ISSN 1018-5593

***
*
*

*
*

European Commission

technical steel research

^^^naa

Mechanical working (Rolling mills)

The mechanical and metallurgical effects

of skin passing and tension levelling

STEEL RESEARCH

European Commission

technical steel research

Mechanical working (Rolling mills)

The mechanical and metallurgical effects

of skin passing and tension levelling
T. de la Rue
British Steel pic - Welsh Technology Centre
Port Talbot
West Glamorgan SA13 2NG
United Kingdom

Contract No 7210-EA/822
1 July 1990 to 30 June 1992

Final report

1996

Directorate-General XII
Science, Research and Development

EUR 15849 EN

A great deal of additional information on the European Union is

available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int.).

LEGAL NOTICE
Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on
behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the
following information

Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication

Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1996

ISBN 92-827-7123-7
ECSC-EC-EAEC, Brussels Luxembourg, 1996
Reproduction is authorized, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged
Printed in Luxembourg

SUMMARY
THE MECHANICAL AND METALLURGICAL EFFECTS OF SKIN PASSING AND TENSION
LEVELLING
British Steel pic
ECSC Agreement No. 7210.EA/822
Final Summary Report
An exercise has been carried out to investigate the mechanical and metallurgical effects of skin passing
and tension levelling. The investigation was hampered by a lack of suitable cut sheet orders, nevertheless
five coils were processed using different levels of skin passing and tension levelling. Full width x 2m
length samples were taken at each processing stage for measurement of shape, gauge profile, surface
texture, tensile mechanical properties and formability properties.
The investigation showed that for EDD steel qualities low levels of tension levelling gave a significant
improvement in strip shape, but that levels as low as 0.5% increased strip hardness and the 0.2% proof
stress and reduced the work hardening coefficient ni such that the material may be rendered unsuitable
for its intended use.
The transverse gauge profile of strip is not affected by skin passing at 0.4-0.8% extensions or by additional
tension levelling up to 1.5% extension. Tension levelling up to 0.5% has no effect on surface texture and
skin passing at 0.4% has only a marginal effect when compared to the texture obtained at 0.8% skin pass
extension.
Combinations of 0.4% skin passing and low levels of tension levelling, up to 0.5% resulted in strip with
similar mechanical and formability properties to those of the normal 0.8% skin pass material and would
fully satisfy the property and texture specifications for EDD exposed part applications. Limited residual
surface stress measurements using a Stresscan 500C system showed that the technique may after further
study offer some use for the on-line determination of strip shape.
A number of investigations were also carried out into plant problems. They related to the design and
operating set up of roller and tension levellers on various units. The pilot tension leveller rig was
successfully used to simulate plant practices in a number of these investigations.

CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
1.

2.

INTRODUCTION

1.1.
1.2.

1
1

Background to Research Programme

Summary of Intended Programme

PLANT INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE EFFECTS OF SKIN PASSING AND

TENSION LEVELLING

2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.

2
3
6
8

Final Acceptance Trial of an Inspection Line Tension Leveller

Plant Production Trial Coils
Investigations into Various Plant Problems
Use of Pilot Tension Leveller Rig in Plant Problem Investigations

3.

CONCLUSIONS

4.

RECOMMENDATIONS

10

5.

REFERENCES

10

TABLES

11

FIGURES

28

APPENDICES
I
II
III

Off-Line Shape Assessment

Details of Tensile Testing
Details of Modified Stretch Draw Test

IV

53
55
57

LIST OF TABLES
1.

Shape Assessment of Tension Leveller Final Acceptance Trial Coil.

2.

Transverse Gauge Characteristics of Tension Leveller Final Acceptance Trial Coil.

3.

Mechanical Properties - Tensile Test Results for the Tension Leveller Final Acceptance Trial
Coil.

4.

Shape Assessment of Trial Coils 82076 and 82078.

5.

Shape Assessment of Trial Coils 16528,16637 and 17430.

6.

Transverse Gauge Characteristics of Trial Coils 82076 and 82078.

7.

Transverse Gauge Characteristics of Trial Coils 16528,16637 and 17430.

8.

Surface Texture Characteristics of Trial Coils 82076 and 82078.

9.

Surface Texture Characteristics of Trial Coils 16528,16637 and 17430.

10.

Mechanical Properties: Tensile Test Results for Coil 82076.

11.

Mechanical Properties: Tensile Test Results for Coil 82078.

12.

Mechanical Properties: Tensile Test Results for Coil 16528.

13.

Mechanical Properties: Tensile Test Results for Coil 16637.

14.

Mechanical Properties: Tensile Test Results for Coil 17430.

15.

Modified Stretch Draw Results for Coils 82076 and 82078: Lubricated Condition.

16.

Modified Stretch Draw Results for Coils 82076 and 82078: Dry Condition.

17.

Modified Stretch Draw Results for Coils 16528,16637 and 17430: Dry Condition.

LIST OF FIGURES
1.

Off-Line Shape Measurement on the Coil used for the Final Acceptance Trial of the Tension
Leveller (Skin Pass Only).

2.

Off-Line Shape Measurements on the Coil Used for the Final Acceptance Trial of the Tension
Leveller (Skin Pass and Tension Levelling).

3.

Relationship Between Flatness Index and Total Wave Height for a 2m Long Sample.

4.

Rockwell B Hardness Values Across the Width of the Tension Leveller Final Acceptance
Trial Coil Samples.

5.

Transverse Gauge Profiles of the Tension Leveller Final Acceptance Trial Coil Samples.

6.

Description of Original and Modified Processing Routes and Sampling Positions for the Plant
Trial Coils.

7.

Histograms of Degree of Flatness After Each Process for Coils 82076 and 82078.

8.

Histograms of Degree of Flatness After Each Process for Coils 16528,16637 and 17430.

9.

Off-Line Shape Measurements for Coil 82076 at Various Processing Stages.

10.

Off-Line Shape Measurements for Coil 82078 at Various Processing Stages.

11.

Off-Line Shape Measurements for Coil 16528 at Various Processing Stages.

12.

Off-Line Shape Measurements for Coil 16637 at Various Processing Stages.

13.

Off-Line Shape Measurements for Coil 17430 at Various Processing Stages.

14.

Transverse Gauge Profiles for Trial Coils 72086 and 72088 at Various Processing Stages.

15.

Transverse Gauge Profiles for Trial Coils 16528, 16637 and 17430 at Various Processing
Stages.

16.

Residual Surface Stress Differences for Coil 16528 at Various Process Stages.

17.

Residual Surface Stress Differences for Coil 16637 at Various Process Stages.

18.

Residual Surface Stress Differences for Coil 17430 at Various Process Stages.

19.

Equivalent Surface Stress to Cause Curvature in D.R. Tinplate.

20.

Residual Longitudinal Stress in Straight Strip After Four Bends of Decreasing Curvature.

21.

Relationship Between Roll Penetration and Effective Radius of Curvature.

22.

Present Setting of Roller Levellers ("Wedge").

23.

Modified Setting of Roller Levellers.

VI

24.

Effects of Springback in D.R. and S.R. Tinplate During Tension Levelling.

25.

Pilot Tension Leveller Rig.

26.

Relationship Between Tension Stress, Penetration and Radius of Curvature of 3.1mm

Hot Dipped Galvanised Material for a 45mm Diameter Bending Roll.

VII

SOMMAIRE
LES EFFETS MECANIQUES ET METALLURGIQDES
DE L'ECROUISSAGE ET DU DRESSAGE PAR TRACTION
British Steel pic
Accord ECSC n 7210.EA/822
Sommaire final
On a effectue une etude ayant pour objectif de determiner les effets
mecaniques et mtallurgiques de 1'ecrouissage et du dressage par traction.
Malgr une insuffisance de commandes de toles appropriees, on a pu realiser
cinq couronnes a plusieurs niveaux d'ecrouissage et de dressage par
traction. On a preleve des echantillons grande largeur sur 2 m a chaque
stade de production pour en mesurer la forme, le profil d'epaisseur, la
texture de surface, les proprietes mecaniques a la traction et la
formabilite.
Cette etude a montre que pour les toles de qualit emboutissage profond,
des valeurs faibles de dressage par traction ont permis une amelioration
sensible de la forme des feuillards, mais que des niveaux reduits (jusqu'a
0,5 %) avaient pour effet d'en augmenter la durete et la limite
d'allongement (0,2 %) tout en reduisant le coefficient d'augmentation de
durete nx jusqu'au point ou le materiau risque de ne plus convenir a
1'utilisation envisagee.
Le profil d'epaisseur transversal des feuillards n'est affecte ni par un
ecrouissage permettant des extensions de 0,4 / 0,8 % ni par un dressage par
traction supplmentaire de jusqu'a 1,5 %. Un ecrouissage de jusqu'a 0,5 %
n'a aucun effet sur la texture de surface, et un ecroussage a 0,4 % n'a
qu'un tres faible effet par rapport a la texture obtenue a 0,8 %.
Des combinaisons d'un ecrouissage de 4,0 % et de faibles niveaux de
dressage par traction (de jusqu'a 0,5 %) ont donne des feuillards avec des
proprietes mecaniques et de formabilite analogues a celles du materiau
dresse a 0,8 %, et repondraient done aux specifications relatives aux
proprietes et a la texture pour des applications des toles de qualite
emboutissage profond. Les mesures des contraintes residuelles limitees de
surface, effectuees a l'aide d'un systme stresscan 500C, ont montre que
cette technique pourrait eventuellement etre employee pour la determination
en-ligne de la forme des feuillards.
On a effectue egalement plusieurs etudes portant sur des problmes de
fabrication, et notamment sur la conception et le fonctionnement des
rouleaux a dresser et des rouleaux de tension. Pour certaines etudes, on
a pu utiliser l'appareil d'essai en laboratoire pour simuler des techniques
d'usine.

IX

TABLE DES MATIERES

PAGE
1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2

2.

Le contexte
Sommaire du programme de recherches

ETUDES DES EFFETS DE L'ECROUISSAGE ET

DU DRESSAGE PAR TRACTION
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

Rouleaux de tension : controle de reception definitive

Couronnes d'essai
Etudes portant sur divers problemes de fabrication
L'utilisation de l'appareil de contrle en
laboratoire pour etudier des problemes en usine

1
1
2
2
3
6
8

3.

CONCLUSIONS

4.

RECOMMANDATIONS

10

5.

REFERENCES

10

TABLES

11

FIGURES

28

ANNEXES
I
II
III

Mesures en laboratoire de la forme

Essais de traction
Essai d'tirage modifi

53
55
57

LISTE DES TABLES

1.

Controle du fonctionnement des rouleaux de tension :

essai de reception definitive des couronnes d'essai

2.

Controle des profils d'epaisseur transversaux

3.

Proprietes mecaniques - resultats des essais de traction

4.

Forme des couronnes d'essai 82076 et 82078

5.

Forme des couronnes d'essai 16528, 16637 et 17430

6.

Caracteristiques des profils d'epaisseur transversaux

d'essai 82076 et 82078

couronnes

7.

Caracteristiques des profils d'epaisseur transversaux

d'essai 16528, 16637 et 17430

couronnes

8.

Texture de surface : couronnes d'essai 82076 et 82078

9.

Texture de surface : couronnes d'essai 16528, 16637 et 17430

10.

Proprietes mecaniques a la traction, couronne n 82076

11.

Proprietes mecaniques a la traction, couronne n 82078

12.

Proprietes mecaniques a la traction, couronne n" 16528

13.

Proprietes mecaniques a la traction, couronne n 16637

14.

Proprietes mecaniques a la traction, couronne n" 17430

15.

Resultats des essais d'etirage modifie : couronnes 82076 et 82078 :

lubrifiees

16.

Resultats des essais d'etirage modifie : couronnes 82076 et 82078 :

non lubrifiees

17.

Resultats des essais d'etirage modifie : couronnes 16528, 16637 et

17430 : non lubrifiees

XI

LISTE DES FIGURES

1.

Mesures en laboratoire de la forme de la couronne utilisee pour

l'essai de reception definitive des rouleaux de tension (ecrouissage
uniquement)

2.

Mesures en laboratoire de la forme de la couronne utilisee pour

l'essai de reception definitive des rouleaux de tension (ecrouissage
et dressage par traction)

3.

Rapport entre l'indice de planeite et la hauteur d'onde : echantillon

de 2 m de long

4.

Valeurs de durete Rockwell B : couronnes d'essai

5.

Profils d'epaisseur transversaux : couronnes d'essai

6.

Couronnes d'essai : methodes d'usinage et positions de pr^levement

originales et modifiees

7.

Histogrammes du degr6 de planeite apres chaque stade d'usinage :

couronnes 82076 et 82078

8.

Histogrammes du degre de planeite apres chaque stade d'usinage :

couronnes 16528, 16637 et 17430

9.

Mesures hors-ligne de la forme, couronne n 82076 a divers stades

d'usinage

10.

Mesures hors-ligne de la forme, couronne n 82078 a divers stades

d'usinage

11.

Mesures hors-ligne de la forme, couronne n" 16528 a divers stades

d'usinage

12.

Mesures hors-ligne de la forme, couronne n 16637 a divers stades

d'usinage

13.

Mesures hors-ligne de la forme, couronne n 17430 a divers stades

d'usinage

14.

Profils d'epaisseur transversaux, couronnes 72086 et 72088 a divers

stades d'usinage

15.

Profils d'epaisseur transversaux, couronnes 16528, 16637 et 17430 a

divers stades d'usinage

16.

Differences de contrainte de surface residuelle, couronne 16528 a

divers stades d'usinage

17.

Differences de contrainte de surface residuelle, couronne 16637 a

divers stades d'usinage

18.

Differences de contrainte de surface residuelle, couronne 17430 a

divers stades d'usinage

19.

Contrainte de surface equivalente pour une courbure de fer-blanc

double reduction
XII

20.

Feuillards droits : contraintes longitudinales residuelles apres

quatre cintrages a courbure degressive

21.

Rapport entre la penetration et le rayon effectif de courbure

22.

Reglage existant des dresseuses a rouleaux ("en coin")

23.

Reglage modifie des dresseuses a rouleaux

24.

Effets de ressort : fer-blanc double/simple reduction pendant le

dressage par traction

25.

Rouleux de tension : appareil pilote

26.

Rapport entre l'effort de traction, la penetration et le rayon de

courbure d'un materiau de 3,1 mm galvanise a chaud au moyen d'un
cylindre de cintrage de 45 ram de diamtre

XIII

Zusammenfassung
Die mechanischen und metallurgischen Effekte des
und Streckrichtens

Kaltnachwalzens

British Steel plc

EGKS-Vertrag Nr. 7210.EA/822
Zusammenfassender Schlubericht
Man hat die mechanischen und metallurgischen Effekte des Kaltnachwalzens und Streckrichtens untersucht. Diese Untersuchung ist
an dem Mangel an Auftragen fur geeignetes, geschnittenes Groblech
gehindert
worden,
trotzdem
konnten
aber funf Bunde auf
verschiedenen Niveaus des Kaltnachwalzens und Streckrichtens
verarbeitet werden. Man hat Probestucke voller Breite x 2 m lang
in jedem Verarbeitungsstadium wegen Messung der Form,
des
Dickeprofils, des Oberflachengefuges, der mechanischen Zug- und
Verformbarkeitseigenschaften abgenommen.
Die Untersuchung hat gezeigt, dal3 niedrige Streckrichtniveaus im
Falle von extratiefgezogenen Stahlguten zu einer signifikanten
Verbesserung der Bandform gefhrt haben, aber Niveaus von so
niedrig wie 0,5% haben die Bandharte und die 0,2%. Dehngrenze
erhoht und den Kalthartungskoeffizienten nt derartig reduziert,
so daS der Werkstoff fur den beabsichtigten Einsatz ungeeignet
sein konnte.
Das Querdickeprofi1 des Bandes wird nicht durch Kaltnachwalzen
beim 0,4-0,8%. Dehnen oder durch weiteres Streckrichten beim
Dehnen bis zu 1,5% beeintrachtigt. Im Vergleich zu dem beim
Kaltwalzdehnen bei 0,8% gewonnenen Gefges hat Streckrichten bis
zu 0,5% keinen Effekt auf das Oberflchengefuge gehabt und
Kaltnachwalzen bei 0,4% wirkt sich nur nebensachlich aus.
Kombinierungen des 0,4%. Kaltnachwalzens und niedriger Streckrichtniveaus bis zu 0,5% haben in einem Band mit mechanischen und
Verformbarkeitseigenschaften resultiert, die denen des normalen
0,8%. Kaltnachwalzwerkstoff ahnlich sind, und diese wurden die
Vorschriften hinsichtlich der Eigenschaften und des Gefges bei
Anwendung der ausgesetzten Teile eines extratiefgezogenen Stahls
vol! erfllen. Limitierte Messungen der Restoberflachenspannung
mit dem Stresscan-System 500C haben gezeigt, da die Technik nach
weiterer
Untersuchung
gewisse
Verwendung fur die OnlineBestimmung der Bandform bieten kann.
Man hat auch verschiedene Untersuchungen in bezug auf die
Betriebsprobleme durchgefuhrt. Diese haben sich auf die Konstruktion und die Betriebseinstellung der Walzen und Streckrichtmaschinen
in verschiedenen Einheiten bezogen. Man hat die
Versuchsanlage der Streckrichtmaschine erfolgreich fur Simulation
der Betriebsverfahren in einer Anzahl dieser Untersuchungen
eingesetzt.

XV

Inhaltsverzeichnis
1.

Seite

Einleitung

1.1
1.2

1
1

Vorgeschichte des Forschungsprogramm

berblick des geplanten Programms

2. Untersuchungen im Betrieb ber die Effekte des

Kaltnachwalzens und Streckrichtens 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

Endabnahmeversuche mit der Streckrichtmaschine in einer Prflinie

Produktion der Versuchsbunde im Betrieb
Untersuchungen uber die verschiedenen
Betriebsprobleme
Einsatz der Versuchsanlage einer Streckrichtmaschine bei den Untersuchungen
der Betriebsprobleme

2
3
6

3.

Schlufolgerungen

4.

Empfehlungen

10

5.

Literaturverzeichnis

10

Tabellen

11

AbbiIdungen

28

Anhnge
I
Bewertung der Offline-Form
II
Details der Zugversuche
III Details des modifizierten Reckziehversuchs

^
55
57

XVI

Aufstellung der Tabellen

1.

Bewertung der Bundform im Endabnahmeversuch mit der

richtmaschine

Streck-

2.

Querdickecharakteristika des Bundes im Endabnahmeversuch mit

der Streckrichtmaschine

3.

Mechanische Eigenschaften - Zugversuchergebnisse

fur
Bund im Endabnahmeversuch mit der Streckrichtmaschine

4.

Formbewertung der Versuchsbunde 82076 und 82078

5.

Formbewertung der Versuchsbunde 16528, 16637 und 17430

6.

Querdickecharakteristika der Versuchsbunde 82076 und 82078

7.

Querdickecharakteristika
17430

8.

Oberflchengefugecharakteristika
82078

9.

Oberflachengefugecharakteristika
und 16637 und 17430

10.

Mechanische
82076

Eigenschaften:

Zugversuchergebnisse

fur

Bund

11.

Mechanische
82078

Eigenschaften:

Zugversuchergebnisse

fur

Bund

12.

Mechanische
16528

Eigenschaften:

Zugversuchergebnisse

fur

Bund

13.

Mechanische
16637

Eigenschaften:

Zugversuchergebnisse

fur

Bund

14.

Mechanische
17430

Eigenschaften:

Zugversuchergebnisse

fur

Bund

15.

Ergebnisse des modifizierten Reckziehens fur Bunde 82076 und

82078: geschmierter Zustand

16.

Ergebnisse des modifizierten Reckziehens fur Bunde 82076 und

82078: trockener Zustand

17.

Ergebnisse des modifizierten

Reckziehens fur Bunde 16528,
16637 und 17430: trockener Zustand

das

der Versuchsbunde 16528, 16637 und

XVII

der Versuchsbunde 82076 und

der

Versuchsbunde

16528,

Aufstellung d e r A b b i l d u n g e n
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

24.

25.
26.

Offline-Formmessungen an dem im Endabnahmeversuch

m i t der
Streckrichtmaschine eingesetzten Bund (nur K a l t n a c h w a l z e n )
Off1ine-Formmessungen an dem im Endabnahmeversuch
m i t der
Streckrichtmaschine eingesetzten Bund
(Kaltnachwalzen und
Streckrichten)
Beziehung zwischen dem Ebenheitsindex und d e r G e s a m t w e l l e n hohe fur ein 2 m langes ProbestUck
Rockwell-Hartewerte
B tiber d i e Breite d e r B u n d p r o b e n im
Endabnahmeversuch m i t der Streckrichtmaschine
Querdickeprofile der Bundproben im Endabnahmeversuch m i t der
Streckri chtmasch i ne
Beschreibung d e r ursprungl ichen und modif izierten V e r a r b e i tungsrouten und Probenahmepositionen
fur die Bunde
im
Betriebsversuch
Histogramme des Ebenheitsgrades nach jedem P r o z e S f u r Bunde
82076 und 82078
Histogramme des Ebenheitsgrades nach jedem P r o z e B f u r B u n d e
16528, 16637 und 17430
Off1ine-Formmessungen fur Bund 82076 nach v e r s c h i e d e n e n V e r arbeitungsstadien
Off1ine-Formmessungen fur Bund 82078 nach v e r s c h i e d e n e n V e r arbeitungsstadien
Off1ine-Formmessungen fur Bund 16528 nach verschi*e d e n e n V e r arbeitungsstadien
Off1ine-Formmessungen fur Bund 16637 nach v e r s c h i e d e n e n V e r arbe i tungsstad i en
Off1ine-Formmessungen fur Bund 17430 nach v e r s c h i e d e n e n V e r arbe i tungsstad i en
Querdickeprofile fur Versuchsbunde 72086 und 72088 nach v e r schiedenen Verarbeitungsstadien
Querdickeprofile fur Versuchsbunde 16528, 16637 und 17430
nach verschiedenen Verarbeitungsstadien
Unterschiede d e r Restoberflachenspannung fur Bund 16528 nach
verschiedenen Verarbeitungsstadien
Unterschiede d e r Restoberflachenspannung fur Bund 16636 nach
verschiedenen Verarbeitungsstadien
Unterschiede d e r Restoberflachenspannung fur Bund 17430 nach
verschiedenen Verarbeitungsstadien
Aquivalente Oberflachenspannung zur Verursachung v o n Biegung
im doppelt reduzierten WeiBblech
Restlangsspannung im geraden Band nach vier Biegungen der
abnehmenden Biegung
Beziehung zwischen d e r Walzendurchdringung und dem e f f e k t i ven Radius der Biegung
Aktuelle Einstellung der Walzenrichtmaschinen ("Keil")
Modifizierte Einstellung der W a l z e n r i c h t m a s c h i n e n

Ruckfedereffekte im doppelt und einfach

blech wahrend des Streckrichtens

reduzierten

WeiB-

Versuchsanlage der Streckrichtmaschine

Beziehung zwischen der Zugspannung, D u r c h d r i n g u n g u n d d e s
Radius der Biegung d e s 3,1 mm feuerverzinkten
Werkstoffes
fur eine Biegerolle m i t einem Durchmesser von 4 5 m m

XVIII

THE MECHANICAL AND METALLURGICAL EFFECTS OF SKIN PASSING AND TENSION

LEVELLING
British Steel pic
ECSC Agreement No. 7210.EA/822
Final Technical Report

1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1.

Background to Research Programme

The flatness of the strip and its freedom from residual stresses are critical in many applications
particularly on slit strip and when high speed, automated machines are used for forming the strip. The
skin passing and tension levelling operations are used to produce flat strip.
It is known that increased levels of skin passing and tension levelling work harden the strip and alter its
mechanical properties to reduce its formability potential.
This work will examine the effects of variations in these plant processing operations on the yield strength,
ductility, residual stress levels and surface appearance of the strip.
1.2.

Summary of Intended Programme

The research programme had one main objective:1.

To develop control strategies for skin passing and tension levelling to enable the routine
production of flat steel strip which would meet the highest requirements for formability and
surface finish.

To complete the programme of research it was anticipated that the following areas would be studied:1.

Techniques for the examination of residual stress distribution through the thickness and for
assessment of curvature and camber will be established.

2.

Carry out plant trials in which the relevant operating parameters will be monitored.
Samples from coils will be collected at various stages of processing for off-line determination
of those properties and characteristics for which on-line measurement is impractical. A wide
range of products in terms of gauge, formability requirements and customer applications will
be covered.

3.

Assess the effects of varying process conditions on the mechanical properties and surface
appearance of the strip and use this data to propose control strategies.

4.

The information gained from plant investigations will also be compared with the results of
existing mathematical models and used to develop and refine these.

5.

Carry out further plant trials to evaluate the proposed control strategies and to assess the
prediction of refined mathematical models.

2.

PLANT INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE EFFECTS OF SKIN PASSING AND

TENSION LEVELLING

2.1.

Final Acceptance Trial of an Inspection Line Tension Leveller

2.1.1.

Outline of Trial and Sampling Procedure^)

As part of the final acceptance trials for the tension leveller, off-line shape and gauge profile assessments
of normal 0.7% skin passed material processed on the line were made. A 20 tonne coil, 1465 x 0.7mm, was
fed through the inspection line with the leveller in ambush. During this first pass, two adjacent samples,
2m x width, were taken 20m into the coil, at the centre of the coil (the coil rewelded) and 20m from the end
of the coil. During this sampling operation, lines were scribed on the coil at three selected zones along its
length for elongation measurement.
The coil was returned to the entry mandrel and fed through the line in a continuous operation with the
tension leveller engaged and set at different levels of elongation for each of the prescribed zones (0.5, 1.0
and 1.5% elongation). The coil was again returned to the entry mandrel and run through the line slowly
with the tension leveller in ambush. At each of the pre-selected zones, the line was stopped for elongation
measurements and for 2m long x width samples for shape measurement.
2.1.2.

Off-Line Shape Measurement Results^)

Details of the off-line shape assessment method used are given in Appendix 1. The results are summarised
in Table 1. Figs, la, b and c are the results of the measurements made on the adjacent samples taken from
the non tension levelled material. They all show an obvious centre looseness, approximately 800mm wide,
with moderate loose edges. The degree of centre looseness improved along the coil length from 411 units at
the head end to 151 units at the tail end.
Figs.2a, 2b and 2c are the results of the measurements made after 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% elongation with
tension levelling. They clearly show a considerable improvement in strip shape. At 0.5% elongation, the
flatness index was within 5 1 units, at 1% elongation it was within 0.5 I units (which is close to the
level of accuracy that the equipment can measure) and at 1.5% elongation the flatness index was within
3 1 units. Fig.3 shows the relationship between flatness index and total wave height for a sample length
of 2m.
2.1.3.

Hardness Variation Across Coil Widths

Rockwell B hardness measurements were carried out across the width of the sample sheets to establish if
hardness variations could account for the wavy edges after tension levelling 0.5 and 1.5%, Figs.2a and 2c.
The results are plotted in Fig.4 and show that at 0.5% extension the drive side edge was appreciably softer
than the rest of the coil width (corresponding to its long edge, Fig.2a) and that for the 1.5% extension
sample, both edges were softer. The results also clearly illustrate the effects of work hardening via tension
levelling, in showing the increased overall hardness values after each change of elongation.
2.1.4.

Transverse Gauge Measurements'1)

Transverse gauge profile measurements were made using a continuous gauge profilometer. The profiles
are shown in Fig.5, this overlay shows that the profiles are consistent along the length of the coil and do
not change with tension levelling.
Table 2 gives details of the characteristic values of the samples. The values for the gauge drop are given in
two forms, i.e. the extreme edge measurement related to the centre line gauge and the measurement taken
5mm in from each edge, again related to the centre line gauge. The crown (centre - average of edge
readings) and wedge (difference of edge readings) is calculated from the measurements taken 25mm in
from each edge and again related to the centre line gauge. The gauge edge drop taken 5mm in from the
edges shows a 50% improvement over that for the extreme edges. The calculated crown appears to be

fairly consistent along the length of the coil only varying by 6um, and is not affected by tension levelling.
Essentially, there is no wedge in the coil pre and post tension levelling.
2.1.5.

Mechanical Properties - Tensile Testing

Details of the tensile testing method, the sample positions tested, the parameters measured and the
European specifications to satisfy EDD, extra deep drawing, Fe P05, requirements are given in Appendix
II.
The tensile test results on the samples obtained in 2.1.1. are listed in Table 3. From these, it can be seen
that, with the exception of the two head end samples, the mechanical tensile properties of the coil in the
0.7% skin passed condition are uniform. The effect of additional tension levelling is to alter the
mechanical properties, in particular, to increase Rpo.2> reduce ni but make no significant change to AgoFor this particular coil the effect of 0.5% tension levelling was to increase Rpo.2 by 10 N/mm 2 , 1% tension
levelling increased it by 28 N/mm 2 and 1.5% tension levelling increased it by 36 N/mm 2 . Aso remained
virtually unchanged at ~43.0% at all levels of extension 0-1.5%.
2.2.

Plant Production Trial Coils

2.2.1.

Outline of Trial and Sampling Procedure*2)

An outline of the original processing conditions and sampling procedures is given in Fig.6a. Essentially,
coils were processed to enable samples to be collected in the following conditions:(i)

Non-skin passed.

(ii)

0.8% skin passed.

(iii)

0.4% skin passed.

(iv)

0.4% skin passed + 0.3% tension levelling.

(v)

0.4% skin passed + 0.5% tension levelling.

Only the first two coils were processed using these conditions, subsequent coils were processed as outlined
in Fig.6b. This enabled samples to be collected in the above conditions and also with 0.8% skin passed +
0.5% tension levelling.
2.2.2.

Off-Line Shape Measurement Results*3-4)

The off-line shape assessment measurement for the trial coils are summarised in Tables 4 and 5 and in
histogram form in Figs.7 and 8. The data presented is the flatness index, I units (minimum to maximum
variation across the sample).
From these results it can be seen that all five coils had poor shape in the cold reduced and annealed
condition, generally there was some improvement in shape with normal amounts of skin passing, but
significant improvement only occurred when low amounts of levelling were applied to material which had
previously been given 0.4 and 0.8% skin passing.
A more detailed view is given in Figs.9-13 which are plots of the off-line shape variation across the width of
the coil at each processing stage. In each of these figures, the flatness variation is plotted over the mean
value which is set at zero.
Fig.9 shows that Coil 82076 had a heavy loose centre, tight i's and loose edges in the as annealed
condition, which, with a 0.4% skin pass changed to a very loose D/S edge, retained the loose O/S edge and
tight D/S i but loosing the loose centre. It then became virtually flat when small amounts of tension

levelling were applied to the 0.4% skin passed material. The base material with the normal 0.8% skin pass
still retained a slightly loose centre with a suggestion of tight edges.
Fig. 10 shows that Coil 82078 had a pronounced D/S i buckle and a loose O/S edge in the as annealed
condition. With a 0.4% skin pass the D/S i buckle was eliminated and the shape changed to a slightly loose
centre with a hint of edge slackness. The coil became virtually flat when small amounts of tension
levelling were applied to the 0.4% skin passed material. The normal 0.8% skin passed material was
virtually flat with a hint of centre looseness.
Fig.ll shows that the shape of Coil 16528 in the as annealed condition changes gradually long its length
from a loose centre at the head end to virtually flat at the mid coil position to a tight centre at the tail end
with loose edges throughout the length of the coil. 0.4% and 0.8% skin passing did little to remove the
loose centre. Small amounts of tension levelling after 0.4% and 0.8% skin passing removed the centre
looseness completely, but did little to remove the loose edges which effect up to 200mm in from each edge of
the coil.
Fig. 12 shows a similar change in shape along its length for Coil 16637 in the as annealed condition as was
seen in Coil 16528. Similarly, 0.4% and 0.8% levels of skin passing did little to affect the shape, but
additional low levels of tension levelling removed all of the loose centre and left only a suggestion of O/S
loose edge.
Fig. 13 again showed a similar variation in the shape of Coil 17430 along its length in the as annealed
condition. 0.4% skin passing did little to change the shape but 0.8% skin passing and small additional
amounts of tension levelling to both 0.4% and 0.8% skin passed material effectively removed the centre
looseness.
2.2.3.

Transverse Gauge Measurements*3*4)

Tables 6 and 7 give details of the gauge characteristics of the trial coils and Figs. 14 and 15 show overlays
of all the sample profiles. From these results it can be seen that the profiles are fairly consistent along the
length of each coil and they are not affected by varying the levels of skin passing and tension levelling.
2.2.4.

Surface Texture Measurements*5-6)

The surface texture characteristics of the trial coils are listed in Tables 8 and 9. Coils 82076 and 82078
were rolled in sequence on the temper mill as were coils 16528, 16637 and 17430. However, the surface
textures of the coils were all somewhat different, due mainly to the different textures of the base tandem
mill rolled material (Samples 1-3). That the surface textures of the individual coils is different is of no
importance. What is important is that there is only a very little difference in texture, within individual
coils, for material which has received a 0.4% skin pass and material which has received the normal 0.8%
skin pass. The surface texture of 0.4% skin passed material is acceptable for exposed part applications.
Low levels of tension levelling, up to 0.5% extension, do not affect the surface texture of skin passed
material.
2.2.5.

Mechanical Properties - Tensile Testing

The tensile test results on the samples taken from the five plant production trial coils are listed in Tables
10-14.
The results from the first two trial coils 82076 and 82078, Tables 10 and 11 show that there is very little
difference between the tensile mechanical properties of the material having received 0.4% skin pass and
0.3 and 0.5% additional tension levelling and material having received the nominal 0.8% skin pass only.
All the processing conditions applied to these two particular coils produced material to satisfy the
requirements for Fe P05 grade.
For the last three trial coils, an extra processing condition was employed in addition to the range of
conditions used on the two earlier coils, i.e. 0.5% tension levelling applied to 0.8% skin passed material.

The results are listed in Tables 12,13 and 14. From these results it can be seen that as for the two earlier
trial coils, there was very little difference in the tensile mechanical properties of the material having
received 0.4% skin pass and 0.3 and 0.5% additional tension levelling and material having received the
nominal 0.8% skin pass only. However, the effect of applying 0.5% tension level to material having
received 0.8% skin pass was to raise Rpo.2 by 10 N/mm2.
Although the additional 0.5% tension levelling applied to the nominal 0.8% skin pass did not cause the
material to fall out of the EN 10130 specification for Fe P05 grade in these particular cases, given the
distribution of mechanic properties normally obtained, the 10 N/mm 2 increase in Rpo.2 would be expected
to result in a significant number of coils falling out of the Fe P05 specification if 0.5% tension levelling
were to be applied on a routine basis.
2.2.6.

Mechanical Properties - Modified Stretch Draw

Details of the modified stretch draw test are given in Appendix III.
Modified stretch draw tests have been carried out on all the plant trial coils. Tests were carried out both in
the dry condition, free of any lubricant, where the results are influenced by the mechanical properties of
the steel, gauge and surface texture (frictional effects) and in the fully lubricated condition, where the
results are influenced by gauge and mechanical properties only.
Three tests were carried out on each sample sheet on blanks punched from positions, i D/S, centre and i
O/S, corresponding the tensile test sample positions.
The results, fracture height achieved and punch load to achieve fracture are listed in Table 15 for Coils
82076 and 82078 in the lubricated condition, Table 16 for Coils 82076 and 82078 in the dry condition and
Table 17 for Coils 16528,16637 and 17430 in the dry condition.
As can be seen from the data in Tables 15,16 and 17, there is some variation in the results for fracture
height achieved and the punch load to achieve fracture for samples tested under the same conditions. This
can probably be explained by the variations in the control of the processing parameters, i.e. 0.8% S.P.
0.1%, 0.4% S.P. 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% T.L. 0.05% and minor gauge variations sample to sample.
However, from the results for each individual coil it would appear that there is no significant difference in
the stretch draw behaviour of material with 0.4% skin pass and either 0.3% or 0.5% tension levelling and
normal 0.8% skin passed material in both the dry and lubricated conditions. Similarly, the addition of
0.5% tension levelling to material which has received 0.8% skin pass does not appear to have a
significantly deleterious effect on the material stretch draw properties, but there is an indication in Coil
16637 that these properties are beginning to deteriorate.
2.2.7.

Residual Stress Measurements

Residual surface stress measurements have been carried out on samples from three of the plant production
trial coils using the Stresscan 500C system. This system uses the Barkhausen noise effect to measure
surface layer residual stresses which are given in terms of a dimensionless parameter called MP.
Measurements were carried out at 100mm intervals across the width of the strip in the longitudinal
direction (corresponding to the off-line shape measurements, Section 2.2.2.). Both surfaces were measured
using a standard air gap of 0.2mm and a depth setting of 0.2mm.
The results are plotted in Figs.16, 17 and 18 and are the difference between the difference of the top and
bottom residual surface stress and the average surface residual stress difference:_ (oTL - oBL)
i.e. {oTL - oBL) - E"
1

The results for Coil 16528, Fig.16, can be compared directly with the shape curves, Fig.ll, similarly
results for Coils 16637 and 17430, Figs.17 and 18 can be compared with Figs.12 and 13.
There is some agreement between the shape curves and the residual surface stress curves. In general, the
flat samples, i.e. samples 8-13 tend to give "flat" but skewed residual stress curves. Examples of good
agreement can be seen in 17430-4 and 10 and 16528-5, but yet the clearly bad shape of 16637-4,5,6 and 7
was not reflected at all in the residual surface stress measurement.
This preliminary study of residual stress indicates that a much more detailed study is required to establish
what relationships exist between residual surface stress and shape measurements.
2.3.

Investigations into Various Plant Problems

2.3.1.

Investigation of a Tinplate Line Tension Levelling Performance

An investigation into the strip levelling performance of the tension levellers on the Nos.3 and 4
electrolytic tinning lines and the No.l tin free steel line at British Steel Trostre was initiated because of a
long middle shape problem on the Nos.l and 3 lines. The product from the No.4 line was satisfactory which
enabled the performance of the levellers to be compared.
A theoretical analysis combined with sample and plant measurements was carried out. During the
investigation a defective gearbox was discovered on the No.3 line and its replacement reduced the severity
of the defect. The theoretical analysis was used to establish an operating envelope for the present product
mix as a number of changes had been made to the levellers since their installation. Recommendations
were also made for controlled trials on tension levels and the contribution of the bridle roll drives*7*. A
programme of work was agreed and implemented.
2.3.2.

Investigation of Residual Stress and Cross Bow in a Paint Coating Line

The problem of cross bow in strip of about 1mm gauge travelling in a supported catenary through a low
temperature thermal treatment oven was made much worse when a 305mm diameter deflector roll
engaged the strip. The effect of this roll in modifying the through thickness residual stress distribution
resulting from tension levelling in a 5 roll leveller with 50mm diameter work rolls was investigated. The
cross bow correction roll at the exit of the leveller was also 305mm diameter and adjustment of its height
and the effect this had on the residual stress distribution made it possible to eliminate the excess cross bow
which was generated by the engagement of the deflector roll.
The effect of variations in the through thickness residual stress profile across the width of the levelled
product was also investigated to identify the origins of non-circular cross bow profiles sometimes seen in
process line strip catenaries.
2.3.3.

Investigation of a Tinplate Bowed Blanks Problem

2.3.3.1.

Introduction to the Problem

Modern machines for the production of can sides for three piece cans typically use 0.14-0.17mm gauge
double reduced tinplate as feedstock. This material is normally supplied in sheet form and then slit and
cut into blanks by the customer. The blanks are increasingly loaded by automatic feeders and if the blanks
bow after slitting and cutting from the large sheets then feeding problems can result. The process of
rolling and tension levelling produce residual stress through the thickness of the strip. A sheet can appear
flat or within acceptable limits of cross bow and long bow at dispatch, but when cut up into blanks can bow
due to these residual stresses. This is because the surface tensile and compressive stresses are in
equilibrium in the large sheet, but not in the blank.

An investigation was made into the operation of both tension leveller and roller leveller in relation to the
residual stress distribution through the thickness of the strip and the relationship between the radius of
curvature of the blanks and residual stress.
2.3.3.2.

Curvature of Blanks and Residual Stress

An attempt was made to establish the maximum amount of curvature that could be corrected for a
particular roll diameter by bending 20mm wide strips of 0.17mm gauge double reduced tinplate around
steel bars of various diameters and measuring of the springback angle. The experiment failed because the
technique employed did not ensure conformation of the strip around the bar. The experiment will be
repeated using a more sophisticated technique.
Fig.19 shows the equivalent elastic stresses at the strip surface calculated for a range of curvatures for
0.14 and 0.17mm gauge double reduced tinplate. These results can be related to the projected stress
distribution through the thickness after tension levelling and roller levelling.
Fig.20 shows the changes in residual longitudinal stress after bending and straightening after four bends
of decreasing curvature^. Generally, the bending stresses over each roll must be reduced in a linear
manner through a multi-roll leveller to reduce the residual stresses through the thickness of the strip.
2.3.3.3.

Tension Leveller Operation

The tension leveller on the tinning line currently employs a five bending roll system with all work rolls
being 25mm diameter. In order to assist in the reduction of residual stress and long bow it was
recommended that the penetration of the bending rolls in the second cassette be approximately 65% of that
of the first cassette and that the diameter of the last work roll be increased to 45mm which would result in
less sensitive correction of long bow. In addition, Thies et al<9) suggest that for minimum residual stress,
the bridle tension should be maintained at 90 N/mm 2 for double reduced tinplate. This would require
careful balancing of bridle tension and roll penetration consistent with the required elongation.
2.3.3.4

Roller Leveller Operation

The design of the roller leveller used has a fixed bottom frame with seven rollers and an adjustable top
frame of six rollers means that the penetration of the rollers can only be set as a 'wedge' with the
maximum penetration of the first roller reducing progressively to the final roller. Using the relationship
from Fig.21 derived by examination of the roller leveller geometry, the 'wedge' set up produces a nonlinear curvature/stress relationships from entry to exit, Fig.22. This does not, therefore, produce the
optimum stress reversals required for reduction of residual stress.
A possible method of overcoming this problem is the adoption of a two stage process as suggested by
Panknin et aK10>, i.e. the top frame is split into two sections with each section individually adjustable. By
use of the roll penetration set up shown in Fig.23, an almost linear curvature reduction can be achieved
from entry to exit.
2.3.4.

Optimisation of Wrap Angles During Tension Levelling of Tinplate

Two different designs of tension levellers are used in British Steel Tinplate. In order to optimise the
performance of the levellers, it was necessary to establish the wrap angle required to achieve maximum
surface strain for the two tinplate qualities normally produced, i.e.
(i)

Single reduced tinplate, 0.2mm gauge, yield stress 275 N/mm 2 .

(ii)

Double reduce tinplate, 0.17mm gauge, yield stress 550 N/mm 2 .

As both grades produce 'springback' when defected around rolls, it was necessary to determine the
minimum bending angle required before plastic deformation occurred. This was done by bending small
strips round a 25mm diameter pin (same diameter as work rolls in the tension levellers) at various angles
and measuring the residual angle after release of tension. The results of these tests are shown in Fig.24

and indicate that the minimum wrap angle for single reduced tinplate was 6.5 and for double reduced
tinplate 11.
The maximum surface strain that can be achieved = strip thickness/bending roll diameter.
For S.R. tinplate

= .2_ = 0.008
25

For D.R. tinplate

0.0068
25
This can be related to the wrap angle by the difference in arc length between the centre line and the
extreme surface of the strip when bend around a roller.

where

1 17_=

S-S c

[(r + G)-(r+*G)]9

S0
Sc
r
G
9

=
=
=
=
=

Arc length of extreme surface of strip

Arc length of centre of strip
Roller radius
Strip gauge
Wrap angle, radians

For S.R. tinplate

= 0.008
.1

= 0.08 Radians

= 4.6

For D.R. tinplate

= 0.0068 = 0.08 Radians

=4.6

.085
Thus the optimum wrap angles to achieve maximum strain are:For S.R. tinplate;

4.6 + springback 6.5

11.1

For D.R. tinplate; 4.6 + springback 11.0

= 15.6
These results clearly demonstrate that different leveller settings are required for each tinplate quality.
The S.R. setting is totally ineffective for D.R. whilst the D.R. setting would induce severe cross bow and
line bow in S.R. material.
2.4.

Use of Pilot Tension Leveller Rig in Plant Problem Investigations

2.4.1.

Cyclic Strip Marking on an EZ Coating Line

The pilot tension leveller rig, Fig.25, has been used to investigate a problem which arose during the
commissioning of an EZ coating line. It was found that cyclic strip marking was present on some coils
when the surface was stoned. An investigation had shown*11) that the tension leveller aggravated any
marks generated by rolling at the micron level and the effect appeared to be a function of the leveller
design geometry, in particular the diameter and spacing of the bending and anticurvature rolls.
Subsequent plant trials*12) using different bending roll diameters and penetrations have enabled a leveller
set up practice to be developed which minimises the cyclic marking problem.
2.4.2.

Slitting of 3.1mm Hot Dipped Galvanised Material

The pilot rig has also been used to investigate problems encountered with 3.1mm gauge hot dipped
galvanised material which is subsequently slit into narrow widths. During slitting, the edge widths
exhibit cambering and twisting. An analysis of the stress and strain distributions, through the strip
thickness, during tension levelling was made^). The pilot rig was used to investigate the relationships
between tension stresses, penetration values and radius of strip curvature for a 45mm diameter bending
roll as used in the plant tension leveller, Fig.26.

Based on the above analysis and pilot rig work, recommendations have been made for specific values of
strip tension, drive motor currents, bending roll positioning and line speed in order to give minimum
residual stress in the strip.
3.

CONCLUSIONS

1.

Investigations carried out during the final acceptance trial of a rewind line tension leveller
confirmed that tension levelling improves the shape of coil strip, but that even with levels as
low as 0.5% extension, work hardening occurs which may render the strip unsuitable for its
intended application. Strip hardness is increased, as is the 0.2% proof stress and the work
hardening coefficient ni is reduced, but the total elongation is virtually unchanged.

2.

The same investigation showed that tension levelling, up to 1.5% extension, has no effect on
the transverse gauge profile of the coil; crown, wedge and edge drop are not affected.

3.

Plant production trials confirm that the transverse gauge profile after cold rolling in the
tandem mill is not affected by subsequent skin passing at 0.4-0.8% extension or by additional
tension levelling of 0.5% extension.

4.

Surface texture measurements on samples from plant production trial coils show that tension
levelling, up to 0.5% extension, has no effect on surface texture. Slight differences were
observed between the textures obtained with 0.4% and 0.8% dry temper rolling, however, the
differences were only marginal and would not have rendered the material unsuitable for even
the most demanding outside part qualities. The major influence on the final strip surface
texture obtained was the incoming tandem mill texture

5.

For steel strip in the gauge range 0.7-1.2mm, low levels of tension levelling, 0.3% extension,
were very effective in removing tight/loose centre and buckles, but did not always remove
loose edges, particularly on wide material. Increasing tension levelling to 0.5% extension
was only marginally more effective than 0.3% in improving shape.

6.

For steel strip in the gauge range 0.7-1.2mm, combinations of 0.4% skin passing and low
levels of tension levelling, up to 0.5% resulted in strip with tensile mechanical properties
similar to those of the normal production route 0.8% skin pass material. The addition of 0.5%
tension levelling to normal production 0.8% skin pass material resulted in some deterioration
of mechanical properties. Given the distribution of mechanical properties normally obtained,
the 10 N/mm 2 increase in Rpo.2 would result in a significant number of coils falling out of the
Fe P05 specification if 0.5% tension levelling were to be applied on a routine basis.

7.

For steel strip in the gauge range 0.7-1.2mm, the combination of 0.4% skin passing and low
levels of tension levelling also gave similar modified stretch draw test results to those of the
normal 0.8% skin pass material. However, in this test the deterioration of mechanical
properties when 0.5% tension levelling was given to normal 0.8% skin pass material was not
as evident as in the tensile test results.

8.

The results of this study show that the normal production route of 0.8% skin passing results
in a product with satisfactory mechanical properties, but it is not necessarily flat. If an order
for EDD quality material also has a requirement for good flatness, then the only guaranteed
way to satisfy both these requirements is to employ a lower than normal skin pass, typically
0.4% extension, followed by a low level of tension levelling, typically 0.3% extension.

9.

The measurement of residual surface stress using a method based on the Barkhausen effect
has shown some degree of tie up with off-line shape measurements. However, this aspect of
the investigation was somewhat limited and a more detailed investigation is required before
the usefulness or otherwise of the technique for relating residual stress to shape can be
established.

10.

A number of investigations have been carried out into plant problems. The problems related
to the design and operating set up of roller and tension levellers on various units and
recommendations have been made which have overcome or reduced the severity of the
problems. The pilot tension leveller rig was successfully used in a number of these
investigations.

4.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK

1.

The results of this investigation have demonstrated that in order to ensure a flat product with
EDD forming quality it is necessary to employ lower than normal levels of skin passing and
low levels of tension levelling. One can understand the plant management reluctance to use
very low levels of skin passing such as 0.4% as a routine production route. Further work
should be carried out to investigate whether skinpass levels of 0.5-0.6% combined with 0.20.3% tension levelling can also satisfy the flatness and EDD formability requirements.

2.

Further work should be carried out on the measurement of residual stress and shape
measurement of samples to ascertain if the Stresscan 500C system used can form a useful tool
for the on-line measurement of strip shape.

5.

REFERENCES

1.

C. Trinder, Welsh Laboratories Technical Note No.WL/RF/TN/0281/P/3/91/D, 2nd December,

1991.

2.

T.E. De La Rue, Plant Trial Procedure QT349, August 1991.

3.

C. Trinder, Welsh Laboratories Analysis & Testing Report No. T11970,17th December, 1991.

4.

C. Trinder, Welsh Laboratories Analysis & Testing Report No. T.12348,14th May, 1992.

5.

R. Lewis, Welsh Laboratories Analysis & Testing Report No. T. 12009,19th December, 1992.

6.

L. Curtis, Welsh Laboratories Analysis & Testing Report No. T.12290,15th April, 1992.

7.

J.M. Moore, Welsh Laboratories Technical Note No. WL/RF/TN/0281/1/90/D, 12th October,
1990.

8.

A.W. McCrum, Private Communication 1991.

H. Thies et al, Investigations on Strip Flatness in a Tension-Flex Levelling Machine, Stahl

Eisen 1983 103(21).

10

- Panknin et al, Research into the Levelling, Straightening and Flexing of Coiled Strip
Material and Its Effects on Surface Finish, Sheet Metal Industries, October 1973, pp.578-586.

11.

O.J. Wakelin, Welsh Laboratories Technical Note No. WL/RF/TN/0281P/4/91/D, 4th

December, 1991.

12.

J.M. Moore, Shotton No.3 EGL Tension Leveller Trials with Bending Rolls of Different
Diameters, 16th December, 1991.

13.

J.M. Moore, Welsh Laboratories Technical Note No. WL/R/F/TN/1032C/12/91/D, 19th

November, 1991.

10

TABLE 1
SHAPE ASSESSMENT OF FINAL TENSION LEVELLER ACCEPTANCE TRIAL COIL

Sample
Identity

Width
(mm)

Gauge
(mm)

Sample
Location

Tension
Levelling
Elongation, %

Flatness
Index
(I Units)*

Fig. No.

1
1A

1467
1465

0.708
0.703

H/E
H/E

0
0

41
37

la
lb

2
2A

1467
1468

0.699
0.693

Mid Coil
Mid Coil

0
0

22
33

lb
lc

3
3A

1467
1467

0.694
0.687

T/E
T/E

0
0

15
19

lc
lc

1463

0.687

Mid Coil

1.0

2b

1465

0.705

iCoil

0.5

2a

1463

0.697

fCoil

1.5

2c

*11 Unit = 0.001% Length Differential

11

TABLE2
TRANSVERSE GAUGE CHARACTERISTICS OF TENSION LEVELLER FINAL ACCEPTANCE TRIAL COIL

Gauge Edge Drop

Wedge

Crown
Sample
Identity

Width
(mm)

Centre
Line
Gauge
(urn)

5mm-Centre Line

Edge-Centre Line

0 . Side

S. Side

0 . Side

D. Side
pm

um

pm

pm

pm

pm

1
1A

1467
1465

708
703

68
97

9.60
13.80

72
97

10.17
13.80

43
49

6.07
6.97

36
40

5.08
5.69

25
28

3.53
3.98

-2
-15

0.28
2.13

2
2A

1467
1468

699
693

84
78

12.02
11.16

69
68

9.87
9.73

41
31

5.87
4.43

33
40

4.72
5.72

23
24

3.29
3.43

-1
0

0.14
0

3
3A

1467
1467

694
687

88
84

12.68
12.22

100
94

14.41
13.68

45
38

6.48
5.53

40
51

5.76
7.42

29
27

4.18
3.93

-6
0

0.86
0

1463

687

77

11.21

88

12.81

41

5.97

47

6.84

28

4.08

-3

0.44

1465

705

87

12.34

90

12.77

41

5.82

50

7.09

26

3.69

-3

0.43

1463

697

78

11.19

86

12.34

41

5.88

59

8.46

27

3.87

+8

1.15

Positive Wedge = Heavy Drive Side

All percentages are relative to centre line gauge

TABLE 3
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES TENSILE TEST RESULTS FOR THE TENSION LEVELLER FINAL ACCEPTANCE TRIAL COIL
Sample
Identity
1H/E

to

Position in Sheet

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Side
1AH/E
i Width OP/Side
Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sid<
2 Mid Coil
* Width OP/Side
Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sid(
2A Mid Coil i Width OP/Side
Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidt
3T/E
i Width OP/Side
Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Side
3AT/E
i Width OP/Side
Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Side
5 iCoil
i Width O/P Side
Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Side
i Width O/P Side
4 Mid Coil
Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidi
i Width O/P Side
6 JCoil
Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Side

Gauge
mm

Process

Rm
Rpo.2
N/mm2 N/mm*

Ag

ABU

5-10%

n2
13
10-15% 15-20%

5%

10%

f2

ra
15%

20%

ni

ri

T4

0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP

L
L
T
L
L
L
T
L
L
L
T
L
L
L
T
L
L
L
T
L

0.685
0.688
0.694
0.685

165
166
171
165

303
305
301
303

23.9
23.6
21.7
23.6

44.2
44.5
40.9
44.8

0.233
0.234
0.230
0.235

0.224
0.225
0.218
0.224

0.220
0.223
0.213
0.222

2.05
2.09
2.28
2.00

2.03
2.02
2.24
1.98

1.99
2.01
2.24
1.97

1.97
1.95
2.22
1.95

0.695
0.700
0.701
0.694
0.688
0.693
0.695
0.690

166
171
169
168
159
160
159
157

303
305
299
302

23.4
24.4
22.0
25.5

43.9
42.5
43.7
43.6

0.233
0.229
0.232
0.230

0.221
0.220
0.217
0.222

0.219
0.221
0.214
0.218

2.09
2.02
2.32
1.94

2.05
2.02
2.25
1.99

2.03
1.99
2.19
1.99

1.98
1.97
2.18
1.95

303
303
298
303

23.8
23.4
22.6
24.7

44.4
43.9
41.5
43.9

0.241
0.240
0.243
0.244

0.228
0.229
0.226
0.230

0.223
0.223
0.218
0.223

1.95
2.06
2.20
2.08

2.01
2.07
2.18
2.00

1.98
2.01
2.16
1.95

1.95
1.96
2.12
1.94

0.688
0.693
0.695
0.689
0.690
0.694
0.696
0.688

164
155
158
152
150
151
155
152

302
303
299
302

42.4
43.5
40.5
44.1

0.261
0.248
0.243
0.252

0.232
0.231
0224
0.233

0.225
0.226
0.218
0.227

2.08
2.02
2.16
1.98

2.05
2.01
2.16
1.99

2.03
1.96
2.15
1.94

1.99
1.93
2.13
1.90

296
297
295
300

24.3
24.4
23.6
25.4
24.2
22.9
22.2
25.5

44.7
39.2
44.2
43.4

0.252
0.255
0.251
0.258

0.229
0.231
0.224
0.234

0.225
0.223
0.215
0.227

2.14
2.06
2.20
2.03

2.10
1.97
2.20
2.04

2.08
1.94
2.17
2.02

2.04
1.88
2.16
1.96

0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP
0.7% SP

L
L
T
L

0.682
0.684
0.687
0.684

156
164
155
152

298
301
296
297

24.4
23.2
23.0
23.4

41.8
43.8
44.4
43.8

0.251
0.254
0.252
0.252

0.231
0.232
0.226
0.231

0.225
0.227
0.219
0.222

2.27
2.07
2.14
2.11

2.18
2.05
2.14
2.12

2.12
2.01
2.12
2.09

2.09
1.97
2.10
2.05

0.5%T.L.
0.5%T.L.
0.5%T.L.
0.5%T.L.

L
L
T
L

0.687
0.692
0.695
0.691

165
166
164
163

302
306
298
302

24.4
23.3
22.7
22.4

46.3
42.4
46.9
44.2

0.236
0.239
0.244
0.227

0.221
0.224
0.222
0.227

0.222
0.223
0.214
0.222

2.07
1.99
2.32
2.00

2.09
1.98
2.20
1.98

2.01
1.94
2.17
1.94

1.95
1.90
2.11
1.90

0.7%SP+1.0%T.L.
0.7%SP+1.0%T.L.
0.7%SP+1.0%T.L.
0.7%SP+1.0%T.L.

L
L
T
L

0.683
0.686
0.690
0.683

183
186
179
185

303
306
300
306

22.4
22.1
22.2
23.3

43.9
42.9
39.0
42.3

0.217
0.214
0.226
0.215

0.211
0.212
0.214
0.212

0.215
0.211
0.211
0.214

2.02
2.05
2.24
1.97

1.98
2.00
2.17
1.95

1.95
1.94
2.13
1.91

1.92
1.92
2.06
1.88

0.7%SP+1.5%T.L.
0.7%SP+1.5%T.L.
0.7%SP+1.5%T.L.
0.7%SP+1.5%T.L.

I.
I.
T
L

0.686
0.692
0.686
0.690

191
191
193
188

305
307
302
304

23.3
22.8
24.3
22.8

43.0
41.9
44.4
42.4

0.208
0.210
0.212
0.210

0.207
0.209
0.207
0.208

0.210
0.211
0.209
0.214

2.07
2.09
2.27
2.14

2.05
2.05
2.25
2.07

2.03
2.00
2.17
2.04

2.01
1.97
2.15
1.99

0.7%SP +
0.7%SP +
0.7%SP +
0.7%SP +

TABLE 4
SHAPE ASSESSMENT OF TRIAL COILS 82076 AND 82078

Sample
Identity

Width
(mm)

Gauge
(mm)

Process

Flatness
Index
(I Units)*

Fig.
No.

82076- 1
82076- 2
82076- 3
82076- 4
82076- 5
82076- 6
82076-7
82076- 8
82076- 9
82076-10
82076-11

915
915
915
915
916
916
916
915
917
917
917

1.187
1.193
1.230
1.203
1.209
1.204
1.203
1.184
1.195
1.189
1.200

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

58.0
36.0
18.0
71.0
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.9
10.0
10.0
12.0

9a
9a
9a
9c
9f
9g
9d
9e
9b
9b
9b

82078- 1
82078- 2
82078- 3
82078- 4
82078- 5
82078- 6
82078-7
82078- 8
82078- 9
82078-10
82078-11

915
915
915
916
916
916
916
916
917
917
917

1.218
1.223
1.228
1.200
1.200
1.201
1.207
1.213
1.207
1.208
1.198

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

24.0
38.0
9.0
11.0
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.5
4.0
3.0
2.0

10a
10a
10a
10c
lOf
10g
lOd
lOe
10b
10b
10b

*11 Unit = 0.001% Length Differential

14

TABLE 5
SHAPE ASSESSMENT OF TRIAL COILS 16637 AND 17430

Sample
Identity

Width

(mm)

Gauge
(mm)

Process

Flatness
Index
(I Units)*

Fig.
No.

16528- 1
16528- 2
16528- 3
16528- 4
16528- 5
16528- 6
16528- 7
16528- 8
16528- 9
16528-10
16528-11
16528-12
16528-13

1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620

1.010
1.000
1.017
1.010
1.003
0.944
0.985
0.985
0.993
0.994
0.987
0.989
0.990

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.

19
17
41
22
17
15
15
16
14
17
15
11
14

11a
11a
11a
lie
lib
lib
lib
lie
lid
llf
llg
llh
Hi

16637 -1
16637 -2
16637 -3
16637 -4
16637 -5
16637 -6
16637 -7
16637 -8
16637 -9
16637-10
16637-11
16637-12
16637-13

1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250

0.863
0.862
0.850
0.837
0.843
0.819
0.832
0.842
0.843
0.828
0.838
0.832
0.829

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.

21
5
33
23
22
25
23
2
4
6
3
4
4

12a
12a
12a
12e
12b
12b
12b
12c
12d
12f
12g
12h
12i

17430- 1
17430- 2
17430- 3
17430- 4
17430- 5
17430- 6
17430- 7
17430- 8
17430- 9
17430-10
17430-11
17430-12
17430-13

1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250

0.699
0.705
0.665
0.694
0.684
0.688
0.698
0.690
0.683
0.698
0.678
0.690
0.677

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.

9
14
32
9
8
11
4
3
3
4
4
6
7

13a
13a
13a
13e
13b
13b
13b
13c
13d
13f
13f
13h
13i

* 11 Unit = 0.001% Length Differential

15

TABLE 6
TRANSVERSE GAUGE CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIAL COILS 72086 AND 72088

Edge Drop
Sample
Identity

Width

(mm)

Gauge
(um)

Crown

Wedge

D. Side

0. Side

um

um

um

um

82076- 1
82076- 2
82076- 3
82076- 4
82076- 5
82076- 6
82076- 7
82076- 8
82076- 9
82076-10
82076-11

915
915
915
915
916
916
916
915
917
917
917

1.187
1.193
1.230
1.203
1.209
1.204
1.203
1.184
1.195
1.189
1.200

75
69
75
63
49
64
70
57
80
75
72

6.32
5.78
6.09
5.27
4.05
5.32
5.82
4.81
6.69
6.31
6.00

62
63
70
75
66
61
58
58
53
54
65

5.22
5.28
5.69
6.23
5.46
5.07
4.82
4.90
4.44
4.54
5.42

19
25
32
24
25
26
23
23
21
22
21

1.60
2.10
2.60
2.00
2.07
2.16
1.91
1.94
1.76
1.85
1.75

-7
-12
+2
-3
+9
+2
0
+2
-8
-2
+2

0.59
1.01
0.16
0.25
0.74
0.17
0.00
0.17
0.67
0.17
0.17

82078- 1
82078- 2
82078- 3
82078- 4
82078- 5
82078- 6
82078- 7
82078- 8
82078- 9
82078-10
82078-11

915
915
915
916
916
916
916
916
917
917
917

1.218
1.223
1.228
1.200
1.200
1.201
1.207
1.213
1.207
1.208
1.198

68
63
67
60
45
41
71
38
75
58
54

5.58
5.15
5.46
5.00
3.75
3.41
5.88
3.13
6.21
4.80
4.51

68
60
56
74
63
66
66
66
61
65
68

5.58
4.91
4.56
6.17
5.25
5.50
5.47
5.44
5.05
5.38
5.68

24
17
23
20
18
21
20
19
20
20
20

1.97
1.39
1.87
1.67
1.50
1.75
1.66
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.67

-10
-16
-2
+ 11
-3
+1
-4
2
-2
-3

0.82
1.31
0.16
0.92
0.25
0.08
0.33
0.16
0.17
0.25
0.42

Positive Wedge = Heavy Operators Side

All percentages are relative to centre line gauge

16

+5

TABLE 7
TRANSVERSE GAUGE CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIAL COILS
16528.16637 AND 17430

Sample
Identity

Width
(mm)

Gauge
(mm)

16528- 1
16528- 2
16528- 3
16528- 4
16528- 5
16528- 6
16528- 7
16528- 8
16528- 9
16528-10
16528-11
16528-12
16528-13

1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620
1620

16637 -1
16637 -2
16637 -3
16637 -4
16637 -5
16637 -6
16637 -7
16637 -8
16637 -9
16637-10
16637-11
16637-12
16637-13
17430- 1
17430- 2
17430- 3
17430- 4
17430- 5
17430- 6
17430- 7
17430- 8
17430- 9
17430-10
17430-11
17430-12
17430-13

Crown

Wedge

um

1.010
1.000
1.017
1.010
1.003
0.944
0.985
0.985
0.993
0.994
0.987
0.989
0.990

31
24
23
31
38
34
32
34
30
28
29
31
27

3.07
2.40
2.26
3.07
3.79
3.42
3.25
3.45
3.02
2.82
2.94
3.13
2.73

1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250

0.863
0.862
0.850
0.837
0.843
0.819
0.832
0.842
0.843
0.828
0.838
0.832
0.829

25
30
13
28
19
20
22
21
19
16
16
19
17

2.90
3.48
1.53
3.35
2.25
2.44
2.64
2.49
2.25
1.93
1.91
2.28
2.05

1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250

0.699
0.705
0.665
0.694
0.684
0.688
0.698
0.690
0.683
0.698
0.678
0.690
0.677

18
13
10
18
13
19
16
20
19
25
23
19
17

2.58
1.84
1.50
2.59
1.90
2.76
2.29
2.90
2.78
3.58
3.39
2.75
2.51

um

-10
+ 11
+ 32

0
-34
+ 14
-17
-9
-16
+5

-7
-13
-15

+8
+9

-16
0
-3
0
-3
-8
-5
-15
-13
-6
-15
+3

-18
-5
-9
-10
-26
+3

+4
-5
-2
+1
-2
0

Positive Wedge = Heavy D/Sides

Percentage Results are Relative to the Centre Line Gauge

17

%
-0.99
+ 1.10
+ 3.15

-3.39

+ 1.41
-1.73
-0.91
-1.61
+ 0.50
-0.71
-1.31
-1.52
+ 0.93
+ 1.04
-1.88

-0.36

-0.36
-0.95
-0.59
1.81
-1.55
-0.72
-1.81
+ 0.43
-2.55
-0.60
-1.30
-1.46
-3.78
+ 0.43
+ 0.58
-0.73
-0.29
+ 0.15
-0.29

TABLE 8
SURFACE TEXTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIAL COILS 82076 AND 82078

Top Trans

Ra

S(o)

Ra

S(o)

Ra

S(o)

Ra

S(o)

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.4%S.P.+ 0.5%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3%T.L.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

0.59
0.82
0.74
0.74
0.83
0.73
0.91
0.74
0.61
0.87
0.95

151
152
159
146
154
158
155
159
153
163
150

0.71
0.82
0.78
0.74
0.76
0.71
1.04
0.75
0.61
0.90
0.91

232
224
215
179
193
182
161
182
183
188
170

0.91
1.38
1.17
1.01
1.00
1.02
1.10
1.00
1.00
1.09
1.04

297
200
257
207
223
214
200
211
210
195
218

0.92
1.16
1.03
1.01
0.94
1.00
1.07
1.00
0.99
1.09
1.09

360
279
321
255
237
247
241
237
238
227
227

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4%S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

1.54
1.96
1.55
1.26
1.45
1.42
1.52
1.41
1.34
1.38
1.32

219
172
213
204
185
179
181
197
188
183
191

1.46
1.80
1.41
1.24
1.43
1.35
1.49
1.38
1.34
1.39
1.32

244
203
258
219
194
204
197
205
206
200
212

1.20
1.54
1.17
0.97
1.17
1.16
1.20
1.05
1.19
1.13
1.07

143
142
139
152
152
156
161
155
159
161
163

1.16
1.44
1.13
0.98
1.11
1.08
1.17
1.08
1.16
1.15
1.07

177
159
173
174
166
176
173
170
168
169
179

Process Condition

82076- 1
82076- 2
82076- 3
82076- 4
82076- 5
82076- 6
82076- 7
82076- 8
82076- 9
82076-10
82076-11
82078- 1
82078- 2
82078- 3
82078- 4
82078- 5
82078- 6
82078- 7
82078- 8
82078- 9
82078-10
82078-11
N.B.

Bot Long

Bot Long

Top Long

Sample
Identity

Instrument used Surtronic 3P, 0.8mm cut off 25mm traverse length.
Each Figure is an average of 9 results, i.e. 3 each at Edge, Centre, Edge.

18

TABLE 9
SURFACE TEXTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIAL COILS
16528.16637 AND 17430

Sample
Identity

Top
Long

Process Condition

Top
Transverse

Bottom
Long

Bottom
Transverse

Ra

S(o)

Ra

S(o)

Ra

S(o)

Ra

S(o)

16528 -1
16528 -2
16528 -3
16528 -4
16528 -5
16528 -6
16528 -7
16528 -8
16528 -9
16528-10
16528-11
16528-12
16528-13

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% SP
0.8% SP
0.8% SP
0.8% SP
0.8%SP+0.5%TL
0.8%SP+0.5%TL
0.4%SP + 0.3%TL
0.4%SP+0.3%TL
0.4%SP+0.5%TL
0.4%SP+0.5%TL

1.37
1.66
1.25
0.89
1.02
0.94
0.88
0.93
0.85
0.93
0.94
1.05
0.93

182
164
150
223
210
215
217
234
258
201
207
220
204

1.11
1.25
1.07
0.91
0.94
0.96
0.91
0.93
0.84
0.97
0.93
0.98
0.95

257
206
241
220
201
214
217
245
254
213
224
211
216

1.29
1.41
1.15
1.49
1.57
1.59
1.49
1.65
1.38
1.19
1.39
1.38
1.29

236
216
225
205
205
212
215
215
233
215
212
208
207

1.14
1.29
1.06
1.32
1.51
1.54
1.48
1.55
1.35
1.26
1.35
1.32
1.25

239
239
242
220
207
218
222
230
232
226
222
228
236

16637 -1
16637 -2
16637 -3
16637 -4
16637 -5
16637 -6
16637 -7
16637 -8
16637 -9
16637-10
16637-11
16637-12
16637-13

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% SP
0.8% SP
0.8% SP
0.8% SP
0.8%SP+0.5%TL
0.8%SP+0.5%TL
0.4%SP+0.3%TL
0.4%SP+0.3%TL
0.4%SP+0.5%TL
0.4%SP+0.5%TL

1.24
1.23
1.25
0.96
0.88
0.88
0.96
0.92
0.86
0.92
0.87
0.86
0.93

157
146
116
190
232
230
198
220
208
202
200
209
201

1.22
1.17
0.97
0.90
0.84
0.86
0.92
0.91
0.91
0.89
0.86
0.92
0.85

167
169
147
208
230
219
236
218
206
229
203
217
214

1.26
1.25
1.19
1.48
1.47
1.41
1.40
1.50
1.43
1.28
1.23
1.29
1.24

178
181
209
216
205
196
213
218
241
194
207
215
227

1.13
1.16
1.06
1.35
1.36
1.35
1.32
1.41
1.38
1.29
1.16
1.27
1.21

223
247
273
233
228
214
220
230
240
231
221
227
217

17430 -1
17430 -2
17430 -3
17430 -4
17430 -5
17430 -6
17430 -7
17430 -8
17430 -9
17430-10
17430-11
17430-12
17430-13

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% SP
0.8% SP
0.8% SP
0.8% SP
0.8%SP+0.5%TL
0.8%SP+0.5%TL
0.4%SP+0.3%TL
0.4%SP+0.3%TL
0.4%SP+0.5%TL
0.4%SP+0.5%TL

0.72
1.06
0.91
0.86
0.79
0.86
0.96
0.81
0.84
0.79
0.77
0.70
0.77

210
213
205
255
266
256
299
271
290
276
253
268
266

0.75
0.95
0.87
0.82
0.79
0.80
0.91
0.82
0.86
0.78
0.77
0.70
0.78

306
326
320
274
271
283
317
293
273
301
290
283
277

0.77
0.95
1.02
1.31
1.48
1.50
1.45
1.47
1.56
1.39
1.28
1.12
1.28

341
277
286
241
250
256
265
261
262
256
239
228
257

0.72
0.88
1.05
1.28
1.52
1.43
1.37
1.46
1.52
1.18
1.16
1.09
1.19

400
366
345
278
239
264
275
270
265
296
288
285
266

19

Rolling
Order

3
~)

12
r

j
")
>3
\

1I

r4

J
15

Ir
J

7
)
(

17

i(

TABLE 10
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES-TENSILE TEST RESULTS FOR COIL82076
Sample
Idi-mity

Position in Sheet

Gauge
mm

ReL
N/mm2

Rp<>2
N/min'^

Rm
N/mni-

A.

Ag

ABO

ni
5-10%

n2
10-15%

na
15-20%

ri
5%

r-i
10%

ra
15%

r*
20%

82076-1

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Wi.lth Drive/Sidi

C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.

Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal

L
L
T
L

1.178
1.186
1.185
1.190

180
182
194
184

294
295
296
295

2.4
3.0
3.8
2.8

26.7
25.4
25.1
26.7

49.2
46.1
47.0
44.7

0.287
0.286
0.304
0.289

0.255
0.255
0.251
0.254

0.241
0.241
0.239
0.239

1.50
1.45
2.88
1.71

1.60
1.62
2.35
1.81

1.65
1.66
2.21
1.80

1.68
171
2.11
1.81

82076-2

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
1 Width Drive/Sidi

C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.

Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal

L
L
T
L

1.190
1.191
1.184
1.189

180
184
198
181

297
298
298
298

2.4
2.4
3.6
2.8

25.4
24.8
25.0
26.4

47.5
45.2
43.8
45.5

0.294
0.289
0.301
0.294

0.257
0.254
0.256
0.258

0.241
0.240
0.236
0.242

1.42
1.55
2.73
1.55

1.61
1.65
2.28
1.73

1.61
1.66
2.14
1.75

1.67
1.69
2.05
1.75

82076-3

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
} Width Drive/Si.],

C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.

Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal

L
L
T
L

1.209
1.210
1.209
1.203

176
177
192
178

300
300
299
300

2.0
2.2
3.8
2.2

24.7
25.7
23.2
24.4

45.1
47.0
45.7
46.9

0.292
0.289
0.286
0.290

0.256
0.252
0.246
0.254

0.239
0.238
0.232
0.239

1.61
1.53
1.90
1.53

1.75
1.71
1.93
1.72

1.75
1.71
1.94
1.79

1.75
1.75
1.95
1.79

82076-4

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Sidi

L
L
T
L

1.179
1.179
1.170
1.176

148
153
155
161

300
302
301
301

26.4
23.8
22.3
24.6

46.7
46.0
44.6
45.4

0.266
0.267
0.260
0.271

0.239
0.240
0.231
0.244

0.230
0.230
0.227
0.230

1.83
1.98
1.97
1.90

1.86
1.87
1.92
1.90

1.83
1.80
1.88
1.87

1.81
1.80
1.85
1.83

82076-5

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
| Width Drive/Sid<

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.

+
+
+
+

0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%

T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.

L
L
T
L

1.174
1.174
1.179
1.176

155
155
160
155

304
304
303
303

25.2
23.2
22.4
24.7

45.3
43.6
46.0
45.0

0.258
0.259
0.263
0.261

0.233
0.236
0.232
0.235

0.230
0.228
0.219
0.228

1.97
1.87
2.03
1.97

1.95
1.88
1.95
1.94

1.89
1.87
1.93
1.89

1.84
1.85
1.90
1.87

82076-6

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidt

0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S . P . +
0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S.P. +

0.5%
0.5%
0.5%
0.5%

T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.

L
L
T
L

1.193
1.197
1.194
1.194

162
153
167
153

305
305
302
304

23.4
24.3
22.3
23.0

42.9
46.3
44.5
46.4

0.258
0.256
0.267
0.254

0.231
0.232
0.231
0.230

0.225
0.221
0.219
0.222

1.97
1.91
2.24
2.04

1.92
1.85
2.03
1.89

1.88
1.81
1.96
1.86

1.86
1.77
1.94
1.78

82076-7

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
1 Width Drive/Sidi

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.

+ 0.3%
+ 0.3%
+ 0.3%
+0.3%

T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.

L
L
T
L

1.176
1.182
1.179
1.175

160
152
160
153

304
305
303
305

21.9
22.9
21.5
24.1

46.8
45.5
42.7
45.5

0.260
0.263
0.265
0.265

0.233
0.235
0.234
0.236

0.227
0.223
0.220
0.223

1.92
2.06
1.90
1.88

1.91
1.91
1.88
1.84

1.86
1.89
1.89
1.81

1.83
1.87
1.84
1.81

82076-8

1 Width O/P Side

Centro
Centre
) Width Drive/Sidi

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.

+
+
+
+

T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.

L
L
T
L

1.183
1.186
1.190
1.182

161
152
155
151

302
305
302
304

23.8
22.2
21.8
23.8

47.0
44.2
45.6
46.3

0.254
0.260
0.261
0.260

0.230
0.232
0.233
0.234

0.222
0.223
0.220
0.224

1.97
1.92
2.05
2.03

1.90
1.93
1.95
1.90

1.83
1.86
1.90
1.88

1.83
1.82
1.88
1.81

82076-9

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drivu/Siil.

0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%

S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.

L
L
T
L

1.187
1.190
1.182
1.181

148
150
154
148

302
303
301
302

23.2
22.6
23.1
24.9

45.4
44.5
43.7
45.8

0.254
0.254
0.252
0.254

0.230
0.229
0.227
0.231

0.224
0.221
0.217
0.224

1.87
1.96
1.92
1.85

1.76
1.83
1.84
1.84

1.84
1.85
1.87
1.83

1.83
1.80
1.83
1.81

82076-10

| Width O/P Side

Centro
Centre
J Width Drive/Sidi

0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%

S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.

L
L
T
L

1.165
1.166
1.169
1.171

149
147
148
145

299
301
300
297

23.6
23.1
22.8
22.5

46.2
45.8
46.9
45.2

0.251
0.254
0.263
0.254

0.229
0.232
0.232
0.233

0.244
0.223
0.222
0.226

1.95
1.79
1.97
1.92

1.87
1.83
1.86
1.88

1.82
1.79
1.79
1.83

1.79
1.78
1.78
1.81

82076-11

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidi

0.8%S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

L
L
T
L

1.200
1.198
1.187
1.191

146
146
148
143

302
303
301
301

22.9
24.0
22.4
24.7

46.7
47.5
40.6
43.2

0.258
0.264
0.262
0.265

0.231
0.237
0.233
0.238

0.225
0.227
0.219
0.226

1.94
1.92
1.86
1.96

1.85
1.87
1.85
1.89

1.84
1.85
1.81
1.84

1.79
1.83
1.77
1.82

0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%

S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.

0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%

TABLE 11
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -TENSILE TEST RESULTS POK COIL82078
Sample
Identity

Gauge
mm

ReL
N/mm2

Rm
RP0.2
N/mm^ N/nim*

A
%

Ag

5-10%

n2
na
10-15% 15-20%

5%

10%

T2

r3
15%

20%

Aao

ni

ri

r4

82078-1

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidi

C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.

Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal

L
L
T
L

1.211
1.209
1.200
1.211

183
192
204
189

293
295
295
293

3.0
3.2
4.3
3.0

25.8
25.4
24.8
24.7

44.5
44.5
43.8
45.7

0.281
0.277
0.282
0.284

0.246
0.245
0.234
0.250

0.236
0.238
0.234
0.239

1.39
1.42
2.27
1.25

1.56
1.60
2.15
1.66

1.62
1.66
2.08
1.63

1.64
1.71
2.07
1.67

82078-2

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidt

C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.

Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal

L
L
T
L

1.210
1.205
1.194
1.195

179
180
196
184

295
297
297
295

2.2
2.6
4.4
2.8

24.4
25.3
24.6
23.8

45.4
46.6
43.5
44.9

0.284
0.286
0.285
0.287

0.250
0.254
0.243
0.255

0.238
0.236
0.233
0.236

1.45
1.55
2.01
1.51

1.58
1.65
1.92
1.67

1.64
1.67
1.91
1.69

1.67
1.67
1.88
1.70

82078-3

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Sidt

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal

L
L
T
L

1.236
1.227
1.239
1.231

181
183
196
181

299
302
299
299

2.2
2.2
3.4
2.0

26.1
24.6
23.0
24.2

46.6
45.7
44.9
46.4

0.285
0.279
0.269
0.283

0.254
0.244
0.237
0.250

0.238
0.236
0.227
0.236

1.64
1.71
1.69
1.75

1.76
1.87
1.78
1.89

1.81
1.91
1.82
1.89

1.81
1.91
1.83
1.90

82078-4

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Orive/Sidi

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.

L
L
T
L

1.185
1.187
1.185
1.190

165
157
161
152

298
300
298
296

23.0
25.6
22.9
23.8

43.8
46.2
43.3
46.0

0.253
0.249
0.254
0.258

0.232
0.230
0.230
0.235

0.226
0.226
0.220
0.229

1.85
1.75
2.04
1.83

1.87
1.83
1.81
1.78

1.87
1.84
2.01
1.88

1.87
1.84
1.97
1.87

82078-5

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidt

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.

+
+
+
+

0.5%T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5%T.L.

L
L
T
L

1.186
1.195
1.190
1.183

156
157
161
157

299
300
298
300

23.9
22.7
21.7
23.2

46.3
43.3
41.6
43.3

0.252
0.251
0.253
0.250

0.231
0.232
0.228
0.231

0.224
0.222
0.220
0.221

1.87
1.86
1.91
1.82

1.83
1.83
1.81
1.78

1.79
1.78
1.82
1.79

1.77
1.79
1.83
1.77

82078-6

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidt

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.

+
+
+
+

0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.

L
L
T
L

1.182
1.185
1.184
1.182

157
168
161
159

300
301
298
299

24.6
22.5
22.3
22.5

45.8
43.9
45.0
44.0

0.246
0.247
0.252
0.244

0.228
0.227
0.226
0.226

0.223
0.226
0.220
0.222

1.86
1.86
1.86
1.81

1.81
1.85
1.88
1.80

1.79
1.78
1.86
1.77

1.78
1.77
1.82
1.77

82078-7

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidt

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.

+
+
+
+

0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.

L
L
T
L

1.195
1.190
1.191
1.190

151
154
160
154

297
300
298
298

24.4
25.0
23.1
22.7

47.6
44.1
41.6
43.8

0.264
0.257
0.256
0.257

0.236
0.234
0.229
0.232

0.231
0.226
0.219
0.225

1.69
1.72
1.86
1.70

1.73
1.81
1.89
1.77

1.76
1.79
1.88
1.78

1.74
1.80
1.88
1.76

820788

J Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
\ Width Drive/Sidt

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.

+
+
+
+

0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.

L
L
T
L

1.177
1.193
1.195
1.174

152
152
169
156

298
298
297
300

23.9
24.2
21.8
23.2

44.8
45.9
44.0
43.7

0.255
0.255
0.249
0.248

0.232
0.232
0.226
0.227

0.227
0.229
0.218
0.224

1.84
1.85
1.96
1.86

1.83
1.83
1.84
1.83

1.81
1.80
1.85
1.84

1.77
1.77
1.81
1.81

82078-9

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Sidt

0.8% S.P.
0 8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

L
L
T
L

1.166
1.172
1.180
1.175

155
149
158
157

300
297
297
300

23.8
23.9
22.1
22.3

42.6
44.1
42.6
43.3

0.248
0.254
0.245
0.243

0.226
0.232
0.223
0.224

0.222
0.227
0.219
0.221

1.85
1.87
1.86
1.84

1.81
1.83
1.80
1.81

1.81
1.83
1.81
1.84

1.79
1 81
1.77
1.85

82076 10

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
\ Width Drive/Sidt

0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

L
I.
T
L

1.197
1.194
1.202
1.201

165
151
157
169

300
299
297
300

23.8
22.5
23.8
23.3

44.9
44.6
45.0
42.4

0.247
0.253
0.249
0.239

0.227
0.231
0.227
0.221

0.220
0.225
0.216
0.221

1.83
1.86
1.96
1.80

1.84
1.82
1.87
1.82

1.81
1.83
1.84
1.79

1.78
1.80
1.82
1.78

82078-11

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
4 Width Drive/Sidt

0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

L
L
T
L

1.173
1.177
1.178
1.169

156
152
158
159

299
299
298
301

22.7
24.1
22.7
21.9

45.3
43.6
41.1
42.7

0.242
0.252
0.247
0.241

0.222
0.231
0.226
0.224

0.222
0.223
0.213
0.221

1.96
1.85
1.79
1.84

1.88
1.85
1.86
1.83

1.86
1.80
1.79
1.83

1.83
1.79
1.84
1.84

TABLE 12
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -TENSILE TEST RESULTS FOR COIL 16528
Sample
Idt-ntily
16528-1

165282

16528-3

16528 4

16528-5

16528-6

Position in Sheet
i Width O/P Side
Centre
Centre
i Width Drivu/Sidi
J Width O/P Side
Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidt
i Width O/P Side
Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidi
i Width O/P Side
Centre
Centre
1 Width Orive/Sidi
i Width O/P Side
Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidi
i Width O/P Side
Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidi

C.R.
C.R.
C.K.
C.R.

Gauge
mm

ReL
N/mm-

Rm
Rp2
N/nim* N/mm-

A.

Ag

5-10%

n2
3
10-15% 15 20%

5%

10%

r3
15%

r<
20%

A8o

ni

ri

r-i

Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal

L
L
T
L

1.000
1.002
1.000
0.999

173
178
189
180

291
293
294
293

2.8
3.0
3.2
3.2

24.6
26.0
24.3
24.4

47.4
45.6
45.4
44.9

0.291
0.294
0.292
0.295

0.255
0.256
0.246
0.261

0.237
0.240
0.233
0.240

1.50
1.64
2.00
1.59

1.69
1.80
2.02
1.80

1.78
1.86
2.05
1.86

1.83
1.87
2.05
1.87

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal

L
L
T
L

0.992
1.005
0.997
1.004

180
175
193
179

298
296
296
296

2.6
2.6
3.5
2.8

24.2
25.1
24.9
25.4

45.0
47.0
45.0
44.2

0.284
0.290
0.281
0.290

0.252
0.254
0.245
0.256

0.235
0.237
0.230
0.241

1.69
1.78
1.41
1.72

1.85
1.87
1.96
1.87

1.85
1.89
1.98
1.93

1.87
1.89
1.99
1.93

C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.

L
L
T
L

1.006
1.028
1.015
1.022

171
168
181
171

298
297
297
297

2.0
2.0
3.0
2.0

23.9
23.9
23.7
24.9

46.4
45.7
45.9
46.1

0.286
0.290
0.281
0.292

0.249
0.250
0.246
0.255

0.235
0.237
0.231
0.238

1.78
1.83
1.74
1.81

1.97
1.94
1.92
1.95

1.98
1.96
1.97
1.98

1.98
1.98
1.99
1.95

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

L
L
T
L

1.002
1.001
0.998
0.993

149
149
150
149

301
301
300
301

24.1
23.3
23.1
23.0

43.2
43.7
43.4
44.3

0.259
0.262
0.262
0.262

0.232
0.233
0.231
0.234

0.223
0.224
0.218
0.225

2.03
1.92
1.99
2.06

2.01
1.98
2.01
2.06

2.03
2.00
2.06
2.04

2.00
1.98
2.08
2.00

L
1.
T
L

0.985
0.996
0.990
0.987

153
155
165
153

297
298
298
296

24.5
23.5
22.1
24.2

44.6
44.4
43.5
44.3

0.245
0.242
0.248
0.243

0.225
0.225
0.223
0.223

0.220
0.219
0.218
0.221

2.01
1.95
2.15
2.20

2.02
1.97
2.16
2.14

1.98
1.98
2.11
2.08

1.96
1.95
2.10
2.05

0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S. P.
0.8% S.P.

L
L
T
L

0.991
0.993
0.991
0.996

155
155
157
163

302
302
300
303

23.9
24.5
23.2
23.7

44.5
43.7
42.5
42.7

0.250
0.249
0.250
0.239

0.227
0.228
0.225
0.219

0.221
0.220
0.217
0.217

1.97
2.05
2.07
2.13

2.00
2.06
2.05
2.09

1.98
2.02
2.07
2.00

1.99
2.00
2.05
2.03

0.8%S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

L
L
T
L

0.989
0.991
0.984
0.990

162
169
156
159

299
300
298
301

23.6
22.8
22.5
22.5

43.9
44.4
43.9
43.5

0.249
0.243
0.251
0.241

0.228
0.223
0.225
0.223

0.224
0.218
0.218
0.220

2.00
1.98
2.25
1.99

2.07
1.99
2.12
1.97

2.05
1.97
2.11
1.92

2.03
1.93
2.10
1.97

Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal

16528-7

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sid.

16528-8

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Sul.

0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

+
+
+
+

0.5%T.L.
0.5%T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.

L
L
T
L

0.992
0.987
0.988
0.994

167
173
163
167

297
301
296
301

22.6
24.4
22.6
22.8

43.2
44.2
43.9
43.9

0.241
0.224
0.243
0.230

0.223
0.213
0.224
0.218

0.221
0.213
0.216
0.215

2.02
1.93
2.19
1.98

2.10
1.91
2.11
1.97

2.03
1.88
2.07
1.97

1.99
1.96
2.04
1.94

16528-9

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Sidi

0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

+
+
+
+

0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.

L
L
T
L

0.983
0.990
0.993
0.991

165
172
164
163

298
300
297
299

23.3
22.6
22.7
24.3

43.3
42.8
43.1
43.7

0.234
0.225
0.242
0.235

0.220
0.214
0.223
0.219

0.218
0.214
0.218
0.218

1.92
1.81
2.10
1.99

2.00
2.09
2.12
1.94

2.00
1.98
2.04
1.97

1.98
1.93
2.04
1.95

16528 10

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
1 Width Drivc/Sidi

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.

+
+
+
+

0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.

L
L
T
L

0.981
0.993
0.988
0.987

155
157
158
155

303
302
301
303

25.2
23.5
23.8
23.8

43.7
42.0
44.0
43.4

0.255
0.253
0.259
0.253

0.230
0.230
0.230
0.231

0.225
0.223
0.219
0.225

2.00
1.94
2.20
2.03

2.00
2.01
2.08
1.99

2.00
1.95
2.04
1.97

1.98
1.94
2.06
1.95

16528-11

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidt

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.

+
+
+
+

0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.
0.3% T.L.

L
L
T
L

0.989
0.995
0.996
0.988

156
158
158
156

304
304
301
306

22.5
22.6
22.2
23.0

43.6
43.6
42.9
42.6

0.252
0.248
0.252
0.253

0.228
0.227
0.227
0.229

0.223
0.222
0.219
0.226

2.40
2.15
2.14
1.99

2.20
2.13
2.08
2.10

2.13
2.09
2.05
2.04

2.11
2.02
2.07
2.03

16528-12

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidt

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.

+
+
+
+

0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.

L
L
T
L

0.987
0.984
0.985
0.990

166
161
159
155

305
303
301
303

22.8
22.8
22.8
22.9

44.0
42.6
44.1
45.9

0.252
0.241
0.251
0.250

0.228
0.224
0.226
0.229

0.222
0.220
0.218
0.223

2.08
1.98
2.02
1.97

2.03
1.98
2.03
1.99

2.04
1.99
2.05
1.92

2.02
1.96
2.02
1.93

16528 13

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
4 Width Drive/Sidi

0.4%S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.

+
+
+
+

0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.

L
L
T
L

0.982
0.995
0.992
0.986

161
155
160
160

304
302
300
303

22.7
24.0
22.2
22.8

44.2
43.9
43.2
44.5

0.243
0.253
0.252
0.244

0.223
0.229
0.227
0.226

0.222
0.226
0.221
0.222

1.96
2.01
2.20
2.01

2.02
2.01
2.16
1.98

1.99
1.98
2.11
1.97

1.99
1.97
2.10
1.97

TABLE 13
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -TENSILE TEST RESULTS FOR COIL .16637
Sample
Identity

Position in Sheet

Process

Direction Gauge ReL

mm N/mni- N/inm-

Rm
N/rnni2

A
%

Ats
%

ABO

5-10%

n->
10-15%

15-20%

5%

10%

15%

20%

"3

T2

f3

f4

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Siil
16637-2 i Width O/P Side
Centre
Centre
I Width Drive/Sid :

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.H. Anneal
CM. Anneal

L
L
T
L

0.844
0.849
0.851
0.843

168
168
177

274
276
273

3.2
4.0
4.4

25.0
24.8
24.5

47.8
45.2
43.9

0.299
0.290
0.291
Test

0.261
0.247
0.248
not

0.245
0.246
0.234
complete!

1.90
1.68
1.77

1.96
1.88
2.06

2.01
1.93
2.14

2.04
1.94
2.15

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneul
C.R. Anneul

L
L
T
L

0.839
0.848
0.841
0.841

170
169
178
167

278
277
276
276

3.6
3.0
4.4
3.4

26.2
26.8
24.6
26.5

48.2
47.7
45.5
46.9

0.295
0.289
0.287
0.297

0.263
0.265
0.247
0.270

0.247
0.248
0.237
0.248

1.73
1.64
1.73
1.68

1.89
1.84
1.98
1.87

C.R. Anneul
C.R. Anneul
C.R. Anneal
O.K. Anneal

1.89
1.85
2.03
1.87

16637-3

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Sill !

1.89
1.79
1.93
1.84

L
1.
T
1.

0.873
0.872
0.870
0.872

157
157
163
158

279
277
275
277

2.0
1.8
3.2
2.4

26.1
25.2
24.4
26.2

50.9
46.9
47.1
45.6

0.298
0.291
0.282
0.300

0.261
0.257
0.253
0.261

0.243
0.243
0.234
0.247

1.91
1.93
1.97
2.02

1.97
1.98
2.02
2.02

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.

L
L
T
L

1.96
2.00
2.02
2.06

16637-4

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
] Width Drive/Sid

1.87
1.75
1.70
1.99

0.860
0.859
0.861
0.859

141
140
144
137

282
279
279
280

25.6
25.1
24.2
25.4

47.2
47.3
41.5
47.9

0.267
0.265
0.259
0.268

0.242
0.238
0.232
0.244

0.234
0.233
0.223
0.234

1.93
2.02
1.98
1.93

1.98
1.98
2.07
1.90

16637-5

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Sid s

1.94
1.90
1.90
1.86

0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0 8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

1.93
1.95
2.04
1.89

L
L
T
L

0.844
0.858
0.843
0.847

149
149
154
149

282
277
279
279

23.B
24.3
24.0
25.0

46.1
46.1
45.2
45.8

0.241
0.236
0.239
0.238

0.224
0.223
0.222
0.223

0.219
0.220
0.215
0.223

2.07
2.10
2.24
2.08

2.00
2.06
2.27
2.02

2.00
1.99
2.27
2.00

16637-6

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Sid s

2.04
2.09
2.25
2.08

0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

L
L
T
L

0.831
0.826
0.829
0.828

144
144
148
142

285
283
280
281

26.0
23.4
22.2
25.2

45.1
46.3
43.0
44.0

0.256
0.252
0.249
0.254

0.235
0.234
0.228
0.236

0.229
0.228
0.223
0.232

2.09
2.18
2.24
2.09

2.15
2.18
2.24
2.11

2.12
2.15
2.25
2.12

16637-7

t Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Sid

0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

2.09
2.18
2.25
2.07

L
L
T
L

0.844
0.849
0.841
0.839

142
140
147
140

284
282
279
282

24.8
26.0
22.6
25.5

46.5
48.8
43.6
45.0

0.255
0.256
0.248
0.257

0.235
0.236
0.225
0.235

0.229
0.232
0.218
0.228

2.01
2.09
2.23
2.31

2.09
2.09
2.28
2.22

2.00
2.03
2.33
2.13

16637-H

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
1 Width Drive/Sid

2.05
2.05
2.35
2.16

0.5% T.l.
0.5% T.l.
0.5% T.l.
0.5% T.I.

L
L
T
L

0.833
0.842
0.846
0.835

155
155
160
155

284
283
280
284

24.6
24.8
24.6
24.4

45.2
45.7
44.1
47.0

0.236
0.235
0.234
0.235

0.225
0.222
0.220
0.223

0.220
0.221
0.217
0.223

2.04
1.91
2.11
2.00

2.09
1.95
2.13
1.94

2 08
1.98
2.14
1.94

2.04
1.94
2.15
1.91

16637-9 J Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
1 Width I)ri\ e/Sul

0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.l.

0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.l.
0.8% S P. + 0.5%T.l.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.l.

L
L
T

0.839
0.848
0.847
0.841

158
155
161
157

286
284
282
285

24.6
23.4
22.6
25.3

45.7
45.9
44.6
45.3

0.234
0.238
0.236
0.234

0.221
0.223
0.222
0.225

0.216
0.221
0.217
0.220

1.89
1.92
2.21
1.94

1.94
1.95
2.15
1.95

1.99
1.92
2.15
1.94

1.95
1.88
2.15
1.92

16637-K

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
1 Width Drive/Ski s

0.4%S.P. + 0.3% T.l.

0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.l.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.l.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.l.

L
1,
T
L

0.835
0.847
0.839
0.831

143
144
149
145

283
285
282
285

26.1
25.0
24.8
24.1

47.3
47.1
48.7
44.7

0.261
0.258
0.253
0.257

0.240
0.238
0.231
0.235

0.233
0.231
0.222
0.230

1.98
1.95
2.27
2.15

2.01
2.02
2.31
2.19

2.01
2.06
2.29
2.17

1.98
2.03
2.26
2.14

16637-11

i Width O/P Side

Cuntre
Centre
J Width Drive/Sid s

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4%S.P.

+
+
+
+

0.3% T.l.
0.3% T.l.
0.3% T.l.
0.3%T.I.

L
L
T
L

0.847
0.842
0.843
0.845

142
145
150
146

285
286
284
288

24.5
25.4
23.5
24.4

44.6
45.7
42.9
45.7

0.261
0.256
0.254
0.258

0.238
0.236
0.230
0.236

0.231
0.226
0.222
0.229

2.01
2.01
2.17
2.18

2.01
2.06
2.21
2.07

1.97
1.98
2.21
2.08

1.96
2.00
2.21
2.04

16637 -1!

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Sid s

0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S.P. +

0.5% T.L
0.5% T.I.
0.5% T.I.
0.5% T.L

L
L
T
L

0.842
0.849
0.846
0.842

146
148
154
149

285
286
283
287

24.3
24 1
23.4
23.2

46.7
45.4
42.9
45.7

0.254
0.252
0.247
0.250

0.236
0.233
0.226
0.232

0.232
0.224
0.218
0.225

1.97
2.07
2.24
2.13

2.01
2.08
2.24
2.12

1.98
2.08
2.22
2.13

1.95
2.05
2.21
2.07

16637-K

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
1 Width Drive/Sid :

0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S.P. +

0.5% T.L
0.5% T.L
0.5% T.L
0.5% T.l.

L
L
T
L

0.848
0.846
0.834
0.848

148
149
154
148

286
287
283
286

23.4
24.1
23.0
24.2

43.7
43.5
43.9
43.5

0.251
0.249
0.249
0.251

0.233
0.232
0.226
0.229

0.225
0.232
0.221
0.225

2.07
2.14
2.19
2.14

2.03
2.15
2.22
2.07

1.97
2.09
2.20
2.06

1.96
2.06
2.20
2.04

166371

0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

+
+
+
+

TABLE 14
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -TENSILE TEST RESULTS FPU CPU. 17430
Sample
Identity

Gauge
mm

ReL
N/min'

RPo.2
N/mm*

Rm
N/mm-

Ag

5 10%

"l

n2
10-15%

15-20%

5%

r-2
10%

15%

T3

"M
20%

Ago

t>3

17430-1

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
1 Width Drive/Sidt

C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.

Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal

L
L
T
L

0.695
0.699
0.694
0.689

166
153
170
163

279
278
281
280

2.8
2.6
3.4
3.0

24.6
23.6
23.8
24.8

45.5
43.9
42.0
42.4

0.283
0.289
0.276
0.297

0.256
0.257
0.240
0.259

0.240
0.234
0.221
0.238

2.02
1.84
2.57
2.06

2.03
1.94
2.64
2.11

2.07
1.95
2.71
2.12

2.00
1.95
2.74
2.12

174302

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sid.

C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.

Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal

L
L
T
L

0.690
0.692
0.691
0.689

162
164
170
178

281
282
279
282

3.0
2.2
3.6
3.6

25.0
24.3
23.0
24.7

45.7
46.1
45.9
46.8

0.289
0.287
0.288
0.295

0.264
0.259
0.248
0.262

0.245
0.242
0.237
0.246

1.96
1.83
2.08
1.88

2.08
1.99
2.27
2.06

2.01
1.99
2.34
2.11

1.99
1.96
2.35
2.11

17430-3

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidij

C.R.
C.R.
C.R.
C.R.

Anneal
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal

L
L
T
L

0.685
0.685
0.688
0.689

154
139
137
139

278
278
278
273

1.4
1.2
1.4
1.6

24.7
24.2
23.6
26.0

44.4
46.1
46.2
46.2

0.291
0.297
0.301
0.307

0.262
0.262
0.258
0.271

0.245
0.242
0.234
0.250

1.24
1.42
1.84
1.34

1.32
1.44
1.84
1.38

1.34
1.41
1.85
1.38

1.32
1.38
1.83
1.35

174304

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Suit

0.4%
0.4%
0.4%
0.4%

S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.

L
L
T
L

0.692
0.693
0.698
0.692

145
141
143
135

288
285
279
284

25.2
25.1
21.4
26.8

44.6
44.2
43.3
45.8

0.248
0.255
0.248
0.264

0.232
0.236
0.229
0.242

0.224
0.230
0.219
0.234

2.28
2.26
2.44
2.34

2.28
2.18
2.49
2.26

2.28
2.16
2.48
2.20

2.21
2.10
2.49
2.12

17430-5

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Sidi

0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%

S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.

L
L
T
L

0.691
0.697
0.683
0.694

153
163
151
149

283
284
277
283

23.5
23.1
22.5
24.6

45.8
43.9
42.7
46.6

0.229
0.232
0.234
0.238

0.225
0.222
0.217
0.226

0.218
0.220
0.209
0.221

2.17
2.34
2.94
2.27

2.16
2.28
2.85
2.30

2.12
2.22
2.79
2.27

2.09
2.18
2.72
2.22

17430-6

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Suit

0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%

S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.

L
L
T
L

0.694
0.688
0.686
0.695

150
147
152
143

285
285
279
282

24.3
25.5
22.6
24.5

45.2
44.5
43.8
45.4

0.239
0.245
0.239
0.251

0.225
0.232
0.223
0.235

0.225
0.227
0.216
0.229

2.22
2.30
2.42
2.05

2.26
2.30
2.49
2.14

2.26
2.22
2.41
2.14

2.21
2.19
2.42
2.08

17430-7

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidi

0.8%
0.8%
0.8%
0.8%

S.P.
S.P.
S.P.
S.P.

L
L
T
L

0.682
0.690
0.692
0.682

148
147
149
143

285
284
278
281

25.2
24.7
23.0
24.1

44.7
45.8
49.5
45.1

0.241
0.246
0.241
0.247

0.227
0.230
0.223
0.236

0.224
0.226
0.218
0.226

2.42
2.45
2.60
2.23

2.39
2.39
2.55
2.23

2.37
2.34
2.56
2.18

2.30
2.27
2.49
2.14

17430-8

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
1 Width Drive/Sidi

0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

+
+
+
+

0.5%T.L.
0.5%T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.

L
L
T
L

0.705
0.703
0.712
0.708

166
157
161
157

284
283
276
279

22.2
23.6
21.2
23.0

41.7
45.0
42.4
44.5

0.217
0.233
0.229
0.229

0.212
0.222
0.214
0.221

0.216
0.224
0.212
0.221

2.33
2.20
2.55
2.13

2.21
2.21
2.56
2.14

2.25
2.18
2.56
2.08

2.24
2.14
2.53
2.06

17430-9

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Sidi

0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

+ 0.5% T.L.
+ 0.5% T.L.
+ 0 . 5 % T.L.
+ 0.5% T.L.

L
L
T
L

0.696
0.702
0.688
0.692

160
158
157
155

282
281
273
280

23.0
22.4
21.5
23.7

44.8
42.4
43.1
43.1

0.226
0.231
0.233
0.234

0.217
0.218
0.217
0.225

0.217
0.221
0.211
0.221

2.38
2.17
2.56
2.32

2.40
2.19
2.62
2.22

2.31
2.13
2.55
2.19

2.29
2.09
2.54
2.13

17430-10

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
i Width Drive/Sidi

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.

+
+
+
+

0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%

T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.

L
L
T
L

0.691
0.699
0.697
0.691

144
143
145
143

280
281
274
281

24.8
23.5
22.6
24.1

45.7
44.7
44.7
46.0

0.250
0.252
0.251
0.265

0.235
0.235
0.226
0.233

0.227
0.227
0.220
0.231

2.21
2.28
2.63
2.18

2.16
2.19
2.53
2.17

2.07
2.15
2.48
2.12

2.06
2.09
2.45
2.10

17430-11

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Sidi

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.

+
+
+
+

0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%

T.L.
T.L.
T.L.
T.L.

I.
I,
T
L

0.696
0.698
0.692
0.692

150
147
148
147

285
284
278
287

23.2
22.7
22.0
23.3

46.5
42.7
42.8
45.1

0.244
0.246
0.248
0.250

0.229
0.230
0.223
0.230

0.223
0.223
0.216
0.227

2.24
2.40
2.42
2.35

2.20
2.37
2.53
2.36

2.20
2.30
2.47
2.32

2.14
2.23
2.48
2.29

17430-12

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Sid.

0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S . P . +
0.4% S.P. +
0.4% S.P. +

0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.

L
L
T
L

0.698
0.700
0.701
0.699

151
152
151
150

285
285
279
288

23.6
22.0
23.0
23.2

45.6
44.0
42.7
46.2

0.242
0.239
0.245
0.247

0.226
0.228
0.224
0.230

0.223
0.223
0.212
0.223

2.35
2.21
2.62
2.23

2.24
2.27
2.57
2.23

2.21
2.22
2.54
2.22

2.16
2.19
2.48
2.18

17430-13

i Width O/P Side

Centre
Centre
J Width Drive/Siik

0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P.

0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.
0.5% T.L.

L
L
T
L

0.691
0.693
0.701
0.691

151
154
150
151

284
285
279
286

24.7
23.2
22.6
23.0

43.9
43.2
43.0
43.5

0.242
0.238
0.246
0.245

0.228
0.227
0.224
0.232

0.224
0.220
0.218
0.223

2.13
2.26
2.48
2.26

2.09
2.23
2.50
2.22

2.06
2.22
2.52
2.21

2.03
2.19
2.49
2.17

+
+
+
+

TABLE 15
MODIFIED STRETCH DRAW RESULTS FOR COIL 82076 AND 82078;
LUBRICATED CONDITION
5

Fracture Height mm

Sample
Identity

Process Condition

82076- 1
82076- 2
82076- 3
82076- 4
82076- 5
82076- 6
82076- 7
82076- 8
82076- 9
82076-10
82076-11
82078- 1
82078- 2
82078- 3
82078- 4
82078- 5
82078- 6
82078- 7
82078- 8
82078- 9
82078-10
82078-11

unch Load, k!N[

OP

Av.

OP

Av.

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

Drew
43.2
41.2
40.3
45.0
42.5
44.3
42.3
45.1
45.1
42.8

44.2
42.4
44.1
42.6
46.1
43.4
44.4
44.9
42.5
43.6
46.9

Drew
47.3
56.8
38.8
46.7
43.8
45.7
46.3
43.5
41.2
53.8

44.2
44.3
47.4
40.6
45.9
43.2
44.8
44.5
43.7
45.5
47.8

62.0
63.0
62.0
62.0
66.5
66.5
65.0
63.8
66.0
65.5
65.0

62.0
62.5
65.0
65.0
66.0
68.0
65.5
65.0
65.5
65.4
67.3

63.5
64.5
66.5
63.0
66.5
68.5
66.0
66.0
66.0
65.0
67.0

62.5
63.3
64.5
63.3
66.3
67.7
65.5
64.9
65.8
65.3
66.4

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

48.9
Drew
47.4
46.8
47.6
47.6
47.4
47.8
48.6
50.8

Sample
Drew
50.8
48.0
46.4
48.3
48.8
48.8
48.2
48.6
50.9

too
54.3
47.9
47.6
47.9
48.6
48.1
48.4
47.8
49.5
50.4

rusty
(51.6)
(49.4)
47.7
47.0
48.2
48.2
48.2
47.9
48.9
50.7

58.5
64.0
57.7
58.5
59.0
60.0
60.0
60.4
62.0
62.6

60.1
63.5
59.3
59.5
60.0
63.0
61.0
61.0
62.6
63.0

59.5
61.5
59.4
59.4
60.0
60.5
60.5
61.1
62.7
62.2

59.4
63.0
59.8
59.1
59.7
61.2
60.5
60.8
62.4
62.6

25

TABLE 16
MODIFIED STRETCH DRAW RESULTS FOR COIL 82076 AND 82078; DRY CONDITION
Punch Load, kN

Fracture Height mm

Sample
Identity

Process Condition

82076- 1
82076- 2
82076- 3
82076- 4
82076- 5
82076- 6
82076- 7
82076- 8
82076- 9
82076-10
82076-11

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3%T.L.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

82078- 1
82078- 2
82078- 3
82078- 4
82078- 5
82078- 6
82078- 7
82078- 8
82078- 9
82078-10
82078-11

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.

OP

Av.

OP

Av.

33.3
29.7

31.3
31.5

67.0
64.0
rusty
62.0
67.5
66.5
64.5
60.0
64.5
64.5
65.6

60.5
63.0

64.2
63.7

30.7
31.8
31.0
30.6
28.3
28.3
31.4
30.7

31.5
30.4
too
29.8
31.4
30.5
30.6
29.1
29.9
30.6
30.7

65.0
64.0

29.0
31.6
30.4
30.1
28.7
30.8
31.1
31.4

29.9
31.5
Sample
29.8
30.8
30.0
31.2
30.4
30.6
29.3
30.1

64.5
66.0
66.5
65.0
58.5
58.5
65.0
65.0

60.5
64.0
62.0
63.0
61.0
62.5
60.0
63.5

62.3
65.8
65.0
64.2
59.8
61.8
63.2
64.7

27.9
29.4
29.4
28.4
29.4
28.4
27.4
27.4
28.4
28.9

29.4
28.4
30.4
27.4
27.4
28.9
27.4
26.9
29.4
28.9

Sample
28.4
29.4
30.4
26.9
27.9
28.4
28.9
27.9
29.4
28.9

too
28.6
29.1
30.1
27.6
28.2
28.6
27.9
27.4
29.1
28.9

rusty
64.0
69.5
67.5
62.5
60.5
59.5
59.5
61.5
63.5
65.0

67.0
67.5
69.0
62.0
59.0
63.5
60.0
61.0
66.0
65.0

65.0
68.5
68.8
60.5
59.5
61.5
62.0
63.0
65.0
63.5

65.3
68.5
68.4
61.7
59.7
61.5
60.5
61.8
64.8
64.5

26

TABLE 17
MODIFIED STRETCH DRAW RESULTS FOR COILS 16528.16637 AND 17430: DRY CONDITION
Fracture Height mm

Sample
Identity

Process Condition

16528- 1
16528- 2
16528- 3
16528- 4
16528- 5
16528- 6
16528- 7
16528- 8
16528- 9
16528-10
16528-11
16528-12
16528-13

Punch Load, kN

OP

Av.

OP

Av.

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5%T.L.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5%T.L.

28.4
26.4
26.8
25.0
23.8
24.5
25.6
24.3
24.9
25.2
26.2
24.2
25.6

28.6
27.8
26.8
26.2
26.6
24.9
25.4
26.4
24.2
26.2
25.2
27.5
26.8

31.4
31.2
29.9
25.2
28.1
26
26.6
27.6
25.9
28.3
25.7
25.0
27.9

29.5
28.5
27.8
25.5
26.2
25.1
25.9
26.1
25.0
26.6
25.7
25.6
26.8

48.5
47.5
50.0
44.0
43.5
44.0
46.0
43.0
44.0
46.0
47.0
43.0
46.0

50.5
50.5
50.5
46.0
48.5
44.0
45.5
47.0
42.5
47.5
45.0
48.0
48.0

57.0
57.0
58.0
47.0
51.0
47.5
50.0
50.0
47.5
52.0
47.0
46.5
51.0

52.0
51.7
52.8
45.7
47.7
45.2
47.2
46.7
44.7
48.5
46.3
45.8
48.3

16637- 1
16637- 2
16637- 3
16637- 4
16637- 5
16637- 6
16637- 7
16637- 8
16637- 9
16637-10
16637-11
16637-12
16637-13

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8%S.P.+ 0.5%T.L.
0.8%S.P.+ 0.5%T.L.
0.4%S.P.+ 0.3%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3%T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5%T.L.
0.4%S.P. + 0.5%T.L.

41.0
38.1
38.5
36.3
38.8
39.9
42.0
38.6
36.8
36.9
38.5
35.2
37.8

30.3
34.1
33.4
34.7
33.3
36.1
35.0
34.3
31.7
36.5
35.4
37.2
38.5

37.0
34.4
36.1
43.4
33.7
36.1
36.9
34.2
33.6
36.4
34.9
36.2
35.4

36.1
35.5
36.0
38.1
35.3
37.4
38.0
35.7
34.0
36.6
36.3
36.2
37.2

50.5
49.5
51.5
49.0
49.0
49.0
52.0
49.5
48.0
48.5
49.0
47.5
49.5

43.5
46.5
48.0
48.5
45.5
47.0
48.5
46.5
44.5
48.0
47.5
48.0
49.0

50.0
49.0
51.5
52.5
49.5
49.0
51.0
48.5
47.5
49.5
48.5
49.5
49.5

48.0
48.3
50.3
50.0
48.0
48.3
50.5
48.2
46.7
48.7
48.3
48.3
49.3

17430 -1
17430 -2
17430 -3
17430 -4
17430 -5
17430 -6
17430 -7
17430 -8
17430 -9
17430-10
17430-11
17430-12
17430-13

C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
C.R. Anneal
0.4% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.8% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.3% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.
0.4% S.P. + 0.5% T.L.

44.4
36.4
28.9
28.8
29.3
31.4
25.0
25.6
26.8
26.5
27.3
28.0
27.1

36.9
35.0
25.6
31.9
32.7
29.5
28.4
27.4
27.6
26.6
26.3
25.7
27.2

39.0
30.1
24.0
29.4
23.8
26.8
27.1
26.9
26.4
24.8
24.8
24.7
25.9

40.1
33.8
26.2
30.0
28.6
29.2
26.8
26.6
26.9
26.0
26.1
26.1
26.7

43.0
42.0
31.0
35.0
37.0
38.0
30.0
31.0
33.5
33.5
34.5
35.0
33.5

40.0
42.0
27.0
39.5
40.5
36.5
35.5
34.0
34.5
33.5
33.5
32.0
34.0

43.0
49.0
27.0
37.5
30.0
34.0
34.5
35.0
34.5
32.0
32.5
32.0
33.0

42.0
44.3
28.3
37.3
35.8
36.2
33.3
33.3
34.2
33.0
33.5
33.0
33.5

27

FLATNESS
STRESS
(N/rrf
40

IhUEX
>

(I

Unit*>
, Sonplt 1.

20

Hod End.

20

20

10

40

20

60 [

30 JO/Sld.

40 .

20

(la)
O/Sldt

,Sonplt 2.

Sonplt 2a.

20 ,

0.

10

20

10

40

20

60

30

40 .

20 f

(lb)
O/Sld.

. Sonpl* 3.
. Sonplt 3a.

20

Hid C o l l .

Toll End.

10

20 ,

to

40

20

60

30

(lc)
O/Sldt

200

400

600

800

1000

Location oP Measurements

1200

1400

1600

(.rm)

OFF-LINE SHAPE MEASUREMENTS ON THE COIL USED FOR THE

FINAL ACCEPTANCE TRIAL OF THE TENSION LEVELLER
(SKIN PASS ONLY)
28

FIG.l

FLATNESS
STRESS

INDEX

CN/iv*' )

(I

40

20

Unlti)
t

20.

10

20.

10

40

20

60 J.

30 i O / S l d t

20

10

(2a)
O/Sld.

20

10

40

20

60

30.

40

20

20

10

0.57. T e n s i o n L e v e l l i n g .

20

10

40

20

60.

30

1
. 0 7 'T e n s i o n L e v e l l i n g .
1.07.
O/Sldt

<2b>
O/Sld*

? ^X

1.57

Tension

Levelling.

<2c>
D/SId*

O/Sld.

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

L o c a t i o n oP Measurements (.r\r\">

OFF-LINE SHAPE MEASUREMENTS ON THE COIL USED FOR THE

FINAL ACCEPTANCE TRIAL OF THE TENSION LEVELLER
(SKIN PASS -I- TENSION LEVELLING ONLY)

29

FIG.2

4 &

0">

10..

T!

?o

35

4*o

So

Flatness

?o

I nde (I

3o

i<5o

Units)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FLATNESS INDEX AND TOTAL WAVE HEIGHT

FOR A 2m SAMPLE

FIG.3

Before T e n d o n l e v e l l i n g .
RFter Tension L e v e l l i n g .

42
"""-.6-"'*

1.5V. E l o n g o t i o n

'.

- -40

3S.

35

34

32

30

O/Slde

ROCKWELL B HARDNESS VALUES ACROSS THE WIDTH OF THE TENSION

LEVELLER FINAL ACCEPTANCE TRIAL COIL SAMPLES
30

FIG.4

TRANSVERSE GAUGE PROFILES OF THE TENSION LEVELLER FINAL

ACCEPTANCE TRIAL COIL SAMPLES

31

FIG.5

After C.R.ond Anneoling

Head

Toil
Processing D irectmn

End

End

x !
Portl

Port 2

After Temper Rolling

Processing Direction^
Toil End
Hnd E n ;

Mid Coil

Port 2

Oi'/oSF-

" i d Col

Pon 1

1 r-

After Temper Rolling

0-8% S.?

After Tension Levelling

Processing Direction

Mid Coil

l'i

Hesrt End

Mid Coil

Toil E-id

IP

ix
Port 1

7
x

0.8% S.P

Part 2
I

6
x
CU%SP
0-5%Elono

0-3% Elong

(a)

After C.R. ond Annealing

Head
End

Tall
End

Processing D irection

1!
Port 2

Portl

After Temper Rolling

Processing Olrectior( r
Head End
Toll End

Mid Coll

Mid Coil

u
0-8V.SJ? -

Parti

-I

Part2

I-

0-4% SJ?-

After Tension Levelling

Pfocessiog Oirection
Toll End

lid Coll
12
X

P3
x
Part 2
- = - 0 5 % Elong

Mid Coll

HeadEnd

x
__,

0.4%SP

&
f Q

WO/ J "

0-3% Elong

f* '

" 0-5% Elong

(b)

DESCRIPTION OF ORIGINAL (6a) AND MODIFIED (6b) PROCESSING ROUTES

AND SAMPLING POSITIONS FOR THE PLANT TRIAL COILS

32

FIG.6

80

70.
60..
3
-

50.

40.,

Z
c

30.

20.

Coil

10

10.

<7a)

n
8

Q.

0.47.

C.F..
Rnneoled

-K

0.87.

0.37.
I
0.57.
Tension Level 1ed
CTenper Rolled 0.47.)

Tenper R o l l e d

-2<

80

82076

Process

70,
?Q
C

50.

>
c

4Q

Coil

82078

(7b)

30.
1

u.

20.
10.

Ii

-K
-2C

C.F..
flnnecled

0.47.

^S

11

0.87. S P.

Tenper Rol 1 ed

0.37.
1
0.5*/.
Tension L e v e l l e d
1 (Tenper Rol led 0.47.)

Process

HISTOGRAMS OF DEGREE OF FLATNESS AFTER EACH PROCESS FOR

COILS 72086 AND 72088
33

FIG.7

Coil

20

'

1G528
l0

II

13
12

10

50.

40

SO
4

to

Coil

16637

10

10

12

13

12

13

01

99

40

30

20

COIL 17430

10

C.R.
Annealed

0.4X.
0.8X
Temper R o l l e d

to

II

0.5%
0.3'/.
Tension L e v e l l e d
0.8Z
|
0.47.
Temper R o l l e d

0.5'/.

PROCESS

HISTOGRAMS OF DEGREE OF FLATNESS AFTER EACH PROCESS FOR

COILS 16528,16637 AND 17430

34

FIG.8

Rjmcss
STKESS
<M/wmf>
CO .

H/E C o l l Sample 1
Mid C o l l Sonple 2
T/E C o i l Sonple 3

IMEX
CI U l l l l )
30

AS ANNEALED

(9a)
Coil

FUIWSS

8207G

tnctt

iwex

<H/~t>

(I IMIlt)

to.

10

0.4% S . P .

+ 0.3% T . L .

90

<9d)

C o i l 82076-7
STXEtS
(H/ff>
40 ,

FLATICSS
IICEX
<1 Unlta)
eo.

Sonple 9
Sonple 10
Sonple I I
eo

to

0.4% S . P .

0.8% S . P . ONLY

+ 0.3% T . L .

10

0 .

(9e)

C o i l 82076-8

eo I

10

eo

10,

(9b)
Coil

82076

0.4% S . P . ONLY

0.4% S . P .

+ 0.5% T . L .
(9P)

C o i l 82076-5

0.4% S . P .

eo 1

IO

too

400

too

too

IOOO

(9g)

C o i l 82076-6
O/Slde
0

(9c)

+ 0.5% T . L .

200

0/Sld
400

coo

too

Location of Meoturtnentt

1000
inn)

itoo

Location of Meaturenents <nn>

OFF-LINE SHAPE MEASUREMENTS FOR COIL 82076,

AT VARIOUS PROCESSING STAGES

35

FIG.9

ItM

FLHTW3S
STUCSf

ItCCX

IH/rtti

<) U n l t l )

60 .

30

<10a>
snot
<H/t>

Coil

to .

82078

Fumcss
iwex
<1 U n i t . )
10

0.4% S . P .

<H/rrf>
40 .

Futncss
m i

T.L.

Coil
iTm

+ 0.37.

<10d>

82078-7

Sample 9
Sample 10
Sample 11

<l Unlt>>
10

0.4% S . P .

0.87. S . P . ONLY

Coil

+ 0.3% T . L .

<10e>

82078-8

<10b)
Coil

(0

40

to

to

10

82078

0.4% S . P . ONLY

0.4% S . P .

Coil

+ 0.5% T . L .
<10P)

82078-5

to

10

40

to

(0

to

40

100

90

0.4% S . P .

to 1

Coil

10

82078.

(lOc)

<10g>

82078-6

O/Sldt
0

Coil

+ 0.5% T . L .

200

D/Sidc
400

GOO

MO

L o c a t i o n of Meajurementj

10M

1200

irm)

o/*n.
0

tOO

400

(00

MO

1000

It

Location of Moturment Crm)

OFF-LINE SHAPE MEASUREMENTS FOR COIL 82078,

AT VARIOUS PROCESSING STAGES
36

FIG. 10

AS ANNEALED
FLATNESS
STttH

INDEX

OUnt>

()

40

CO

10

FLATNESS

H/E C o i l SflnpW I
Mid C o l l Sonplt 2
T/E C o l l Sonplc 3

Unit!)

STTSS*

INDEX

<NW>

<I

M I D

0.4% S . P . ONLY
M

10

(11a)

Coll

16528.

to

10

40

20

(lie
Coll

16528-4.

0.4% S.P.
___^_
_

Sonplt 5
Sonpl. 6
Sonplt 7

0 . 8 / : S . P . ONLY

10

40

tO

to

10

Coll

40

to

(lib)

Coll

+ 0.5

T.L.

+ 0.5% T . L .

16528-9.

(lid)

O/Sldc
400

(00

SOO

119

1000

1200

L o c a t i o n of Meaturencntt

1400

to

10

401

to

to.

10

to

10

Coll

+ 0.5% T . L .

16528-12.

0.4% S . P .

Coll

(llh)

+ 0.5% T . L .

16528-13.

(in:

O/Side

O/Sld*

100

+ 0.3% T . L .

16528-11.

0.4% S . P .

lie)

Coll

\(11F

16528.

0.8% S . P .

0.8% S . P .

Coll

10

T.L.

16528-10.

0.4% S.P.

10

+ 0.37.

tOO

1100

O/Std*
400

MO

SOO

1000

IMS

1400

L o c a t i o n of Mosurnntt (rm>

<m>

OFF-LINE SHAPE MEASUREMENTS FOR COIL N0.16528,1620 x 1.0mm

AT VARIOUS PROCESSING STAGES

37

FIG. 11

ISOO

AS ANNEALED
H/E Coll Sonpl* I
Mid Call Sonpl 2
T/E C a l l Sonplc 3

tract*
CH/Mf/>
40

Futncss
iwex
CI U n l t t )
CO

0.47. S . P . ONLY

<12e)

<12a>

Coil

oil

16637.

16637-4.

0.4'/. S . P . + 0.3% T . L .

C12F>

Sonpl S
Sonpl* 6
_ __Scnpl* 7

to 1

Coll

10

16637-10.

0 . 8 / : S . P . ONLY
0.47. S . P . + 0.3'/. T . L .
<i2g>

Coll

<12b>

ttoll

to .

16637.

10

to

10

to

10

to.

10

0 . 4 / : S . P . + 0.57. T . L .

0.8/C S . P . + 0 . 5 ' / T . L .
0

to

10

16637-11,

<12h)

(12c)

to

10

to

10

Coll

16637-8.

Coil

0.87. S . P . + 0 . 5 / : T . L .

0.47.

16637-12.

S . P . + 0.57. T . L .

<12d)

Coil

O/Slde
o

too

oo

too

Location

16637-9.
ooo

looo

itoo

of M*aurnnt

to I

10

O/Sldt

O/Sldo
ioo

<nn>

Coll

tOO

400

000

< 121)

16637-13.
000

1000

IMO

D/Sld
1400

Location oF Mcasurcncntt <m>

OFF-LINE SHAPE MEASUREMENTS FOR COIL NO. 16637,1250 x 0.85mm

AT VARIOUS PROCESSING STAGES
38

FIG. 12

II

Fumcss
trans
/>*/>

Fmncss
iwcx

Ernst

IMXX
tl IMItO

40

10

0.4'/. S . P . ONLY

(13e

<13o)

Coll

M ,

17430-4.

10 ,

0.4*/. S . P .
0

+ 0.3'/. T . L .

<13F
Sawpl 5
Sonplt 6
_ _ _Sonpl 7
40

10

0.8% S . P . ONLY
M

10

0.4% S . P .
0

+ 0.3% T . L .

<13g.
to

10

40

CO

10

<13b>

Coll

to

10

+ 0.5% T . L .

0.4% S . P .

7~~

+ 0.5% T . L .

C13c>
Coll

<13h

17430-8.

0.8% S . P .
0

17430-11.

17430.

0.8% S . P .
o

Coll

to I

10

CO .

10

to

10

Coll

17430-13.

0.4% S . P .

+ 0.5% T . L .

+ 0.5% T . L .

<13d)

Coll

10

17430-9.

COS

400

tOO

S90

1000

1100

Coll

1400

17430-13

O/Sidc

0/Sld

O/Sldc

I*

tOO

400

000

SCO

1000

ItO*

1400

L o c a t i o n of Measurcntntt (rm>

L o c a t i o n of Maturn*nts <rm>

OFF-LINE SHAPE MEASUREMENTS FOR COIL NO. 17430,1250 x 0.70mm

AT VARIOUS PROCESSING S TAGES
39

FIG. 13

If

Coil 82076

TRANSVERSE GAUGE PROFILE FOR TRIAL COILS 82076 AND 82078

AT VARIOUS PROCESSING STAGES
40

FIG. 14

Coil 16528
0/Slo>
O/Side
860u

D/Sld*

D/Slde
J*|l

860u

jdlr
y*""
jffr
f * ^ *

850u

/ ' ""

k^*Swl

,0u
^

^ ^

5W

^Tu
3
-^V -
_

-- o
3

.o
*3
1 -TJ

S
-7
0

To

-Width .

Coil 17430

Coil 16637

TRANSVERSE GAUGE PROFILE FOR TRIAL COILS 16528,16637 AND 17430

AT VARIOUS PROCESSING STAGES
41

FIG. 15

Residual Stress Measurements

Magn 20: Depth 0.2mm: Airgap 0.2mm
100

100

a.
2

400
600
BOO 1000 1200
Position across strip width (mm)
W
Mt l i k

-100

1600

400
600
800 1000 1200
Position across strip widtrt (mm)

200

kal |
WthkUl

1400

1600

100J

100

1
i
'!

1
iI

a.

y^7

&
-40-60-

"74 O;

\
-100

400
600
600
1000 1200
Position across strip width (mm)

lATaofcataal
WaMiLaks

100-

1400

Coll Na 16S28

\1

100-

1600

\/

i
t

.'

M0

200

400
600
800 1000 1200
Position across strip width (mm)

1400

1600

100-

i
1

C
2

1
1

^y/
..'-J

/ ' \

k T

^ /

V
-*%

- . - "

CoB Na 16328

fiO100-

~~ j
200

i
i
400
600
800 1000 1200
Position across strip width (mm)

7 7*
-40-

60- ~7
'"!

1400

100- i

1600

\13

CoH No. 16828

. , '

:
,
200

'

1
I
t
i
1
400
600
800 1000 1200
Position across strip width (mm)

WtfakLak*

RESIDUAL SURFACE STRESS DIFFERENCES FOR COIL 16528

AT VARIOUS PROCESSING STAGES

42

//
:

1 "1

^ I XT-

\
l^ L^/
^<7^

FIG. 16

1400

1600

Residual Stress Measurements

Magn 20 : Depth 0.2mm : Airgap 0.2mm

!
60-

i
i

- f

- r
fc"

20-

5 *
u
T
3 o1 -20-

-2

-f^___i
1
!'

400
600
800
Position across strip width (mm)

BAJackiieaJ

1000

-1000

1200

C o U N a 16637

2CO

L&TntolMl |
VMakUhs 1

WlUUkl

100-

/ - - ~ *

1
!
"" i

-60-

200

"

!
4

1
1

-80-

-100

-r

400
600
800
Position across strip width (mm)

-^
1000

'

12C

100

60-

200-

$
-40-

6
**

\ I

*S

"'

; i

r-*"-

-fr^p.,'''^

S ' l

L^^J-*

^5

/C^\

-60-

C o U N a 16637

100200
UTackaM
WatokUk*

400
600
800
Position across strip width (mm)

1000

200

1200
BLS.Tntilo.1 I
WakikUk* I

100-

400
600
800
Position across strip width (mm)

1000

1200

100-

60-

. ...

1
1
8 **
>

12

40-

--*

' "**** *

*
- ^ ^ ^ i

0-

-20-

\
-80-

200

^ 6

r^ T

-100BJLTaokakal I
M U l i I

.--'

"'

.-j^S^iSr-l

90-

_/-''

13

'jf

-20"
C o U N a 16637

C o U N a 16637

400
600
800
Position across strip width (mm)

Er"

1000

-BO-100-

1200

aiTMkilwl

j~
200

400
600
800
Position across strip width (mm)

RESIDUAL SURFACE STRESS DIFFERENCES FOR COIL 16637

AT VARIOUS PROCESSING STAGES

43

FIG. 17

1000

1200

Residual Stress Measurements

Magn 2 0 : Depth 0.2mm : Airgap 02mm

100

100-

Q.

|
S

2'
'

5
&

luteal |
Lake I

200

400
600
800
1000
Position across strip width (mm)

r ^--+
- ^ - yi \

20
-90-

-100-

1200

BJ.TI
Weba
ft

'

\ i

^ 4

CoU No. 17430

-80-100

!
200

!
400
Position

I
600
BOO
1000
strip width (mm)

1200

Lata I

100

Q.

a.
S

CO

-100
BATacaaleal
WetoaLak*

400
600
800
1000
Position across strip width (mm)

-100

1200

100

200

400
600
800
1000
Position across strip width (mm)

100-

1200

fiQ-

aS.T*caalaat
WetekLaka

400
600
600
Position across strip width (mm)

^'1
-40-

100-

1200

20-

UTeeaekaU

>-=;
!
I
200

Cod Ma 17430

400
600
800
1000
Position across strip width (mm)

RESIDUAL SURFACE STRESS DIFFERENCES FOR COIL 17430

AT VARIOUS PROCESSING STAGES

44

^V^-13

*
,

FIG. 18

1200

Max. surface
stress
(N/mm2)
Maximum surface stress
R
y
E

= Radius of curvature
= i strip thickness
= Youngs Modulus

= jE
R

Double reduced
Yield stress

oy =

650N/mm2

0.17 mm gauge
0.14 mm gauge

10 -

300

400

500

600

700

Blank radius of curvature (mm)

(RMF/TR/F3)

EQUIVALENT SURFACE STRESS TO CAUSE CURVATURE IN D.R. TINPLATE

FIG. 19

Outer surface bends 1 & 3

+Y

RESIDUAL LONGITUDINAL STRESS IN STRAIGHT STRIP AFTER FOUR BENDS

OF DECREASING CURVATURE

46

FIG.20

Penetration
(mm)
Roll leveller
68 mm dia. at 70 mm centres

8 -

50

100

150

200

250

Effective radius of curvature (mm)

(RMF/TR/F5)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROLL PENETRATION AND EFFECTIVE RADIUS OF CURVATURE

FIG. 21

Radius of curvature
under rollers
(mm)
250

200

150

Non linear reduction t

in curvature

100

Present "wedge" setting

(exaggerated")

50 -

Penetration
setting of rollers
(mm)

10

12

Roller No.

PRESENT SETTING OF ROLLER LEVELLERS ("WEDGE")

48

FIG.22

Radius of curvature
under rollers
(mm)
250

200

150
Top frame split

100

3<g
50 -

Penetration
setting of rollers
(mm)

12

10

2
Roller No.

Roller No.

MODIFIED SETTING OF ROLLER LEVELLERS

49

FIG.23

Imposed lap angle

(Degrees)
60

0.17mm D. R.
0.20mm S. R.

... ^Residual lap angle

Imposed lap angle

10

20

30

40

50

Actual lap angle minus springback (Degreess)

EFFECTS OF SPRINGBACK IN D. R. AND S. R. TINPLATE DURING TENSION LEVELLING

FIG. 24

Lap angle / mesh adjustment

25mm-100mm
Bending rolls
Load cell

'Of \

\ /

Load cell

v__^

-p(^

Variable speed
carriage actuator

Drive
motor

2>
Adjustable tension cylinder

(RMF/TR/Fl)

PILOT TENSION LEVELLER RIG

FIG. 25

2500
2250
2000

7
01

c
3

>

L.
3

1750..
1500..
1250.:

en
3

1000
750
500..
250

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

Tension Stress CN/nm )

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TENSION STRESS, PENETRATION AND RADIUS

OF CURVATURE OF 3.1mm HOT DIPPED GALVANISED MATERIAL FOR A
45mm DIAMETER BENDING ROLL

52

FIG.26

APPENDIX I
OFF-LINE SHAPE ASSESSMENT
Off-line shape measurements were carried out on all the samples using the contour following technique.
This uses a precision LVDT type transducer which traverses lightly over the surface contour of each
sample in the rolling direction. Each traverse was carried out at 50mm increments either side of the
sample width centre line including its extreme edge. The vertical displacement during traverse is logged
at equal time intervals and the number of loggings per traverse (~400) is constant for each measured
sample. At the end of each traverse, the displacement signal is used to calculate the shape value in I Units
as follows:c
d
L2
LI
L

=
=
=
=
=

Traverse Increment Length (Constant)

Vertical Displacement
Surface Contour: Increment Length
Surface Contour: Total Length
Length of Traverse (Constant)

L2 = V(d2+ C 2)
LI = 2L2
L = Sc
Length Differential
I Units

= LI - L
L
= (LI - L) x 1Q5
L

The collective results for each sample are computed eliminating any camber that may be present.

53

APPENDIX II
DETAILS OF TENSILE TESTING
Tensile tests were carried out according to Standard EN 10 002 Part 1 on 80mm gauge length samples on a
Zwick 1474 machine at an initial crosshead speed of 2.5mm/min increasing to 25mm/min after
determination of proof stress.
Four tests were carried out on each sample sheet, three in the longitudinal direction at width O/S, centre
and i width D/S and 1 in the transverse direction at centre position.
Parameters measured:ReL
Rpo.2
Rm
Ae
Ag
Ago
ni, n2, n3
ri, r2, r3, r 4

= Lower yield strength

0.2% proof stress
= Tensile strength
= Yield point elongation
= Uniform elongation
= Total elongation on 80mm
= Work hardening coefficient at 5-10%, 10-15% and 15-20% strain range levels
= Normal anisotropy ratio at the 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% strain levels

Mechanical Properties Specifications as set out in Standard EN 10130; 1991.

Steel Grade

P0.2
N/mm2
max.

Rm
N/mm2

Ago
%min

FeP04

210

270/350

38

1.6

.180

FeP05

180

270/330

40

1.9

.200

55

90/20
min

90/20
min

APPENDIX HI
DETAILS OF MODIFIED STRETCH DRAW TEST
The modified stretch draw test involves deforming a 117mm diameter blank with a 50mm diameter
hemispherical punch at 1 mm/sec using, in this case, a 50 kN blankholder load. The end point of the test is
fracture of the sample. At the end point of the test the fracture height and punch load are both recorded.
The test is shown schematically below:-

XX^^MKttKKSKKKKgKK^^

\
Failure site

Deforming
area

57

The Communities research and development

information service

CORDIS
A vital part of your programme's
dissemination strategy
CORDIS is the information service set up under the VALUE programme to give quick and easy access
to information on European Community research programmes. It is available free-of-charge online via
the European Commission host organization (ECHO), and now also on a newly released CD-ROM.
CORDIS offers the European R&D community:
a comprehensive up-to-date view of EC R&TD activities, through a set of databases and related
services,
quick and easy access to infq'rrnation on EC research programmes and results,
a continuously evolving Commission service tailored to the needs of the research community and
industry,
full user support, including documentation, training and the CORDIS help desk.
The CORDIS Databases are:
R&TD-programmes - R&TD-projects - R&TD-partners - R&TD-resutts
R&TD-publications - R&TD-comdocuments- R&TD-acronyms - R&TD-news
Make sure your programme gains the maximum benefit from CORDIS
Inform the CORDIS unit of your programme Initiatives,
contribute information regularly to CORDIS databases such as R&TD-news, R&TD-publications and
R&TD-programmes,
use CORDIS databases, such as R&TD-partners, in the implementation of your programme,
consult CORDIS for up-to-date information on other programmes relevant to your activities,
inform your programme participants about CORDIS and the importance of their contribution to the
service as well as the benefits which they will derive from it,
contribute to the evolution of CORDIS by sending your comments on the service to the CORDIS
Unit
For more information about contributing to CORDIS,
contact the DG XIII CORDISUnit
Brussels
Ms 1. Vounakis
Tel. +(32) 2 299 0464
Fax +(32) 2 299 0467

Luxembourg
M. B. Niessen
Tel. +(352) 4301 33638
Fax +(352) 4301 34989

To register for online access to CORDIS, contact:

ECHO Customer Service
BP 2373
L-1023 Luxembourg
Tel. +<352) 3498 1240
Fax +(352) 3498 1248
If you are already an ECHO user, please mention your customer number.

European Commission
EUR 15849 Mechanical working (Rolling mills)
The mechanical and metallurgical effects
of skin passing and tension levelling
T. de la Rue
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
1996 XVIII, 57 pp. 21.0 x 29.7 cm
Technical steel research series
ISBN 92-827-7123-7
Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: ECU 8.50

An exercise has been carried out to investigate the mechanical and

metallurgical effects of skin passing and tension levelling. The investigation
was hampered by a lack of suitable cut sheet orders, nevertheless five coils
were processed using different levels of skin passing and tension levelling.
Full width x 2 m length samples were taken at each processing stage for
measurement of shape, gauge profile, surface texture, tensile mechanical
properties and formability properties.
The investigation showed that for EDD steel qualities low levels of tension
levelling gave a significant improvement in strip shape, but that levels as
low as 0.5% increased strip hardness and the 0.2% proof stress and
reduced the work hardening coefficient n1 such that the material may be
rendered unsuitable for its intended use.

Venta Safg Verkauf

BELGIQUE/BELGIE
Monlteur belge/Belgisch Staatsblad
Rue de Louvain 40-42/
Leuvenseweg 40-42
B-1000 Bruxelles/Brussel
Tel. (32-2) 552 22 11
Fax (32-2) 511 01 84
Jean De Lannoy
Avenue du Roi 202/
Koningslaan 202
B-1060 Bruxelles/Brussel
Tel. (32-2) 538 51 69
Fax (32-2) 538 08 41
e-mail: jean.de.lannoy@infoboard.be
Libralrle europeenne/
Europese Boekhandel
Rue de la Lol 244/
Wetstraat 244
B-1040 Bruxelles/Brussel
Tel. (32-2) 295 26 39
Fax (32-2) 735 08 60
DANMARK
J. H. Schultz Information A/S
Herstedvang 10-12
DK-2620 Albertslund
Tlf. (45) 43 63 23 00
Fax (45) 43 63 19 69
e-mail: schultz@schultz.dk
DEUTSCHLAND
Bundesanzeiger Verlag
Breite Strae 78-80
Postfach10 05 34
D-50667 Klln
Tel. (49-221)20 29-0
Fax (49-221) 20 29 278
GREECE/ELLADA
G.C. Eleftheroudakis SA
International Bookstore
Panepistimiou 17
GR-105 64 Athens
Tel. (30-1)331 41 82
Fax (30-1 323 98 21
ESPANA
Mundl Prensa Libras, SA
Castell, 37
E-28001 Madrid
Tel. (34-1) 431 33 99/431 32 22/435 36 37
Fax (34-1) 575 39 98
e-mail: mundiprensa@tsai.es
Boletin Oficial del Estado
Trafalgar 27-29
E-28010 Madrid
Tel. (34-1) 538 22 95/538 22 97
Fax (34-1) 538 22 67
Sucursal:
Mundi Prensa Barcelona
Consell de Cent, 391
E-08009 Barcelona
Tel. (34-3) 488 34 92
Fax (34-3) 487 76 59
Libreria de la Generalitat de Catalunya
Rambla dels Estudis, 118
Palau Moia
E-08002 Barcelona
Tel. (34-3) 302 68 35/302 64 62
Fax (34-3) 302 12 99

Sales Vente Vendita Verkoop Venda Myynti Forsaljning

ITALIA
Licosa SpA
Via Duca di Calabria 1/1
Casella postale 552
1-50125 Firenze
Tel. (39-55)64 54 15
Fax (39-55) 64 12 57
e-mail: licosa@ftbcc.it

NORGE

GRAND-DUCHE DE LUXEMBOURG

SCHWEIZ/SUISSE/SVIZZERA

Messageries du livre Sari

5, rue Raiffeisen
L-2411 Luxembourg
Tel. (352)40 10 20
Fax (352) 490 661
e-mail: mdl@pt.lu

OSEC
Stampfenbachstrae 85
CH-8035 Zurich
Tel. (41-1)365 54 54
Fax (41-1)365 54 11
e-mail: urs.leimbacher@ecs.osec.inet.ch

NIC Info A/S

Bertrand Narvesens vei 2
Boks6512 Etterstad
N-0606 Oslo
Tel. (47-22) 57 33 34
Fax (47-22) 68 19 01

Abonnements:
Messageries Paul Kraus
11, rue Christophe Plantin
L-2339 Luxembourg
Tel. (352) 499 88 88
Fax (352) 499 888 444
e-mail: mpk@pt.lu
NEDERLAND
SDU Uitgeverijen
Externe Fondsen
Christoffel Plantijnstraat 2
Postbus 20014
2500 EA 's-Gravenhage
Tel. (31-70)378 98 80
Fax (31-70) 378 97 83
OSTERREICH
Manz'sche Verlagsund Universitatsbuchhandlung Gmbh
Siebenbrunnengasse 21
Postfach 1
A-1050Wien
Tel. (43-1) 53 161 (334 Oder 340)
Fax (43-1) 53 161 (339)
e-mail: auslieferung@manz.co.at

BLGARIJA
Europress Klassica Bk Ltd
76, Gurko Street
BG-1463 Sofia
Tel. (359-2) 81 64 73
Fax (359-2) 81 64 73
CESKA REPUBLIKA
NIS CR - prodejna
Konviktsk 5
CZ-113 57Praha1
Tel. (42-2) 24 22 94 33/24 23 09 07
Fax (42-2) 24 22 94 33
e-mail: nkposp@dec.nis.cz
HRVATSKA
Mediatrade Ltd
Pavla Hatza 1
HR-4100 Zagreb
Tel. (38-1)43 03 92
Fax (38-1) 44 40 59
MAGYARORSZAG

PORTUGAL
Imprensa Naclonal-Casa da Moeda, EP
Rua Marqus de Sa da Bandeira, 16 A
P-1050 Lisboa Codex
Tel. (351-1)353 03 99
Fax (351 -1) 353 02 94/384 01 32
Distrlbuldora de Livros
Bertrand Ld.*
Grupo Bertrand, SA
Rua das Terras dos Vales, 4-A
Apartado 60037
P-2700 Amadora Codex
Tel. (351-1) 495 90 50/495 87 87
Fax (351-1) 496 02 55
SUOM l/FINLAND
Akateeminen Kirjakauppa /
Akademiska Bokhandeln
Pohjoisesplanadi 39/
Norra esplanaden 39
PUPB128
FIN-00101 Helsinki/Helsingfors
Tel. (358)121 41
Fax (358) 121 44 35
e-mail: akatilaus@stockmann.mailnet.fi

Euro Info Service

Eurdpa Haz
Margitsziget
H-1138 Budapest
Tel. (36-1)11 16 061/11 16 216
Fax (36-1) 302 50 35
POLSKA
Business Foundation
ul. Krucza 38/42
PL-00-512Warszawa
Tel. (48-22) 621 99 93/628 28 82
Fax (48-22) 621 97 61- Free line (0-39) 12
00 77
ROMANIA
Euromedia
Str. G-ral Berthelot Nr 41
RO-70749 Bucuresti
Tel. (41) 210 44 01/614 06 64
Fax (41) 210 44 01
RUSSIA

SVERIGE
BTJAB
Traktorvgen 11
PO Box 200
S-221 00 LUND
Tel. (46)18 00 00
Fax(46)1801 25

CCEC
9.60-letiya Oktyabrya Av.
117312 Moscow
Tel. (095) 135 52 27
Fax (095 135 52 27
SLOVAKIA

Journal official
Service des publications des CE
26, rue Desaix
F-75727 Paris Cedex 15
Tel. (33-1)40 58 77 01/31
Fax (33-1) 40 58 77 00

Slovenska Technicka Kniznica

Namestie slobody 19
SLO-81223 Bratislava 1
Tel. (42-7)53 18 364
Fax (42-7) 53 18 364
e-mail: europ@tbb1.sltk.stuba.sk

IRELAND
Government Supplies Agency
Publications Section
4-5 Harcourt Road
Dublin 2
Tel. (353-1)661 31 11
Fax (353-1) 475 27 60

MALTA
ICELAND
Bokabud Larusar Blndal
Sk6lavrdustig, 2
IS-101 Reykjavik
Tel. (354)55 15 650
Fax (354) 55 25 560

ISRAEL
R.O.Y. International
17, Shimon Hatarssi Street
PO Box 13056
61130 Tel Aviv
Tel. (972-3) 546 14 23
Fax (972-3) 546 14 42
e-mail: royil@netvision.net.il
Sub-agent for the Palestinian Authority:
Index Information Services
PO Box 19502
Jerusalem
Tel. (972-2) 27 16 34
Fax (972-2) 27 12 19
EGYPT
The Middle East Observer
41, Sherif Street
Cairo
Tel. (20-2)39 26 919
Fax (20-2) 39 39 732
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Unlpub
4611 -F Assembly Drive
MD20706 Lanham
Tel. (800) 274-4888 (toll free telephone)
Fax (800 865-3450 (toll free fax)
CANADA
Uniquement abonnements/
Subscriptions only:
Renouf Publishing Co. Ltd
1294 Algoma Road
K1B 3W8 Ottawa, Ontario
Tel. (1-613)741 73 33
Fax (1-613) 741 54 39
e-mail: renouf@fox.nstn.ca
For monographs see: Unipub
AUSTRALIA
Hunter Publications
PO Box 404
3167 Abbotsford, Victoria
Tel. (3)9417 53 61
Fax (3) 9419 71 54
JAPAN
PSI-Japan
Kyoku Dome, Tokyo Kojimachi P.O.
Tokyo 102
Tel. (81-3)3234 69 21
Fax (81-3) 3234 69 15
e-mail: psijapan@gol.com
URL: www.psi-japan.com
SOUTH AND EAST ASIA
Legal Library Services Limited
Orchard
PO Box 0523
912318 Singapore
Tel. (65) 243 24 98
Fax (65) 243 24 79
e-mail: elaine@leg-liby.demon.co.uk
SOUTH AFRICA

FRANCE
UNITED KINGDOM
HMSO Books (Agency Section)
HMSO Publications Centre
51, Nine Elms Lane
London SW8 5DR
Tel. (44-171)873 9090
Fax (44-171) 873 8463

TURKIYE
Dunya Infotel A.S.
Istiklal Caddesi No 469
TR-80050 Tnel-lstanbul
Tel. (90-212) 251 91 96 / 427 02 10
Fax (90-212) 251 91 97

Miller Distributors Ltd

Malta International Airport
PO Box 25
LQA 05 Malta
Tel. (356) 66 44 88
Fax (356) 67 67 99

Satto
5th Floor Export House,
CNR Maude & West Streets
PO Box 782 706
2146Sandton
Tel. (27-11)883 37 37
Fax (27-11)883 65 69
ANDERE LANDER
OTHER COUNTRIES
AUTRES PAYS
Bitte wenden Sle sich an eln Buro Ihrer
Wahl
Please, address yourself to the sales
office of your choice
Veuillez vous adresser au bureau de
vente de votre choix

NOTICE TO THE READER

All scientific and technical reports published by the European Commission are announced in the
monthly periodical 'euro abstracts'. For subscription (1 year: ECU 63) please write to the address
below.

o
D
00
J*.

co

Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: ECU 8.50

*
OFFICE FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS
* -ggf * OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
^

L-2985 Luxembourg

ISBN

T2-AE7-7153-7