Table 2. Summary of the Types of Fibers, Function, and Pathways of the Trigeminal
Nerve.
Table 6. The Difference Between Atypical Facial Pain and Trigeminal Neuralgia.
Table 1. Summary of the Components, Function, Central Connections, Cell Bodies, and
Peripheral Distribution of CN V.
Central
Components Function
Cell bodies
Peripheral distribution
connection
Sensory branches of the
ophthalmic, maxillary, and
Afferent general General
Sensory nucleus Gasserian
mandibular nerves to skin,
somatic
sensibility V
ganglion
mucous membranes of the face
and head
Branches to temporalis,
Efferent special
masseter, pterygoids,
Mastication Motor nucleus V Motor nucleus V
visceral
mylohyoid, tensor tympani,
and palati
Afferent
Muscular
Mesencephalic Mesencephalic Sensory endings in muscles of
proprioceptive sensibility nucleus V
nucleus V
mastication
Table 2. Summary of the Types of Fibers, Function, and Pathways of the Trigeminal
Nerve.
Type
Function
Pathway
Branchial Motor to muscles of CN V innervates the muscles of mastication, mylohyoid,
motor
mastication
tensor tympani, tensor veli palate, anterior belly of digastric
The Gasserian ganglion receives the ophthalmic, maxillary
Sensory from surface
and mandibular divisions of CN V and sympathetic fibers
General
of head and neck,
from the carotid plexus and sends branches to the dura. The
sensory
sinuses, meninges and
four accessory ganglia are anatomically but not functionally
TM
associated with CN V
Table 3. The Ophthalmic Nerve Branches and Distribution.
Nerve
Branches
Distribution
Supraorbital nerve
Frontal nerve
Lacrimal nerve
Supratrochlear nerve
Zygomatico-facial
Forehead
Cheek
Nasopharynx
Pharyngeal
Buccal
Articular nerve
Parotid gland
8) Lingual
Dental
9) Inferior alveolar
Incisive
Mental
Table 6. The Difference Between Atypical Facial Pain and Trigeminal Neuralgia.
Feature
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Atypical Facial Pain
Prevalence
Rare
Common
Main location
Trigeminal area
Face, neck, ear
Pain duration
Seconds to 2 minutes
Hours to days
Character
Electric jerks, stabbing
Throbbing, dull
Pain intensity
Severe
Mild to moderate
Provoking factors
Light touch, washing, shaving, eating, talking Stress, cold
Associated symptoms None
Sensory abnormalities
Table 7. Features of Lateral Medullary Syndrome.
Dysfunction
Effects
Vestibular system: vertigo, diplopia,
Vestibular nucleus
nystagmus, vomiting
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Ipsilateral cerebellar signs, including ataxia
Central tegmental tract
Palatal myoclonus
Contralateral deficits in pain and
Lateral spinothalamic tract
temperature sensation from body
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
Ipsilateral loss of touch pain and
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Multimedia
Image 1 of 9
Schematic representation of the trigeminal nerve with its central connections.
Image 2 of 9
Diagram of the trigeminal nerve with its 3 main branches.
Image 3 of 9
Diagram showing the structures in the cavernous sinus.
Image 4 of 9
Diagram of the first branch (ophthalmic) of the trigeminal nerve with its branches.
Image 5 of 9
Diagram of the second branch (maxillary) of the trigeminal nerve with its branches.
Image 6 of 9
Diagram of the third branch (mandibular) of the trigeminal nerve with its branches.
Image 7 of 9
Diagram of the sensory and motor supply of the face.
Image 8 of 9
(2) Merkel disc ending. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has diffused into the hair shaft and
surrounded the disc-shaped nerve terminal. Key: Merkel cell (M), nerve terminal (nt). Inset:
Incorporated HRP in the nerve terminal, x8, 750. Inset: x32, 4003 (3 and 4). Detail of a Merkel
disc ending. HRP is seen in various vacuoles in the nerve terminal. x 39,000.
Image 9 of 9
Sphenopalatine ganglion and its connections. Parasympathetic fibers are dashed.
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