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2013-IACC-334

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A distributed

resonance modes rejection and


stabilization in AC microgrids

Diane Leblanc1,2, Babak Nahid-Mobarakehl, Senior Member, IEEE, Benjamin Pham2,


Serge Pierfederici1, Bernard Davat1, Member, IEEE
I

GREEN, University f Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France


2 A TAL YS, Troisfontaines, France
diane.leblanc@univ-lorrainefr

Abstract

--

The use of LCL filter is continuously increasing in

AC microgrids because of their good filtering/size ratio and


their relative low cost. But, they introduce new resonance modes
and may affect the stability of the microgrid, particularly when
loads are tightly controlled. This paper deals with a AC network
composed of LCL filters and power factor corrector (PFC)
rectifiers fed by a grid. First, an average model of the system
with two PFC is developed. Then, local stability and resonance
phenomena are studied by considering all control loops. It is
shown that, under certain conditions, significant oscillations
may appear even if the system operating point is in the stable
area. More in this case, exciting one of the resonance modes can
lead to instability. To improve the stability of the system, we
propose to employ local stabilizer agents. They slightly modify
the power absorbed the loads by injecting stabilizing powers to
the system.

Simulations

and

experimentations confirm the

validity of the proposed approach.

Index Terms-- AC power systems, resonance, LCL filter, PFC


rectifier, stabilization, DC bus.

I.

INTRODUCTlON

One of the main concern of microgrids is to limit harmonic


distortion in AC power systems. In this way, number of PFC
rectifiers increases in power systems because they allow to
control both AC input currents and DC output voltage. These
rectifiers are commonly combined with a LCL input filter in
order to find a better trade-off between components size and
switching frequency filtering. One of the deals with this filter
structure is its destabilizing effect. Lots of studies have been
done concerning the LCL filter design [1] and how control
can take it into account [2], [3].
Those researches essentially concentrate on stabilizing one
PFC rectifier with its own LCL filter. Nevertheless, it is
known that multi converters power systems can lead to
interactions between converters and that a global study have
to be performed [4], [5]. This phenomena is widely studied
for DC systems, but literature is less extended for AC
systems. In a design point of view, M. Belkhayat first defined
a stability criteria for AC systems based on the generalized
Nyquist criteria [6].

Two actions can be considered in order to stabilize a


system. The passive solution consists in adding passive filters
at the input in order to satisfy the Nyquist criteria [7]). The
other solutions modify the control of the source or the
control of the loads ([2], [8]-[11]).
In this paper, a AC microgrid containing LCL filters-PFC
rectifiers is studied in order to evaluate the risk of resonance
and instability. As it is well known, we show that the system
is unstable for high power loads. We also show that in stable
area, significant stable oscillations may appear in the
microgrid if one of the resonance modes is excited. This
study concerns applications where the system cannot be
modified (filter design and control dynamics are fixed). We
develop a stabilization technique based on the multi-agent
approach requiring a simple stabilizing agent per load. Here,
we propose to use agents applying the virtual impedance
principle [12] on the DC bus. The proposed method is easy to
use because it only depends on one measurement for each
stabilizing agent.
This paper is organized in six sections. Model of the
system is presented in the next section. Then, in Section III,
some risk factors of instability are discussed. They are caused
by the activation of resonance modes when systems run near
the stability limit. Then, a stabilization block control is added
to each load in order to avoid instability phenomenon.
Simulation results are given in Section IV and are completed
by experimental results in Section V. The last section gives
the conclusion.
II.

SYSTEM MODEL

The studied system is a AC microgrid shown in Fig. 1.


Here, to show the principle of the approach in a simple case,
we limit the microgrid to only two loads. The generalization
to more complex microgrids is straightforward. A balanced
three-phase voltage source supplies the microgrid. Its output
impedance is modeled by Lg and rg. A capacitive reactive
power compensator is considered (eg). Then, two remote
loads are supplied via PWM-controlled rectifiers. Those loads

978-1-4673-5202-4/12/$31.00 2013 IEEE

2013-IACC-334

are supposed tightly controlled in such a way that they can be


considered as Constant Power Loads (CPL).
For the purpose of modeling the system, we apply the
frequently used transformation enabling to represent all three
phase variables in a synchronous dq reference frame rotating
at the grid frequency we' The transformation matrix is the
following:
cos (wet - 27[/3)
-sin (wet - 27[/3)

cos (Wet + 27[/3)


-sin (wet + 27[/3)

Page 2 of 8

Fig. 3. In this model, the PWM rectifier is represented by a


gain Gree : the input voltage Vr is linked to the PWM
reference V* the following relation:

= GreeV*

Vr

(2)

(1)
v"

In the following, bold symbols stand for vectors as follow:

= [Xd

XqjT.

Before developing the model of the whole system, we


focus on the one-load system shown in Fig. 2. This leads to
the building block for generalizing the model to several loads.

I- rI

Average swilch model

Fig. 3 Equivalent average model of the rectifier.

The PWM-controlled rectifier gain is

Filter LCL 1 - FFC Rectifier 1 - Load 1

v.

1--'-'.
J

(3)
where Vde is the DC bus voltage and VPWM is the PWM
1),
career signal amplitude. Here, we fix VPWM to 1 (VPWM
so Gree Vde. It is clear that (3) introduces a nonlinearity to
the system.
The state equations of the AC side of the rectifier can be
written as:

//,'1

Fig. 2 shows a three-phase rectifier which is connected to a


LCL filter. The source delivers a three-phase balanced
voltage Vg' The rectifier is supposed to be ideal. It supplies a
constant power load PL through a DC bus composed of a
capacitor Cdc at the voltage Vde. The source currents and the
input currents of the six-pulse rectifier are called respectively
is and ir and the filter capacitor voltage is VC'

_L( " .) -r$:_ rL


__

with

Building Block Model

T= [0

we

-we ]

-U s

(4)

'T'lr)
----*

(5)

As often in modern microgrids, the DC bus voltage Vde is


controlled using the PFC rectifier input currents ir' Here, we
use the controller shown in Fig. 4.
To design the Vde controller, the electrostatic energy Yde
stored in CdC is considered as the input variable and the
power delivered by the converter Pree to capacitance Cdc is
considered as the output variable. The differential equations
of the system are expressed as follow:
(6)

= Pree - PL
Yde = 2 CdC (VdC - Vdcret)
and Pree = Vrdird + Vrqirq.
Yde

Rectifier

Filter
Fig. 2- One-load circuit model.

dt;=-1(V -V -r 'l -L 'T'l )


9
c
s s
s
S

dt Ls
dzr
1 ------'------?
-=dt LIs (V -V (X U ) -rr s 'l
dV; 1 (l -l -C 'T'V )
-=s
dt Cs

Fig. 1- Studied system.

A.

DC bus

To describe the behavior of the PWM-controlled rectifier,


an average model is accurate enough to achieve the same
results as a switching circuit model when the switching
frequency is much higher than the frequency of interest. In
[13], authors give an equivalent circuit of a three-phase
rectifier in dq reference frame. The equivalent circuit of the
three-phase PWM rectifier studied in this paper is shown in

with

To ensure that energy Yde tracks its reference


control variable Pree is calculated by
o

with

(7),
(8)

Yderet'

= (Yderet - Yde) + 2(vWv(Yderet - Yde)

dllv

dt = Yderet

+ Wllv

- Ydc

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the

(9)
(10)

2013-IACC-334

Page 3 of 8

According to the equations of the state-space model (16), the


new state vector X and the state-space model G (X,U) are
defined in equations (17 and (18).

CurentsCOfJtro{

DCvo/llIgeconlro/

p
W
M

where wv and (v represent the desired cutoff frequency and


the damping factor of the energy controller, respectively.
From relations (6) and (9), the control variable Pree becomes:
(11)
In order to have an input power factor of 1, the d axis
current reference is set to o. According to relation (7), (8), it
is then possible to obtain the AC current reference irq ref.
The AC currents controller is a PI compensator with the gain
Kpi and the time constant rio The PWM references V* are
obtained according to the following equation:

)
V _ Kpi (l r ref - l r

with

dUi
dt =

= [Xs

Xg =
Xl =

Fig. 4- Control of the DC bus voltage.

----:

Kp i

X2

+ -(Ti
ri

dllvl
dt = Ydel ref
dUil
dt =

dllv2
dt = Yde2ref
dUiZ
dt =

x=

X = [f;
U = rv.;

B.

lr Z ret - lr Z

G (X,U)

G(X,U)

(v; - V; - rs .f; - Ls . Tf;)/ Ls

Vrqirq - PL
Yderef - Yde
-ird
(PL + 2(vWv(Yderef - Yde) + WIlJ/Vrq - irq
2 Yd
C
where v,:(X,U) is given in (2) with Gree =
Cdc
Studied System

As mentioned above, the studied system in this paper is


composed of two PFC rectifiers supplying two CPLs. Each
load is modeled as described in the previous paragraph.

- Yde2

(ll; - V; - Rg. - Lg. T.)/ Lg

Cg . T . V9)/ C9
(V;- - rSllrt' - Lsl T.lrt')/ Lsl
(-v;:; - r'sl.l;7 - L'Sl. T.l;7)/ L'Sl
(lrt' - l;7 - CS1 T. ) / CSl
Vrlqirlq - PLl
Ydelref - Ydel
r;t;;f - l;7
(V; - V; - rS2 lsZ' - LS2 T.lsZ')/ Ls2
(V; - v;:; - r's2 l;; - L'sz T.l;;)/ L'S2
(lsZ' - l;; - CS2 T.V;)/ CS2
VrZqirzq - PL2
YdeZref - YdeZ
l;2;;f - l;;

(18)

s l-ls Z19-1

The state vector X verifies the following differential equation:


(15)
x = F(X,U)

(16)

(14)

(V; - v,: (X,U) - r's . z;. - L's . T z;.)/ L's


(f; - z;. - Cs . T . V;)/ Cs

- Ydel

lr l ret - lr l

(13)

lr ret - lr

(17)

Ydc1ref P L2 Yde2ref r

(12)

To take into account all the variables of the initial system


and those introduced by the control, a state vector X E IRl.IO is
defined, according to Fig. 3 and relations (4)-(12).

F(X,U)

Xl X2 ]

[ Vg
(
[lrt' l;7 Ydel flvl
(T,l(
[lsZ' l;; V; Yde2 flv2
(T,Z(

III.
A.

(19)

RESONANCE AND ITS SUPPRESSION

Stability Limit

The objective here is to determine the stable domain as a


function of absorbed power by the loads ( PLl and PLZ). There
are some nonlinearities in the previous state-space model
(19). To use small-signal tools defined for linear systems, an
operating point Xo and a small perturbation X around this
point are considered. Thus,
aG
.:.
(20)
X
X = G(Xo) +

( )

with

ax

G (Xo)

= 0

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xo

(21)

2013-IACC-334

Since this system is too complex to find a simple stability


condition, stability is evaluated numerically at each point. In
this study, parameters given in TABLE 1 are supposed to be
fixed and only PL10 and PL20 are varying. For each couple
(PLiO, PL20), equation (22) is solved to find the operating
point Xo if it exists. Then, the stability is analyzed using the
Lyapunov's direct method [14]: eigenvalues of the matrix
A

= G)xo

must have negative real part. This leads to stable

domain illustrated in Fig. 5 for parameters given in TABLE1


and TABLE2.
2500

'"
Ctl
.Q

:;;

0
D..

'"

- 1 00

-200-

18 -

1750

__ __-'-

1"" - 180
-360

1500
1250

,I

-540100

1000

101

"

j',

102

Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 6 Bode diagram of the transfer function Ydcz/PL1'

750

250
0

Pch2=2.3 kW
Pch2=2.4 kW
Pch2=2.45 kW
Pch2=2.49 kW

0
0-

5 -

500

Power load PLl (W)

Fig. 5- Stable domain.

B.

:= ==+=<\1
360==::::::;::;;======::::=:
=:=:=::==::::
::
=:::=:=
:=

2000

c:i;'

The Bode diagram of this transfer function is plotted for four


different values of PLZO close to the stability limit. The system
parameters are given in TABLE land 2. As an example, PL10
is chosen arbitrarily (PL10 500W kW). In that case,
according to the domain of stability presented in Fig. 2, the
following limit PL20 < 2.49 kW is imposed to stay stable.

2250

['"

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Resonance Modes

Resonance modes of the studied system can be identified


by deriving transfer functions between inputs (here PLi and
PLZ) and state variables. We consider absorbed powers by the
loads as the inputs because they may oscillate according to
operating conditions and so may excite a resonance mode of
the system. If these modes are excited, stable oscillations will
appear and propagate to the entire system. This excitation
may come from the main source or unbalanced load
conditions. Of course, in a well designed microgrid, large
capacitances are used to improve the damping of power
filters. But in applications where light and small capacitances
are desired (like in transportation systems), the risk of
resonance is more important. In addition, the ageing of
capacitors also increases this risk.
Particularly, variable speed drives are widely used in AC
microgrids. They are good candidates to excite resonance
modes because of the risk of oscillating mechanical loads or
electrical/mechanical imbalances. In these cases, low
frequency harmonics may appear in the motor torque, in the
back-EMF or in the stator voltages and currents. This leads to
a pulsating absorbed power which may excite a resonance
mode of the system.
To show it, we suppose that there is a low frequency
oscillating component on the absorbed power by the first load
in the system (18). A small signal analysis can be performed
by plotting the magnitude diagram of the transfer function
between PL1 as the input variable and YdC2 as the output one.

103

104

Fig 6 shows the different characteristic frequencies : LCL


1591 Hz),
filters of each rectifier (fICll 508 Hz , izC1 2
and controls ([v
15 Hz, iz 150 Hz). It reveals that one
peak becomes more important when the system is closer to its
stability limit. This peak is related to the DC bus regulation of
the second rectifier. This means that near the stability limit,
both resonance and stability have to be considered.

C.

Stabilizability

To study the feedback stabilizability of a system, it is


sufficient to prove its controllability. We first tried to use the
linear controllability criteria on our system after linearizing it.
lt appeared that the controllability matrix was ill-conditioned
because of the inclusion of the control dynamics in the state
equations. Another way to check the controllability of a
system is based on the Lie algebra.
Useful statements about Lie algebra are remembered here,
but the reader can refer to [15] for further information. Some
notations are explained hereafter : [ and 9 are two vector
fields. Lie bracket of [ and 9 is the vector field.
(23)
_

adfg

= [[,g] = :! [

::

Now, consider the nonlinear system defined by


x

= [(x) + g(x)u

(24)

with x E IRl.n the state-space vector, [, 9 : IRl.n ---> IRl.n are


differentiable vectors and u is the output. The system is
controllable at the operating point Xo if the matrix !I(x)
[g(x), adfg(x), ... , adr2 g(x)] is rank n for all x E IRl.n
[14] and [15].
The state-space model of one rectifier given in section II is
rank-ten and is put into the form (24). Two stabilizations are
considered : stabilization by the AC bus, and stabilization by
DC bus.

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2013-IACC-334

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v9

is1

V c1

Y del

(25)

.uvlY

(11;-V;-Rg.7;-Lg.T. 7;)/Lg
Cig-isl-Cg.T.Vg)/Cg
(Vg
-Vcl-rs1.isl-Ls1.T.isl)/Ls1
rcX) =
(isl-irl ref-Cs1 T.Vcl)/Cs1
-2(vWVYdc1 + W;1 /lVl
Ydc1

o
o

0 0 0 0
_ 1/Cg 0 0 0 0
o

o
o

:r

(32)

(30)

The matrix G has been determined again and is now rank


two with the same parameters. This implies that the system is
neither stabilizable. Now, the AC bus is the unstabilizable
subsystem.
Those two results indicate that AC and DC sides of a
PWM rectifier are disconnected in a controllability point of
view : the choice of the stabilization have to be done
according to the origin of the instability. With the chosen
parameters, the instability comes from the DC regulators.
D.

DC Link Energy

The stabilized variable is the DC-bus energy Ydc. To


obtain the state-space equations of the stabilization block, it is
necessary to add a new state variable Pc, which corresponds
to the low frequencies of the DC-bus energy Ydc. The state
equations are given in (32).

(28)

(29)

[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -l OY

order lmv-passfilter

Fig. 7- Stabilization block

The matrix G has been constructed and is rank-eight with


parameters of TABLE . The previous criteria implies that the
system is not stabilizable. The DC bus has been identified as
the unstabilizable subsystem.

g(X) =

SI

(26)

(27)

g(X)

[:

[lstreff

U =

pt

The adjustable parameter is K which is homogeneous to an


energetic conductance [16]. In this way, this is equivalent to
add a virtual energetic impedance in parallel of the DC-bus
capacitance. It is clear that increasing K will improve the
damping and so the stability margins of the load. But it will
affect more significantly the load dynamic behavior. Global
stability condition for a one source-one load system, given in
[12], is the following

with

>

>

Kmin

(m + l)PLo

(33)

---

Vdco

Kmin is often calculated for the worst case with

1 :s:: m :s:: 10.

After adding the stabilizing agents to the system, a local


stability study is performed to check the efficiency of the
stabilization using the same method that described in section
lILA. The new state equations are:

Stabilization

In this study, we suppose that the source cannot be


controlled and that we can only modify slightly the loads'
power references. To stabilize the system, we employ local
stabilizing agents. Each agent is in charge of only one load.
The principle of this method is to damp the load power
oscillations by injecting a stabilizing power to the absorbed
load power as given in (31)
(31)

x' =

[Xs

Xg = [ Vg
f
'
=
X 1 [ls7 G
X ' 2 = [l;2' G
x'

(34)

X ' 1 X ' zY

v;:; YdCl
Ydc2

G'(X', U)

This stabilizing agent should have no effect on the


operating point of the system, i.e. Pstab should vanish if there
is no oscillations. So, it would be interesting to use a proper
filter to generate the stabilizing power only within a
frequency band where there is a risk of resonance or
instability. This leads us to the stabilization block shown in
Fig 7.

978-1-4673-5202-4/12/$31.00 2013 IEEE

a;; Pfl
(1,2 f
flv2

flVl

f
(35)

2013-IACC-334

cll; - v; - Rg. t; - Lg. T. t;)/Lg


ct; - t;; - t;; - Cg. T. V;) /Cg
cV; - - rsl' t;; - Lsl. T. t;;) /LSl
'
CVcl - V rl - r ' sl'
trl)/Lsl
trl - L' sl' T .
ct;; - r;; - Csl. T. cV l)/Csl
G'CX', U)

Page 6 of 8

TABLE I
SIMULATION SYSTEM PARAMETERS

Grid

Vg

PWM rectifier 1

75 V
Wg
314 rad/s
rg 0.1!1
Lg 5.7 mH
Cg
20[lF
=

Vrl irl - PLl


q q
Ydc lret - Ydcl

trl ret -
trl
cV; - - rs2' t;; - Ls2 ' T. t;;)/LS2
(Vc2 - v,:; - r' s2' z;:;. - L' s2 ' T. tr2)/L2
ct;; - z;:;. - CS2 ' T. )/CS2

Kpil 10
Til 1e-3
(Vl 0.7
wvl
300 rad/s

'0
ro

.Q
ill
'"
0
0..

The load power is now in the following form PLl PL10 +


PLlsin CWLlt). Simulation results are given in Fig 9. The
system becomes unstable when a small oscillation at the
system resonance frequency WLl is generated by the smallest
load at t
0.2 s.

'"

S!abilized domain with:


d Siabiiizaiiori oilh
;

{5

'"

330

No OCill

320

'

s:

O S on DC

.,.

31D
300

i
1I

OscillationS on D
.
b4S

..I

I
I
1i ' ..
I
I

29D
200

UnstbIEldcifll<3in.

27D

26Do

2000

Stable domain

1500

Fig. 9- Energy Ydc2 of the DC capacitance CdC2 for PL10

1.48kW,

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Power load PLl (W)


Fig. 8- Stable domain with a regulator on each load. K2

10 rad

IV.

0.4

0.05

Time(s)

500

1000

We 2

2500

20 [IF
100 mF

.........
......... .
4000 I-------<,:

ci;'

=
=

0.1!1

1 mH

Kpi2 10
Ti2 5e-3
(V2 0.6
wv2 200 rad/s

. . . ......... . . . . . . ... . .

. . . . . . .

PWM rectifier 1

PWM rectifier 1

The new stable domain obtained is given in Fig 8.


Comparing with the stable domain without stabilization, the
positive effect of the method is obvious. Nevertheless, K
cannot be indefinitely increased because of its impact on the
power load. Simulation results in the next section will
confirm the efficiency of the proposed technique.
Experimental results will be given in the final paper.

..... i

TABLE 2

Z;Z;;; - z;:;.

3000

=
=

r52
L52
C52
CdC2

SIMULATION SYSTEM CONTROL PARAMETERS

K2wc2Ydc2 - WcPf2

3500

PWM rectifier 2

0.75!1
4.5 mH
40 [IF
500 mF

(36)

Vr2qir2q - CPL2 + K2Ydc2 - Pf2)


Ydc2ref - Ydc2

['"

. . . .

r51
L51
C51
CdCl

5 ; Wel
Ydc20

SIMULATION RESULTS

First, the impact of resonance on the system stability is


observed by determining the operating point and by adding to
PLl an oscillating power at pulsation WLl' In AC microgrids,
these oscillations may be generated by a load under electrical
or mechanical unbalanced conditions. The parameters used
for the simulations are shown in TABLE 1 and 2.

0.05PL10 WLl

500W, PL20

15 Hz

The efficiency of the proposed stabilization method is


verified by other simulations for the following cases :
1) the operating point is close to the stability limit and is
disturbed by some oscillations on the load PLl (Fig 10);
2) the system is pretty stable and is disturbed by some
oscillations on the load PLl (Fig 11);
3) the system is in the unstable zone (Fig 12);
In each case, the parameters of the stabilizing agents are
the same as those used in Fig. 10.

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2013-IACC-334

Page 7 of 8

effect: the stability domain is extended thanks to stabilizing


agents on each load and the resonance modes are damped.
This allows optimizing passive filters components.

4 r--------.----,
400

Stabilization: is on
...:. . .

350

IV.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

To validate our stabilization method, different tests were


performed on our experimental bench with only one rectifier.
This one is composed of a stabilized voltage source, a PWM
rectifier with an LCL entry filter and a LC output bus. The
charge is an actuator tightly regulated and the stabilization
control law is added to the load control. The parameters of
this bench are given in Tables 2. To better underline the
stability issues, a large inductance (LdJ is chosen for the
DC bus. In this way, the instability is created on the DC bus
and the power limit is given by (37).

1
100

15 ---0

.
--O3 ---0

O. 4
OL---.
.2---0
--.-1---0
O
.
O

Time(s)

(37)

With the experimental parameters, Pmax


360 W.
Considering that the reference current idref is set to zero, this
limit corresponds to the limit current iqref lim 6.2 A. First,
the reference current iqref is suddenly increased from 5.5A to
6.5A (Fig 13.a), and then is decreased from 6.5A to 5.5A (Fig
l3.b). In the first case, big oscillations of 10% of the average
signal appear on the DC bus voltage and oscillations of 500%
on the AC line inductance currents : the system becomes
unstable and the perturbation is propagated to the AC side of
the rectifier. Also, those results confirm the stability limit of
the DC side of this system.

Fig. 12- Energy Ydc2 of the DC capacitance CdC2 for PLiO

1.48kW, if"
600

500
0

O.OSPLiO' WLi

30 Hz.

Stabi!izati9!1 is on

. . . . . . ....

....... i . .
I
I
i
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
I
I
I
. . .

....

SOOW. PL20

E;ta,biliza,\. ion.i. (ltt

+ ..... .
:

a)

200
100

Time(s)
Fig. 13- Energy Ydc2 of the DC capacitance CdC2 for PLiO

2.5kW.

400W. PL20

The efficiency of the stabilization method is obvious


because unstable points in Fig. 5 remain stable when the
stabilization is on, and they become unstable when the
stabilization is off (Fig. 14 and Fig. 15). Then, stabilizing
agents can damp oscillations, especially those appearing at
the resonance modes (Fig. 16). So, this method has a double

(b)
Fig. 17- DC bus voltage and line inductance currents after iqref step without
stabi1ization
a) from 5.5A to 6.5A

b) from 6.5A to 5.5A

978-1-4673-5202-4/12/$31.00 2013 IEEE

2013-IACC-334

To confirm the effectiveness of the stabilization and to see


the influence of the gain K, two tests have been performed
with two values of K. According to experimental parameters,
Kmin 0.09. The time scale of the three plots of Fig 14 are
the same. It can be deduced that increasing the K value
accelerate the stabilization of the system: the bigger is K, the
faster is the stabilization. Nevertheless, it is not possible to
increase too much K , because the perturbation on the load
power becomes too important. That is why a compromise has
to be done.

REFERENCES
[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

50V/div .

[6]

[7]

( a)

( b)

Fig. 14- DC bus voltage with and without stabilization, iqref

0.09 b) K

6.5 A (a)

0.1)

[8]
TABLE 3

EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM PARAMETERS

Grid

Vg

PWM rectifier

rr
Lr
Cr

110 V
Wg
314 radjs
rg 0.6811
Lg 5.22 mH
Cg
20[lF
=

=
=
=

PWM DC bus

0.7511
4.5 mH
40 [IF

Vdc 300V
rdc 1.111
Ldc 61 mH
Cdc 500 mF
rl 5511

[9]

[10]

[I I]

TABLE 4
EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM CONTROL PARAMETERS

Current loop

Ti

= 0.5 ms

Kpi

V.

( = 0.5
= 1000 radjs

Voltage loop

"

w"

CONCLUSION

The possible effect of oscillations on the DC bus of one


rectifier in a grid composed of multiple rectifiers supplying
constant power loads is investigated. It is seen that the
resonance modes are more critical if the system is running
close to its stability limit. In such a case, even small
oscillations on the smallest load can destabilize the whole
system.
This paper introduces a stabilization applied to each load.
In this method, it is not necessary to have a precise
knowledge of the system to determine the stabilization
parameters : by simply increasing the parameter K, the
system can be stabilized. The proposed stabilization is also
able to damp the resonances.

Page 8 of 8

[12]

[13]

[14]
[15]
[16]

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978-1-4673-5202-4/12/$31.00 2013 IEEE

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