10/15/2015
Lb [ f ( t ) ] =F b ( s )= f ( t ) est dt
(1.1)
Where:
Lb = Called bilateral Laplace transform, hence the subscript b;
s= + j , s is the complex variable of the Laplace transform. Notice
that if we replace s by j we are going to Fourier transform;
Replacing s we can rewrite the equation as:
F ( s )= f ( t ) e
( + j)t
dt= (f ( t ) et )e jt dt
(1.2)
Now we can see that the Bilateral Laplace transform can be replaced
by a Fourier transform multiplied by et .
Inverse Laplace transform
f ( t )=L1 [F ( s ) ]=
c+ j
1
2
F ( s ) e st ds
(1.3)
c j
Lb [ f ( t ) ] =F b ( s )= f ( t ) e
st
dt + f ( t ) est dt
(1.4)
The above equation still is a bilateral transform but the next one is
called the unilateral transform. We derive that saying the f ( t ) is for
t< 0 .
L [ f ( t ) ]=F ( s )= f ( t ) est dt
(1.5)
(1.6)
We seldom use the use the complex inversion integral to find the
inverse transform, because of the difficulty in evaluating the integral.
t 0 s
( tt 0 ) L e
Exponential Function
1
( s+a)
eat L
(1.9)
Sinusoidal Functions
s
2
(s + b )
cos ( bt ) L
b
2
(s +b )
sin ( bt ) L
s+a
(2.0)
(2.1)
( s+ a)
eat cos ( bt) L
s+ a
(2.2)
(2.3)
b
eat sin ( bt )L
F(s)
ROC
All s
1/s
Re(s)>0
(1.8)
1/s 2
Re(s)>0
tn
n!
s n+1
Re(s)>0
at
1
s+ a
Re(s)> a
at
1
(s +a)2
Re(s)> a
t n eat
n!
n+ 1
(s +a)
Re(s)> a
sin ( bt)
b
2
s +b
Re(s)>0
s
s +b 2
Re(s)>0
te
cos ( b t)
eat sin ( bt )
s +a
Re(s)> a
eat cos ( b t)
s+a
(s +a)
Re(s)> a
tsin ( bt)
s
( 2+b2 )2
2 bs
Re(s)>0
tcos ( b t)
s
2
( 2+b2 )
2
2
s b
Re(s)>0
[ ]
dn f (t )
L
=sF ( s )f
d tn
c. Nth-order Derivative
+
0
+
0
+
0
[ ]
dn f (t )
L
=sn F ( s )s n1 f
n
dt
d. Integral
[ ]
t
f ( t ) dt =
F (s )
s
e. Real Shifting
t 0 s
L [ f ( tt 0 ) u (tt 0) ]=e
f. Complex Shifting
e
L[at f ( t)]=F (s+a)
g. Initial Value
f ( t )= lim sF (s)
s
t 0+
lim
h. Final Value
F ( s)
s 0 sF ( s)
f ( t )= lim
lim
i. Multiplication by t
L[tf (t )]=
d F (s)
ds
j. Time Transformation
es
s
F( )
a
a
L [ f ( at b ) u(atb) ]=
b /a
k. Convolution
t
1
[ F 1 ( s ) F2 ( s ) ]= f 1 ( t ) f 2 ( ) d= f 1 ( ) f 2 ( t ) d
0
l. Time periodicity
( f ( t )=f ( t+T ) ) ,t 0
T
L [ f ( t ) ]=
1
F1 ( s ) , where F 1 ( s ) = f (t )est
sT
1e
0
+
0
or
d i (t )
+ i ( t )=v ( t ) L sI ( s )i
dt
(2.4)
Transfer Function
The book already denoted transfer function in the past but without
Laplace.
n
dk y
dk y
a k d tk = bk dt k
K =0
k=0
(2.5)
+
0
+
0
L
(2.6)
[ ]
dk y
k
k1
= s F ( s ) s F
k
dt
[ ]
dk y
= sk F ( s)
k
dt
K =0
K=0
(2.7)
a k sk Y (s)= b k s k X (s)
Expanding:
(2.8)
[ n s + an1 s
n1
a
++ a1 s+ a0 ]Y (s)
n1
b
++b 1 s+b 0 ] X (s)(2.9)
[ n s + bn1 s
Y (s)
H ( s )=
=
X (s)
Poles and zeros of a transfer function
We are going to show that using an example:
H ( s )=
4 s+8
(3.1)
2 s2 +8 s+6
Zeros: Are the number that makes the numerator turns zero.
Poles: Are the number that make the denominator turns zero.
H ( s )=
2( s+2)
(3.2)
( s+1)(s +3)
This function only have one zero s=-2 and two poles s=-1 and s=-3.
5. Relationship between Laplace transform and the Fourier
transform.
L [ f ( t ) ]=F ( s )= f ( t ) est dt ;
F [ f ( t ) ] =F ( w )= f ( t ) e jwt dt(3.3)