 150]; % constrained dofs

bcval=zeros(size(bcdof));

% whose described values are 0

%-------------------------------------- % initialization of matrices and vectors %------------------------------------

ff=zeros(sdof,1);

% system force vector

kk=zeros(sdof,sdof);

% system matrix

disp=zeros(sdof,1);

% system displacement vector

index=zeros(edof,1);

% index vector

kinmtsb=zeros(3,edof);

% kinematic matrix for bending

matmtsb=zeros(3,3);

% constitutive matrix for bending

kinmtsm=zeros(3,edof);

% kinematic matrix for membrane

matmtsm=zeros(3,3);

% constitutive matrix for membrane

kinmtss=zeros(2,edof);

% kinematic matrix for shear

matmtss=zeros(2,2);

% constitutive matrix for shear

tr3d=zeros(edof,edof);

% transformation matrix

%---------------------------- % force vector %----------------------------

ff(3)=-613.6;

% transverse force at node 1

ff(9)=-1227.2;

% transverse force at node 2

ff(15)=-1227.2;

% transverse force at node 3

ff(21)=-1227.2;

% transverse force at node 4

ff(27)=-613.6;

% transverse force at node 5

ff(33)=-1227.2;

% transverse force at node 6

ff(39)=-2454.4;

% transverse force at node 7

ff(45)=-2454.4;

% transverse force at node 8

ff(51)=-2454.4;

% transverse force at node 9

ff(57)=-1227.2;

% transverse force at node 10

ff(63)=-1227.2;

% transverse force at node 11

ff(69)=-2454.4;

% transverse force at node 12

ff(75)=-2454.4;

% transverse force at node 13

ff(81)=-2454.4;

% transverse force at node 14

ff(87)=-1227.2;

% transverse force at node 15

ff(93)=-1227.2;

% transverse force at node 16

ff(99)=-2454.4;

% transverse force at node 17

ff(105)=-2454.4;

% transverse force at node 18

ff(111)=-2454.4;
ff(117)=-1227.2;
(123)=-613.6;
ff(129)=-1227.2;
ff(135)=-1227.2;
ff(141)=-1227.2;
ff(147)=-613.6;

% transverse force at node 19

% transverse force at node 20
% transverse force at node 21
% transverse force at node 22
% transverse force at node 23
% transverse force at node 24
% transverse force at node 25

%-------------------- % computation of element matrices and vectors and their assembly %---------------------

% for bending and membrane stiffness

[pointb,weightb]=feglqd2(nglxb,nglyb);

% sampling points & weights

matmtsm=fematiso(1,emodule,poisson)*t;

% membrane material property

matmtsb=fematiso(1,emodule,poisson)*t^3/12;

% bending material property

%%
%

for shear stiffness

%
[points,weights]=feglqd2(nglxs,nglys);

% sampling points & weights

shearm=0.5*emodule/(1.0+poisson);

% shear modulus

shcof=5/6;

% shear correction factor

matmtss=shearm*shcof*t*[1 0; 0 1];

% shear material property

for iel=1:nel

% loop for the total number of elements

for i=1:nnel
nd(i)=nodes(iel,i);

% extract connected node for (iel)-th element

xcoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),1);

% extract x value of the node

ycoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),2);

% extract y value of the node

zcoord(i)=gcoord(nd(i),3);

% extract z value of the node

end
%
%

compute the local direction cosines and local axes

%
[tr3d,xprime,yprime]=fetransh(xcoord,ycoord,zcoord,nnel);
%
k=zeros(edof,edof);

% element matrix in local axes

ke=zeros(edof,edof);

% element matrix in global axes

km=zeros(edof,edof);

% element membrane matrix

kb=zeros(edof,edof);

% element bending matrix

ks=zeros(edof,edof);

% element shear matrix

%-----------------------------------------------------%

numerical integration for bending term

%-----------------------------------------------------for intx=1:nglxb
x=pointb(intx,1);

% sampling point in x-axis

wtx=weightb(intx,1);

% weight in x-axis

for inty=1:nglyb
y=pointb(inty,2);

% sampling point in y-axis

wty=weightb(inty,2) ;

% weight in y-axis

[shape,dhdr,dhds]=feisoq4(x,y);

% compute shape functions and

% derivatives at sampling point

jacob2=fejacob2(nnel,dhdr,dhds,xprime,yprime);

% compute Jacobian

detjacob=det(jacob2);

% determinant of Jacobian

invjacob=inv(jacob2);

% inverse of Jacobian matrix

[dhdx,dhdy]=federiv2(nnel,dhdr,dhds,invjacob); % derivatives w.r.t.

% physical coordinate
kinmtsb=fekinesb(nnel,dhdx,dhdy);

% bending kinematic matrix

kinmtsm=fekinesm(nnel,dhdx,dhdy);

% membrane kinematic matrix

%-------------------------------------------%

compute bending element matrix

%-------------------------------------------kb=kb+kinmtsb'*matmtsb*kinmtsb*wtx*wty*detjacob;
km=km+kinmtsm'*matmtsm*kinmtsm*wtx*wty*detjacob;
end
end

% end of numerical integration loop for bending term

%-----------------------------------------------------%

numerical integration for bending term

%-----------------------------------------------------for intx=1:nglxs
x=points(intx,1);

% sampling point in x-axis

wtx=weights(intx,1);

% weight in x-axis

for inty=1:nglys
y=points(inty,2);

% sampling point in y-axis

wty=weights(inty,2) ;

% weight in y-axis

[shape,dhdr,dhds]=feisoq4(x,y);

% compute shape functions and

% derivatives at sampling point

jacob2=fejacob2(nnel,dhdr,dhds,xprime,yprime);

% compute Jacobian

detjacob=det(jacob2);

% determinant of Jacobian

invjacob=inv(jacob2);

% inverse of Jacobian matrix

[dhdx,dhdy]=federiv2(nnel,dhdr,dhds,invjacob); % derivatives w.r.t.

% physical coordinate
kinmtss=fekiness(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape);
%----------------------------------------

% shear kinematic matrix

compute shear element matrix

%---------------------------------------ks=ks+kinmtss'*matmtss*kinmtss*wtx*wty*detjacob;
end
end

% end of numerical integration loop for shear term

%-------------------------------%

compute element matrix

%-------------------------------k=km+kb+ks;
%----------------------------------------------%

transform from local to global systems

%----------------------------------------------ke=tr3d'*k*tr3d;
index=feeldof(nd,nnel,ndof);% extract system dofs associated with element
kk=feasmbl1(kk,ke,index);

% assemble element matrices

end
%------------------------------------%

check the singular drilling dof

%------------------------------------for i=1:sdof
if(abs(kk(i,i)) < 1e-5)
sum=0.0;
for j=1:sdof

sum=sum+abs(kk(i,j));
end
if (sum < 1e-5)
kk(i,i)=1;
end
end
end
%----------------------------%

apply boundary conditions

%----------------------------[kk,ff]=feaplyc2(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval);
%---------------------------%

solve the matrix equation

%---------------------------disp=kk\ff;
num=1:1:sdof;
displace=[num' disp]

% print nodal displacements

%-------------------------------------------------------------%

Sub_routines
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

function [point2,weight2]=feglqd2(nglx,ngly)
%------------------------------------------------------------------%

Purpose:

determine the integration points and weighting coefficients

of Gauss-Legendre quadrature for two-dimensional integration

%
%

Synopsis:

[point2,weight2]=feglqd2(nglx,ngly)

%
%

Variable Description:

nglx - number of integration points in the x-axis

ngly - number of integration points in the y-axis

point2 - vector containing integration points

weight2 - vector containing weighting coefficients

%------------------------------------------------------------------%

determine the largest one between nglx and ngly

if nglx > ngly
ngl=nglx;
else
ngl=ngly;
end

initialization
point2=zeros(ngl,2);
weight2=zeros(ngl,2);

find corresponding integration points and weights

[pointx,weightx]=feglqd1(nglx);

% quadrature rule for x-axis

[pointy,weighty]=feglqd1(ngly);
%

% quadrature rule for y-axis

quadrature for two-dimension

for intx=1:nglx

% quadrature in x-axis

point2(intx,1)=pointx(intx);
weight2(intx,1)=weightx(intx);
end
for inty=1:ngly

% quadrature in y-axis

point2(inty,2)=pointy(inty);
weight2(inty,2)=weighty(inty);
end
_______________________________________________________________________
function [matmtrx]=fematiso(iopt,elastic,poisson)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------%
%

Purpose:
determine the constitutive equation for isotropic material

%
%
%

Synopsis:
[matmtrx]=fematiso(iopt,elastic,poisson)

%
%

Variable Description:

elastic - elastic modulus

poisson - Poisson's ratio

iopt=1 - plane stress analysis

iopt=2 - plane strain analysis

iopt=3 - axisymmetric analysis

iopt=4 - three dimensional analysis

%-----------------------------------------------------------------------if iopt==1

% plane stress

matmtrx= elastic/(1-poisson*poisson)* ...

[1

poisson 0; ...

poisson
0

0; ...

(1-poisson)/2];

elseif iopt==2

% plane strain

matmtrx= elastic/((1+poisson)*(1-2*poisson))* ...

[(1-poisson)
poisson
0

poisson 0;

(1-poisson)

0;

(1-2*poisson)/2];

elseif iopt==3

% axisymmetry

matmtrx= elastic/((1+poisson)*(1-2*poisson))* ...

[(1-poisson)

poisson

poisson

(1-poisson)

poisson

poisson

0
else

poisson

0;

poisson

0;

(1-poisson)

0;

(1-2*poisson)/2];

% three-dimension

matmtrx= elastic/((1+poisson)*(1-2*poisson))* ...

[(1-poisson)

poisson

poisson

0;

poisson

(1-poisson)

poisson

poisson

poisson

(1-poisson)

0;

0;

(1-2*poisson)/2

(1-2*poisson)/2

0;
0;

(1-2*poisson)/2];

end
______________________________________________________________________
function [tr3d,xprime,yprime]=fetransh(xcoord,ycoord,zcoord,n)
%-------------------------------------------------------------%
%
%

Purpose:
Compute direction cosines between three-dimensional
local and global coordinate axes

%
%
%

Synopsis:
[tr3d,xprime,yprime]=fetransh(xcoord,ycoord,zcoord,n)

%
%

Variable Description:

xcoord - nodal x coordinates (4x1)

ycoord - nodal y coordinates (4X1)

zcoord - nodal z coordinates (4X1)

n - number of nodes per element

%
%

tr3d - 3d transformation matrix from local to global axes

xprime - coordinate in terms of the local axes (4x1)

yprime - coordinate in terms of the global axes (4X1)

%
%

Note:

The local x-axis is defined in the direction from the first node

to the second node. Nodes 1, 2 and 4 define the local xy-plane.

The local z-axis is defined normal to the local xy-plane.

The local y-axis is defined normal to the x and z axes.

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------%
%

compute direction cosines

%
v12x=xcoord(2)-xcoord(1);
v12y=ycoord(2)-ycoord(1);
v12z=zcoord(2)-zcoord(1);
l12=sqrt(v12x^2+v12y^2+v12z^2);
v23x=xcoord(3)-xcoord(2);
v23y=ycoord(3)-ycoord(2);
v23z=zcoord(3)-zcoord(2);
l23=sqrt(v23x^2+v23y^2+v23z^2);
v34x=xcoord(4)-xcoord(3);
v34y=ycoord(4)-ycoord(3);
v34z=zcoord(4)-zcoord(3);
l34=sqrt(v34x^2+v34y^2+v34z^2);

v14x=xcoord(4)-xcoord(1);
v14y=ycoord(4)-ycoord(1);
v14z=zcoord(4)-zcoord(1);
l14=sqrt(v14x^2+v14y^2+v14z^2);
v13x=xcoord(3)-xcoord(1);
v13y=ycoord(3)-ycoord(1);
v13z=zcoord(3)-zcoord(1);
l13=sqrt(v13x^2+v13y^2+v13z^2);
v1tx=v12y*v14z-v12z*v14y;
v1ty=v12z*v14x-v12x*v14z;
v1tz=v12x*v14y-v12y*v14x;
v1yx=v1ty*v12z-v1tz*v12y;
v1yy=v1tz*v12x-v1tx*v12z;
v1yz=v1tx*v12y-v1ty*v12x;
vxx=v12x/l12;
vxy=v12y/l12;
vxz=v12z/l12;
vyx=v1yx/sqrt(v1yx^2+v1yy^2+v1yz^2);
vyy=v1yy/sqrt(v1yx^2+v1yy^2+v1yz^2);
vyz=v1yz/sqrt(v1yx^2+v1yy^2+v1yz^2);
vzx=v1tx/sqrt(v1tx^2+v1ty^2+v1tz^2);
vzy=v1ty/sqrt(v1tx^2+v1ty^2+v1tz^2);
vzz=v1tz/sqrt(v1tx^2+v1ty^2+v1tz^2);

%
%

transformation matrix

%
for i=1:2*n
i1=(i-1)*3+1;
i2=i1+1;
i3=i2+1;
tr3d(i1,i1)=vxx;
tr3d(i1,i2)=vxy;
tr3d(i1,i3)=vxz;
tr3d(i2,i1)=vyx;
tr3d(i2,i2)=vyy;
tr3d(i2,i3)=vyz;
tr3d(i3,i1)=vzx;
tr3d(i3,i2)=vzy;
tr3d(i3,i3)=vzz;
end
%
%

compute nodal values in terms of local axes

%
alpa213=acos((l12^2+l13^2-l23^2)/(2*l12*l13));
alpa314=acos((l13^2+l14^2-l34^2)/(2*l13*l14));
alpa41y=2*atan(1)-alpa213-alpa314;

xprime(1)=0;
xprime(2)=l12;

yprime(1)=0;
yprime(2)=0;

xprime(3)=l13*cos(alpa213);

yprime(3)=l13*sin(alpa213);

xprime(4)=l14*sin(alpa41y);

yprime(4)=l14*cos(alpa41y);

_____________________________________________________________________
function [shapeq4,dhdrq4,dhdsq4]=feisoq4(rvalue,svalue)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------%

Purpose:

compute isoparametric four-node quadilateral shape functions

and their derivatves at the selected (integration) point

in terms of the natural coordinate

%
%
%

Synopsis:
[shapeq4,dhdrq4,dhdsq4]=feisoq4(rvalue,svalue)

%
%

Variable Description:

shapeq4 - shape functions for four-node element

dhdrq4 - derivatives of the shape functions w.r.t. r

dhdsq4 - derivatives of the shape functions w.r.t. s

rvalue - r coordinate value of the selected point

svalue - s coordinate value of the selected point

%
%

Notes:

1st node at (-1,-1), 2nd node at (1,-1)

3rd node at (1,1), 4th node at (-1,1)

%-----------------------------------------------------------------------% shape functions

shapeq4(1)=0.25*(1-rvalue)*(1-svalue);
shapeq4(2)=0.25*(1+rvalue)*(1-svalue);
shapeq4(3)=0.25*(1+rvalue)*(1+svalue);
shapeq4(4)=0.25*(1-rvalue)*(1+svalue);
% derivatives
dhdrq4(1)=-0.25*(1-svalue);
dhdrq4(2)=0.25*(1-svalue);
dhdrq4(3)=0.25*(1+svalue);
dhdrq4(4)=-0.25*(1+svalue);
dhdsq4(1)=-0.25*(1-rvalue);
dhdsq4(2)=-0.25*(1+rvalue);
dhdsq4(3)=0.25*(1+rvalue);
dhdsq4(4)=0.25*(1-rvalue);
________________________________________________________________________
function [jacob2]=fejacob2(nnel,dhdr,dhds,xcoord,ycoord)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------%
%
%

Purpose:
determine the Jacobian for two-dimensional mapping

%
%

Synopsis:
[jacob2]=fejacob2(nnel,dhdr,dhds,xcoord,ycoord)

%
%

Variable Description:

jacob2 - Jacobian for one-dimension

nnel - number of nodes per element

dhdr - derivative of shape functions w.r.t. natural coordinate r

dhds - derivative of shape functions w.r.t. natural coordinate s

xcoord - x axis coordinate values of nodes

ycoord - y axis coordinate values of nodes

%-----------------------------------------------------------------------jacob2=zeros(2,2);
for i=1:nnel
jacob2(1,1)=jacob2(1,1)+dhdr(i)*xcoord(i);
jacob2(1,2)=jacob2(1,2)+dhdr(i)*ycoord(i);
jacob2(2,1)=jacob2(2,1)+dhds(i)*xcoord(i);
jacob2(2,2)=jacob2(2,2)+dhds(i)*ycoord(i);
end
________________________________________________________________________
function [dhdx,dhdy]=federiv2(nnel,dhdr,dhds,invjacob)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------%
%

Purpose:
determine derivatives of 2-D isoparametric shape functions with

respect to physical coordinate system

%
%

Synopsis:

[dhdx,dhdy]=federiv2(nnel,dhdr,dhds,invjacob)

%
%

Variable Description:

dhdx - derivative of shape function w.r.t. physical coordinate x

dhdy - derivative of shape function w.r.t. physical coordinate y

nnel - number of nodes per element

dhdr - derivative of shape functions w.r.t. natural coordinate r

dhds - derivative of shape functions w.r.t. natural coordinate s

invjacob - inverse of 2-D Jacobian matrix

%-----------------------------------------------------------------------for i=1:nnel
dhdx(i)=invjacob(1,1)*dhdr(i)+invjacob(1,2)*dhds(i);
dhdy(i)=invjacob(2,1)*dhdr(i)+invjacob(2,2)*dhds(i);
end
_________________________________________________________________________
function [kinmtsb]=fekinesb(nnel,dhdx,dhdy)
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------%

Purpose:

determine the kinematic matrix expression relating bending curvatures

to rotations and displacements for shear deformable plate bending

%
%
%

Synopsis:
[kinmtsb]=fekinesb(nnel,dhdx,dhdy)

%
%

Variable Description:

nnel - number of nodes per element

dhdx - derivatives of shape functions with respect to x

dhdy - derivatives of shape functions with respect to y

%-------------------------------------------------------------------------for i=1:nnel
i1=(i-1)*6+1;
i2=i1+1;
i3=i2+1;
i4=i3+1;
i5=i4+1;
i6=i5+1;
kinmtsb(1,i5)=dhdx(i);
kinmtsb(2,i4)=-dhdy(i);
kinmtsb(3,i5)=dhdy(i);
kinmtsb(3,i4)=-dhdx(i);
kinmtsb(3,i6)=0;
end
_________________________________________________________________________

function [kinmtsm]=fekinesm(nnel,dhdx,dhdy)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------%

Purpose:
%

determine the kinematic equation between strains and displacements

for two-dimensional solids

%
%
%

Synopsis:
[kinmtsm]=fekinesm(nnel,dhdx,dhdy)

%
%

Variable Description:

nnel - number of nodes per element

dhdx - derivatives of shape functions with respect to x

dhdy - derivatives of shape functions with respect to y

%-----------------------------------------------------------------------for i=1:nnel
i1=(i-1)*6+1;
i2=i1+1;
i3=i2+1;
i4=i3+1;
i5=i4+1;
i6=i5+1;
kinmtsm(1,i1)=dhdx(i);
kinmtsm(2,i2)=dhdy(i);

kinmtsm(3,i1)=dhdy(i);
kinmtsm(3,i2)=dhdx(i);
kinmtsm(3,i6)=0.0;
end
__________________________________________________________________________
function [kinmtss]=fekiness(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape)
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------%

Purpose:

determine the kinematic matrix expression relating shear strains

to rotations and displacements for shear deformable plate bending

%
%
%

Synopsis:
[kinmtss]=fekiness(nnel,dhdx,dhdy,shape)

%
%

Variable Description:

nnel - number of nodes per element

dhdx - derivatives of shape functions with respect to x

dhdy - derivatives of shape functions with respect to y

shape - shape function

%-----------------------------------------------------------------------for i=1:nnel
i1=(i-1)*6+1;
i2=i1+1;

i3=i2+1;
i4=i3+1;
i5=i4+1;
i6=i5+1;
kinmtss(1,i3)=dhdx(i);
kinmtss(1,i5)=shape(i);
kinmtss(2,i3)=dhdy(i);
kinmtss(2,i4)=-shape(i);
kinmtss(2,i6)=0.0;
end
_________________________________________________________________________
function [index]=feeldof(nd,nnel,ndof)
%---------------------------------------------------------%
%

Purpose:
Compute system dofs associated with each element

%
%
%

Synopsis:
[index]=feeldof(nd,nnel,ndof)

%
%

Variable Description:

index - system dof vector associated with element "iel"

iel - element number whose system dofs are to be determined

nnel - number of nodes per element

ndof - number of dofs per node

%----------------------------------------------------------edof = nnel*ndof;
k=0;
for i=1:nnel
start = (nd(i)-1)*ndof;
for j=1:ndof
k=k+1;
index(k)=start+j;
end
end
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function [kk]=feasmbl1(kk,k,index)
%---------------------------------------------------------%
%

Purpose:
Assembly of element matrices into the system matrix

%
%
%

Synopsis:
[kk]=feasmbl1(kk,k,index)

%
%

Variable Description:

kk - system matrix

- element matri

index - d.o.f. vector associated with an element

%----------------------------------------------------------edof = length(index);
for i=1:edof
ii=index(i);
for j=1:edof
jj=index(j);
kk(ii,jj)=kk(ii,jj)+k(i,j);
end
end

________________________________________________________________________

function [kk,ff]=feaplyc2(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval)
%---------------------------------------------------------%
%

Purpose:
Apply constraints to matrix equation [kk]{x}={ff}

%
%
%

Synopsis:
[kk,ff]=feaplybc(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval)

%
%

Variable Description:

kk - system matrix before applying constraints

ff - system vector before applying constraints

bcdof - a vector containging constrained d.o.f

bcval - a vector containing contained value

%
%

For example, there are constraints at d.o.f=2 and 10

and their constrained values are 0.0 and 2.5,

respectively.

bcval(1)=1.0 and bcval(2)=2.5.

Then, bcdof(1)=2 and bcdof(2)=10; and

%----------------------------------------------------------n=length(bcdof);
sdof=size(kk);
for i=1:n
c=bcdof(i);
for j=1:sdof
kk(c,j)=0;
end
kk(c,c)=1;
ff(c)=bcval(i);

end
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