ischemia, the presenting symptoms are not likely to be due to obstructive coronary artery dsease and the
patient is discharged to home. If the likelihood of cardiac chest pain is high, the stress test is positive,
electrocardiograms or cardiac enzymes become abnormal, or if ongoing symptoms or hemodynamic instability
are present, the patient should be admitted for further evaluation and management. Once admitted, the
patient's activity is generally restricted, especially if symptoms persist. If cyanosis or respiratory distress is
present, oxygen should be placed on the patient. All patients admitted for chest pain should be placed on
telemetry monitoring to evaluate for malignant arrhythmias associated with acute coronary
syndromes. Anti-ischemic medications can be used to control symptoms. Nitrates will reduce myocardial
oxygen demand and increase delivery by reducing preload and afterload and promoting the dilation of epicardial
coronary arteries and collateral circulation. Patients with ongoing cardiac chest pain are often started on
intravenous nitroglycerine drips with titration of the dose until symptoms are relieved or
hypotension develops. Morphine is recommended for pain relief in those with continued symptoms, as this
drug can lead to venodilation and an increase in vagal tone, which can cause a reduction in heart rate (lowers
myocardial oxygen demand). An adverse reaction to both of these drugs is hypotension; therefore, close
monitoring of blood pressure is needed.
8. Describe the treatment for patients with chronic stable angina including pharmacological and
non-pharmacological intervention.
Angioplasty and stenting
Aspirin, Nitrates, Beta blockers, statins, CCB, ACEI
Lifestyle changes: heart disease is often the underlying cause of most forms of angina: Smoking,
poor diet, sedentary, overweight, stress
9. List treatment guidelines for cholesterol in primary and secondary prevention of CAD:
Recommendations for Modifications to Footnote the ATP III Treatment Algorithm for LDL-C
In high-risk persons, the recommended LDL-C goal is <100 mg/dL.
For moderately high-risk persons (2+ risk factors and 10-year risk 10% to 20%), the recommended LDL-C
goal is <130 mg/dL; an LDL-C goal <100 mg/dL is a therapeutic option on the basis of available clinical trial
evidence. When LDL-C level is 100 to 129 mg/dL, at baseline or on lifestyle therapy, initiation of an LDL-lowering
drug to achieve an LDL-C level <100 mg/dL is a therapeutic option on the basis of available clinical trial
evidence.
Any person at high risk or moderately high risk who has lifestyle-related risk factors (eg, obesity,
physical inactivity, elevated triglyceride, low HDL-C, or metabolic syndrome) is a candidate for TLC to modify
these risk factors regardless of LDL-C level.
10. List the classes, mechanisms of action and common side effects of the antihyperlipidemic
medicines. refer to pharm charts
11. Discuss the role of stenting in chronic stable angina: embedded in the wall of the vessel,
thereby increasing the luminal diameter. With stents, restenosis rates were initially reduced to 15%
to 30%. The most recent innovation involves stents coated with immunomodulating agents such as sirolimus
and paclitaxel, which prevent the growth of excess tissue within the stents. This has reduced restenosis rates to
less than 5%. The metal stent that has been embedded in the arterial wall is thrombogenic, not only
because it is a foreign body, but also because stent deployment leads to endothelial damage, which
can set off a cascade leading to formation of a thrombus. Therefore, the patient should be maintained
on antiplatelet therapy including aspirin and clopidogrel. These drugs will help maintain stent
patency until the endothelium grows over the exposed metal stent, thereby eliminating any
thrombogenic potential.