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dH Lebel1 WOHK u `B v &HFFFF& WLOI XOD b WOHK u WOU w BackColor

uJO Label1 WOL `D u QH dR d r ZUd cH
Label1_MouseMove r qL c d cOHM UF p
UF dNE tL q?? uuL WOd qL cOHM wUU
ULdH_ v WOL WOHK u dOG UuKFL UOuuMJ
qJA
qJA w
UA
hM j
dA U nB U n{ j r dC v WOHK b qJA w
Functions
Ud
WFzUA Ud b pc WHKL Zd WU UM WMOF Ud b v ZdL U b

tU b UL UNOM WU Ud ZdL dF
d UO w Wd UG w eU WOM
eU' Ud
p O uO q WOM Ud b pUM s dUF nBK UOuuMJ U w U dc pKF
L
q wML Sin (x) d ULF tUJS x WeK VO WLO V v ZdL U
Str(),
Val(),
Tan(),
Cos(),
Abs(),
Sqr() UNMd Ud sL{ s u p O uO
U
ÒUHL Wu s tU r Vu bF wFOd c US uI p O uO WGK U Ud V
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
q
w UL Form1 uLM b YO ZUd WN rL
qJA
c U W WOd qL V rOLB UM
qJA
tOK dNE c d_ e Click b d q wFOd

d b YO bFK wFOd c b UF
qJA w UL
c e vK dI U u b q r ZUd cH
bFK wFOd c b UF tOK dNE
d Val () eU d s q b r t k
qJA
ZUd c q Sqr () eU

Wb
Zd* UNLLB UNd F w Ud
x,y,z W b_ q
WOML eU pK vK p O uO WG w Ud dBI
max = x
ZUd w UNb d Ud rOLB s UMMJL q WGK q

WU XC ULK
q
y > max
x,y,z b W sO s max d_ bF U UL qO vKF
qJA w sOL wUO jDL UOKLF dO jD U sJL

rF
max = y
p O uO WG s U Od wUO jDL cOHM sJL
q
z > max
d c qOUH sOM qJA w dNE c d WUJ

U I
rF
max = z
max d
3,7,1 b_ sO s d_ bF U d c Ub sJL
WO WKL bU m dOGL w WOM se

m = max (3,7,1)
WUN
qJA
tL s b WLO ld U Lz cOHM bM d
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
qJA
U
c s b?? qJ d_ bF UN U Ud V b?? W UNM q w UuL pb
Ud b O tb r Ud b YO ZUd V Wb w b w UuLL
q?
Ud b b ZUd WU uD
uLM b??? YO Z??U??d??? W??N? rL
qJA w UL Form1
W WOd qL V rOLB U??M?
qJA
e Click b d?? q?? uKDL oOI

w d_ bF b UF tOK dNE c d_
qJA w UL d b YO WuL q
WOd qL s WNUA q u k

bF U UNUu r v??_ WKJ
v_ b_ WuL w d_
bF U??? UNUu r WOU WKJ
WOU b_ WuL w d_
bF U??? UNUu r WU WKJ
qJA
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
WU b_ WuL w d_
WuL qJ b q r ZUd cH

vK dI p bF qJA w UL
bF b UF t?OK dNE c d_
WOM k WuL q w d_
qJA
Ud b l ZUd WU uD
General Declerations WUF UHdF r q qJA w dNE c max d V
WO uD U F Form1 uLMK Wd cU w

pc WU Wd cU dNE u Form1 uLM q UJ w sOOU sOd dI
qJA w UL UNM WUH vKH WIDML w dOAL l{ uLM
Add procedure d dNE w Wb ML WLzUI s r Tools d WUA vK rzuI jd s
qJA w UL
h?M bM q max d r V qJA w dNE w bb cUM w
u Ok vK dIQH WUu Public Function d r cUM pK vK w
qJA w UL U U max d dNE
qJA
qJA
qJA
c b YO uKDL oOI W WOd qL n{ UH max d b

qJA w UL d
qJA
qJA
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
bF b UF tOK dNE c d_ e Click b d q s WIU qJ `

b_ UuL bU max d Ub qL UNUJ V WuL q w d_
qJA w UL d_ WUN w Click b d b YO WHKL
b?? q?? r ZUd cH
dI p?? bF WuL qJ
tOK dNE c?? d??_ vK
w d_ bF b?? UF
WOM k? WuL q
qJA
ZUd w WbL WOd qL b s qK b b dU qJ b k
UA
b WF sO s d_ bF U d WU sJL nO
wNM b WLN _ b b b qL WuL t vK d ndF sJL
d r s b WLO US
s d cHM b uB bM cOHM r c b d w U tOK U UL U
Ub WKL WUu bM cHMO c UJL v tzUb od
w p O uO WG w d WU w Wb L WUF WGOB
UU
d
[Private | Public]
Function
d r WOKJA UFL
d u
Name( Formal Parameters ) As ............

........................
Name = ..........
WLO d r wDF hOB WKL
........................
........................
End Function
wQ U k
U I sOLKJ dAM d ndF WKL q U Private U Public WLK u
d rU Wu d ndF WKL q d Function WLK u
p O uO w UN H Variables dOGL UL qOJA WIdD d r q ]JA
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
d v ZUd s rO ddL b WOKJA UFL s b u

bOu WLOI String, Double q u u d u d ndF WKL WUN w l{u
ZUd v d UbOF w
k b WLO d r vDF UN s hOB WKL d r sLC V
d r bM WLO d ZUd v bOF d
dA
WuM Vd wU U W UUO UIU uI p O uO WGK U Ud WUJ qJAU sF
uM Vd wU U r uU WU vK Vd c UN rd wK bL sOHuLK
WO UFL bU qJA w dNE c UOKLF dO jD o nuLK
_ b +1 x 0.01 x wU_ Vd wdC rB

qJA w UL wzUNM uLM rOLB uJ lu U
Wb
_ b WOUL WU wU_ Vd q
e nuL
0 wdC rB
rF
_ b 1 x 0.01 x wU_ Vd wdC rB
uM Vd wU d
WUN
qJA
qJA
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
General Sub Procerdure
UF dH d
b d w UL b uB cOHM jd Sub WLKJ bU UF dH d dF

b WLO U d b YO d s UF dH d nK tzUb od s cHM q
WOU ULQ UOIK b O d U ZUd v jI
b L s UUO U
WUA vK UuKF d
UNOK Wu{uL _ ULM hzUB bb ?
ZUd v rO b U UOKL d
UU
d d
[Private | Public]
Sub
U d d WU w Wb L WUF WGOB

dH d r WOKJA UFL
Name( Formal Parameters )

........................
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........................
End Sub
wQ U k
c d rU Wu UF dH d ndF WKL q Sub WLK u
qOJA WIdD qJA
p O uO WG w UN H Variables dOGL UL
WIdDU ULKJ UU b d ndF WKL w Private WLKJ Public WLKJ u
d WU w UN Ub w UN H
d v ZUd s rO ddL dOG UL qJ vK WOKJ UF WuL u
U
UD sbF lu b uKDL U UM b UNM q w UuL pUM U
uKDL oI p O uO WGK U Ud V b w UNM q w fJFU wUK _ WLO
d c UNO cHM d q w jI UM b lu b U d d sLC vK
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
q
uLM b??? YO Z??U??d??? W??N? rL
qJA w UL Form1
b exchange rU U d d V
cU w bu WuLL q sbF lu
uD U F Form1 uLMU WU Wd
WO
q?? U??J? w?? s??O??O?U???? s??O? d?? d??I?
WU Wd cUdNE
Form1u??L?M?
vKH WIDML w dOAL l{uLM pc

qJA w UL UNM WUH
qJA
d WUA vK w?? rzuI jd s??

dNE w Wb ML WLzUI s r Tools
qJA w UL Add Procedure d
V qJA w dNE w bb cUM w ?
bM q exchange r sJO d r
qJA
Public
Sub
d r cUM pK vK w hM
dNE u OK vK dI QHU dIM WUu

qJA w UL U U exchange d
qJA
qJA
qJA
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
WOd qL WU{ exchange UH d?? qbF r
Wb
w dNE c UOKLF dO jD o uKDL oOI W

a,b sbF q
qJA w UL d_ WUN w d b YO qJA
temp = a
a=b
b = temp
a,b d
qJA
WUN
WKL w
qJA
Public
WLKJ UMb UM qJA s k??
Ub UJU `B v wuL dS tHdF d ndF

ZUd d s d d q s cOHM
UL sOKJ sOKUF vK u qJA w exchange d s WKL
d q v ZUd s _ bF ddL Double wIOI u s dOG : a
d q v ZUd s wU bF ddL Double wIOI u s dOG : b
b b UNU sJL qJA w UL UF dH d Ub WKL VJ
qJA w UL Call WLKJ
Name [Actual Parameters]
d r
WOKFH UFL
qJA
Call Name( [Actual Parameters] )
d r WOKFH UFL
qJA
WOKFH UFL u s u_ c VKD Ub WKL s Call WLKJ c k

tO cHMO c UJL w tzUb qL WU s b exchange d s UH
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
b d?? q?? exchange d?? Ub qL W V

w sbF lu b UF tOK dNE c d_ e Click dIM
qJA w UL d b YOWuL q
w v_ d Ub WKL Wb uI UM
Call exchange (x,y)
u v_ Ub WKL qJA s k

WOKFH UFL L rOI b y x UL sdOG vK
ZUd s rO WuL ddL r U U U d WU w UL
q w d w UOKLF w UNb UF dH d v
l{u tOKF UF tuL WUu ddL WOKL r d
w l{u WOKJ UF WuL d?? Ub WKL w
qJA
wKJ qUF q cQ d Ub bM d ndF WKL

t qUIL wKFH qUFL WLO
d v sbF sc ddL WOKL r u v_ WuLLK 2 5 sbF U r t dHM
qJA w UL
U U U Lz uJ WOKFH UFL b dc
q oUD V t dc WOKJA UFL bF
s tKUI c wKFH qUFL l wKJ qUF
udU oUD c WE sJL uM YO
qJA v
x
y
x, y
5
a
qJA
2
b
Double
Double
Double
Double
:WOKFH UFL
:uM
:WOKJA UFL
:uM
qJA
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
WLO _ ddL uJ d ndF WKL w wKJ qUF U vK ByRef WLK Xb

uMFU ddL qUFL c s
t qUIL wKFH qUFL wKJA qUFL dOAO d cOHM UM tS uMFU ddL WU w
d r w wKJA qUFL WLO vK dOOG S wUU dc w se lu fH v
t qUIL wKFH qUFL WLO vK dOOG U C wMF
b ByVal WLKJ b r ByRef Xc S w{d l{u w ByRef
uJO UNM
F uu ByRef WLKJ XU u UL uMFU ddL
U vK ByRef WLKJ b r qJA w dNE c exchange d ndF WKL w

ex- d cOHM UM t uMFU ddL sLC uMFU t s ddL uJO cN a wKJA qUFL
d r w wKJA qUFL WLO vK dOOG UL 2 v 5 s a wKJA qUFL WLO dOG change

U C 2 v 5 s dOG u x wKFH qUFL WLO S t qUIL wKFH qUFL WLO vK dOOG U C wMF
ULNOKJ WLOIU uMFU U UF dH d v ZUd s rOI ddL sJL U qJA
WU V p
uMFU t s ddL uJ u b wKJA qUFL U v U C ByRef WLKJ b r t UL
UN H WIdDU cHM exchange d d_ Ub qL
qJA qJA k WHK rO US tB r ZUd cH
qJA
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
qJA
b????????? W?????K??????????
wU uI p O uO WGK U Ud V
ÒUHL Wu s uKF U w VU W U
XU Pass WOBM WLOI U 50 s q WKbL WF XU Fail WOBM WLOI U
pc U BOB VJ d WUu pc uI ZUd vK 50 U d WKbL WF
WUA vK Pass Fail WOM UN ?
UN{d (6,5,4,3,2,1) WOB b_ UFJ US uI p O uO WGK U Ud V
w b Ò b VFJ ld V d vK ZUd u V WUA vK
d c UNO cHM d q
w vK u p O uO WGK U Ud V

Vu bF VU wFOd c VuL wFOd c U U d d
WUA vK VU VuL bF c dF U d d
U sOIU sOzd b ÒUHL Wu s Vu b qI ZUd vK
WUA vK UN{d
25, 16, 9, 4, 1
b_ s qJ WU WuL WOFOd c
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
Variable Scope
dO GL UD
UNO U dF dOGL uJ w d WuL WIDML u p O uO w dOGL

UD
w uM vK tHdF UJ V tUD b dOG

ndF bM p O uO WG w
jI d p q U dF uJ wUU d b q dF
c dOGL (Local) wKL dOGL
W?UF U?HdF r? q dF c dOGL (Form
Level) uL u vK dF
dOGL
L
jI uLM p d tUD uJ wUU uLM Wd cU w (General Declerations)

b Public WLKJ bU dF c dOGL (Public) UF dOGL
b q Dim WLKJ s
ZUd d WU tUD uJ wUU (Standard Module) WOUO
uL u vK dF
] d U d q wK ULb t H r L dOG d
c d q U dF uJ c bOu dOGL u wKL dOGL S WOUO b q dF
] U
tO d
Standard Module WOUOI bu
d w WOd qL s WK cOHM dJ VKD U v ZdL dF UO_ s dO w

w WKJ c WU dJ UH d Zd l d w UA ZUd q lu s
wK UL UOI ZdLK sJL UNO WU lu lOL
bb WOUO b UA
bu pK q d qJ vK ZUd w UuN dJO w WOd qL WK WU
pK WOd qL WK UNO d XU w WHKL luL w oU d cOHM Ub
WO u_ u sJL U s U WOUOI bu
ZUd b WU w b sJL dOG d
UNO XF{ w WOUOI bu q jI b sJL dOG d
b d vK WOUOI bu u WE
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
b u/ u vK d F* dO G* wK; dO G*
b uL u vK dF
wKL dOGL
sO dH `{u w sdL
dOGL
L
U
WO uD UU p O uO WGK U Ud V
q
qJA
U???J? r?? U??N? W?? ?? W??O??d??? q??L? ? V???

d_ e click b d q UuKFL UOuuMJ
d b YO _ e UF tOK dNE c
qJA w UL
d q qJA w dNE w WOd qL V
wU e UF tOK dNE c d_ e click b
qJA
k _ e vK b d dI r ZUd cH
pc qUIL Text hM bM q dNE UJ r
qJA w UL e
r k u .wU d??_ vK b?? d dI
pc qUIL
Text
hM bM q dNE r UJ
qJA
qJA w UL e
qJA
qJA
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
wU V Ò{u sJL

c vD r bookName rU wK dOG ndF r _ d_ e Click b d q
Text1
hM bM q p bF X{d w UuKFL UOuuMJ WOBM WLOI dOGL

e pc qUIL
bb dOGL c bookName rU wK dOG ndF r wU d_ e Click b d q

q WOB WLO W jF r dOGL c t H r L oU dOGLU W t fO
qUIL Text2 hM bM q h dNE r V cN wU eK Click b d
e pc
Click b d sOIU sOzd q U dF uJ YO b dOG dF

lOD w
WO bF dS r wU eK Click b d _ eK

UL d b YO sOIU sOzd s Dim bookName As String WOd WKL `
qJA qJ??A w
qJA
qJA
uLMK Wd cU w (General Decleration) WUF UHdF r q bookName dOGL d

sOIU sOzd q jI fO U dF tM qF r I c q dOGL c ndF Form1
WO uD l p qLF uLM p d WU q UL
s U?? U??J? w?? sOOU sOd d??I?
_ s?? b??O?F? Form1 u??L? M?
uuL hM oUM rJ
uLM Wd cU dNE u tOK
qJA
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
qJA w dNE w Form1
qH v tL rN vK b d dI
uLM s d O WuKF WIDML w
General UNM d Wb M WLzU dNE
qJA
qJA w UL
Dim bookName As String
WKL V ?
qJA w UL Wd cU q

qJA
e pc qUIL hM bM q UJ r uN k u _ e vK b d dI

qJA w UL
r w d c bookName dOGL p w V
Click b d q dF uLMK WUF UHdF
c q s WLO UD UJU U cN _ e?K

Text hM bM q WLOI c d d
qJA
r uN k u?? wU e?? vK b?? d?? dI

w UL e pc qUIL Text hM bM q UJ
qJA
r q d c bookName dOGL p w V
d q U C dF Form1 uLMK WUF UHdF
bookName dOGL UD r bI wUeK Click b
U?? _ e??K? Click b?? d?? ? q??? s?? W??L?O?

UOuuMJ w bookName dOGL WLO d UJU
qJA
wU eK Click b d q sUuKFL

Public Variable
UF dO G *
WO uD l ZUd d WU tUD U dOG ndF

WO uD UU p b vK ZUd u r bb WOUO b ZUd v n{
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
W??U??A? v??K? w?? r??zu??I?? j??d?? s??

Wb ML WLzUI s r Project d
w UL Add
Module
d dNE w
qJA
qJA w dNE w cUM w
b d dI r Module WuI d
Open vK
qJA
qJA w UL WOUOI buU WU WOd qL WUJ WBBL cUM p bF dNE
UHdF r u r I c vK WbK Decleration General ULKJ cUM pK vK w dNE
WOUOI buU U WUF
qJA
qJA
WUOB o WKL c VJ vK oU WUF UHdF r q UF dOGL ndF WKL V

WO WUF
dOGL r
Public
Name
dOGL u
As
Type
U
Public bookName As String
U ZUd d WU q s U dF uJ u dF

dOGL wMF U Public WLKJ
] L
b U Private WLKJ Dim WLKJ XKLF
p R WIU WKL w Public WLKJ s
jI UNO d] w WOUOI bu d q U dF uJO dFL
dOGL
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
U
WO uD UU p O uO WGK U Ud V
q
WOUOI bu
WKL V r U IU XLKF UL Module1 bb WOUO b n{
WUF UHdF r w bookName rU U dOG ndF W
qJA
qJA w UL bu pK General Decleration

_ uLM
qJA w UL Form _ uLM rL
U???J? r?? U??N? W???? W??O??d??? q??L?? V???
d_ e Click b d q UuKFL UOuuMJ
_ uLM w UJ r dN UF tOK dNE c
qJA
qJA w UL d b YO Form1
q Form2 wU uLM UN Form _ uLM UH W WOd qL V ?

Form1
_ uLM w wU uLM v UF tOK dNE c d_ e Click b d

qJA w UL d b YO
qJA
qJA
wU uLM
vK dIMU p ZUd v Form2 bb U uL n{
dNE w Wb ML WLzUI s rzuI jd w Project
w cUM s uL Form d r Add Form vK dI
qJA
cUM pK w Ok vK dI WUA vK dNE
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
qJA w UL Form2 wU uLM rL

Click b d q UJ r UN W WKL V
uLM w UJ r dN UF tOK dNE c d_ e

qJA w UL d b YO Form wU
qJA
ZUd cOHM
UF tOK dNE c d_ vK dI r ZUd cH
u Form1 _ uLM w UJ r dN
qUIL hM bM q UJ r uN k
qJA w UL e pc
qJA
Click b d q U C dF WOUOI bu q dF

bookName dOGL p w V
L
WLOI dOGL UD r bI Form1 _ uLM w UJ r dN UF tOK dNE c d_ e
e pc qUIL Text1 hM bM q WLOI c dN r UuKFL UOuuMJ WOBM
_ uLM UH k u Form1 _ uLM w wU uLM v e vK dI

Form2 wU uLM uN Form1
r d??N? UF tOK dNE c?? d??_ vK dI ?
uN k u Form2 wU uLM w UJ
pc qUIL
Text1
hM bM q?? UJ r

qJA w UL e
qJA
wU uLM q U C dF WOUOI bu q dF

bookName dOGL p w V
L
_ uLM s U IU t XOD w bookName dOGL WLO UN UJU U cN Form2
Form2 wU uLM q s Form1
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
b?????u????? W????K????????
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lL WOU_ WOU UOKLFU uI (Caculator)
UL qJA w UL WL I dCdD
v??K? u?? ? ?? ? p?? ? O? u?? ? ?O? ? W??G? K? U ? ?? ?U?? d?? V?? ? ?

sOO sOuLM
dD n??B? u?? U?? b??? ? ? U?? u??L?
U C sJL ÒUHL Wu s UNUH tuD bU
ZzUM uL v UI uLM c s
WUA vK UNL WIU WuD bU WU dF b ZzUM uL
V U uL w UNUH WuD bU dD nB U W WOd qL V
ZzUM uL w ULN{d UNL WuD pK bU WU U W WOd qL UC

ÒUHL Wu s We rzU YK wFK{ u U
pc U BOB VJ (Function) d WUu YKL pc du u U
wU lKC ld _ lKC ld du ld dc WUA vK du u UN ?
pO uO WGK Wd WOU bu
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pO uO UIOD UUO VOd WU bu
WbI
b WHKL UNuQ WDO dOGL iF vK XdF o
dOG q w b WLO e YO h wIOI b Ò
WLN _ UUI W??b?? UFOL UUL w d??_ rEM
b WMOF VOd w UUO Vd uU w pc WMOF
bF UFO UHK uU WMOF WOUO dU UU bO p
d
s l{ sJL UL qO vKF uM b w Ud

VU s WuKFL WU bM tO ud sJL b nK w U W b
WbL pK w U
UNM WOUO VOd s dO UM
Arrays
Records
Trees
Stacks
WKB rzu
Queues
Linked lists
Classes
Files
UuHBL

UNuQ U_
UbJL UudL
dOuD U_
WKBL rzuI
UM_
UHKL
b w VOd dOGL iF v dDM bu c w

UuHBL UNL s uU d w rOI s WuL se
U_ UudL
WbJ
Arrays
UuHBL
s b q eOOL bb dOG ULF v t H uM s bF dO UUO l qUF bM U

UUO c q WUF l w dO WKu WIdD c bF UdO s UUO c
One Dimensional Arrays
b bF WU_ UuHB*
r b U L WDdL UUO c UD vK uI WKN WId U O{U l WKJAL q

x0,x1,x2,x3,...,xn
wU uM vK UNM dF r wK qO WUu WHKL dUMF eOOL
L
WO dOGL b UOuuMJ U w UU W w VU U s dOFK
x0,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5
sOI s uJ dOGL c s q r k
dBM qJ nK u (Index) dNH wU x WU c w WuHBL r u dA _
W??_ W?? Id vL?? UU?? O WOL?? w W??KUL WId b?? U?? ?OKF u?? U U?? G iF w
x(0),x(1),x(2),x(3),x(4),...,x(n)
wU qJA c w (Subscripted Variables)
x[0],x[1],x[2],x[3],x[4],...,x[n]
wU qJA b d UG w
WuHBL c w t k WU_ WuHBL bu uM dOGL s WuLL c vK oKD

WU_U UNOL V c UdUM s dBM q eOOL b dR b
U
WU WuHB w u fL w VU U qL w (60,70,90,75,66) rOI q
q
dUMF rO
dUMFUL
60
x(0)
vK x(0),x(1),x(2),x(3),x(4) w x dOGL dUMF rOI qL
70
x(1)
x(3),90 WLOI x(2),70 WLOI x(1),60 WLOI x(0) cQ YO VOd
90
x(2)
66 WLOI x(4),75 WLOI
75
x(3)
66
x(4)
uL w VUD U qJA w WuHBL qL

W L
qJA
x(0),x(1),... dOGL l qUF r oU UL w sO u U V dOGLK UL_ UD bF
UNOK WHKL UOKLF dS p WDO dOGL l qUF r UL
WU_ UuHB* s
bb rO dUMF pK u UdUM b sOOF ZUd w WU_ WuHBL s wMF
WuHBL cN dc w Ue uKDL luL b
WE
W??L? K? J? U?? ?B? ??? ?? w?? ? ? Dim
b?? F? ? w??M? F? Dimension
(Visual Basic) p O uO WG w WU_ WuHBL s r

Dim name (n) as type
wK UL
U UO
YO
jO dOGL r qJA UL qJA WuHBL r name
n+1 u WuHBL dUM b b
(Integer,Float,String,..)q WuHBLK WKJAL dUMF s q u
type
dc w WuHBLK U UJ n+1 Ub Wd sU e v WKL R
U
(Integer) Ò b u s UdUM WF UdUM b x UNL WU WuHB s sK
q
dUMF rO
dUMFUL
Dim x(8) as integer
x(0)
55
x(1)
60
x(2)
qJA w UL Ò b UFO
75
x(3)
dUMF c UL s UNF qUF WuHBL dUMF rOI UD r
70
x(4)
w 2 tL c?? dBMFK 60 WLOI U??D? wMF x(2)=60 U???F?
x(5)
d dUMF rO UD sJL WKUL U bU x WuHBL
75
x(6)
90
x(7)
50
x(8)
qJA
UNM q Wd sU WF e v R c WKL

qU
(0) dH WLOI cQ rO UUD r r w dUMF WuHBL w

(" ") d WLO wIOI Ò WuHBL dUM u WU w U OzUIK
h u s WuHBL u WU w
iF s UNCF nK b dD UN H ZzUM v uu WMOF WLN U ZdLK U sJL

qF bN du w dD qC U s u bO ZdL UNO Wb L WOd qL U
ULM s WuL v ZUd rO I w bO Wd d b qbF dI WKN W{ td
vK WEUL UNb s dG fJF UL dOGL UD w d bO WId d
UuHBL bU UNOL WDdL dOGL sO WF
b sJ dOGL wU dOG w WuHBL
s b se sJL b WLO UNO e s
lu w rOI e String u s UNK Integer u s UNK uJ Q t H uM s UNFOL rOI
s dBM q v UA (Array Elements) WuHBL dUM vL WO Ozd uU d q WI
WuHBL q dBMF p VOd qL (Index) dN WuHBL r bU dUMF c
pO uO w WU_ UuHB* Wd

uL s WOd WOUM s uJ w bu bF WuHBL l qUF WOHO `{u w UL
dUMF s b n b
U
s ÒUHL Wu s dA rb n U US uI p O uO WGK U Ud V
WUA vK t{d WKD R UF UOFL d bFL U r
q
uLM rOLB
qJA w UL True v Label1 WOL _ AutoSize WOU WLO dO hzUB bM s
`B v p qJA w UL True v _ pK WordWrap WOU WLO dO pc
WKbL UF WU UFO wHJ bb dD WU{ wzUIK U WKU Label1 WOL
qJA
qJA
qJA
UF U
c d_ e Click b d q ÒUHL Wu s UF U W WOd qL V
qJA w UL UOFL d bFL V UF q UF tOK dNE
bFL U
WWOd qLV
U????F? b??F? U?? ??
e Click b d q
UF tOK dNE c d_
V UF q
d?? ? ?? ? ? b?? ?F? ??L? ??
qJA w?? UL UOFL
qJA
UOFL d U
c d_ e Click b d q UFK UOFL d U W WOd qL V
qJA w UL UOFL d bFL V UF q UF tOK dNE
ZUd cOHM
ZUd cH
U????F? q?? U??? F? tOK dNE c?? e?? v??K? d??I?
qJA
UOFL d bFL V
U?? bM w _ VUD W q?? ?
En- UH vK jG{
qJA w UL
vK jG{ wU VUD W q r ter

WU U s wNM v cJ Enter UH
WLOdNE U?? s UN bF UF
uLM vK UOFL d??? bFL
qJA k
qJA
U
WE
s ?? r d?? UG w
L d dD WuHBL
w
dUM WF s WU WuHB s U OUO U DD r

b V wU UND b r UN U LO q WO
WuHBL s r C++ WG

int x[9]; wK UL UL w
wU ju s rNU be sc WKD
q
q uD `{u w wUO jD L
WuHBL dUM tO lL dOG sum
tF qUF dL dBMF bd b

i,j
juL s be w dUMFK b

wU ju average
Wb
WuHBL s
DIM x(8) as integer
dOGLK WO rO UD

i = 0 , sum = 0
j=0,c=0
WLO q
x(i)
rF
x(j) > average
sum=sum+x(i)
uLL v qbL dBMF WU{
c=c+1
i=i+1
j=j+1
rF
rF
j<9
i<9
average = sum / 9
c l
average l
WUN
WuHBL dUM b jDL s d _ e
dUMF U ? L? O? q??b?? j??D??L? s?? s??L? _ e???
ju s UNLO be w dUMF UB
dUMF cN wU ju V WuHBL
R
jDL cHM p O uO WGK U Ud V UL vK UL
Multi Dimensional Arrays
UF_ bF UuHB*
v U WOzUM WuHBLU WO WOzUM WU_ dO UuHBL s d u UM

WuHBL UdUM s dBM q eOOL W W v U WO UdUM s dBM q eOOL sOKO
UdUM s dBM q eOOL qO n v U n Wd
WE
WuHBL dUM U k
1 s fO 0 s b
U
u fL w WF U q
q
wU bU U Od u fL w WF U qL
0
60
70
90
75
83
55
80
85
65
75
63
61
64
71
81
82
71
76
88
79
U
WE
VU
WuHBL dUM lOL k

WU dO WU XU u
b u s uJ
UMU wH uLF qL wU nB qL _ sOKO v U W bb t k

UL VUD bb pOK U U w U VU W WdF
L
dO YU nB v Vc UM k 1 UNL w UL w 2 tL c VUD W U
x(2,1) dOGLU U Od UNO UA WF c 61 WF bM wU uLF v tO
x(i,j) dOGLU U Od j r uL i r n w uuL rd v UA U qJA
Ub WK
dO_ UL w
WOU UL w wU VUD W b
U w VU W qL 90 WF
55 v 4 UL w 3 VUD W dO
bb UNLOI WuHBL V
WOzUM UuHB* s
(Visual Basic) p O uO WG w WOzUM WuHBL s r
Dim name (n,m) as type wQ UL
UL qJA
WuHBL r name YO
jO dOGL r qJA
WOzUM WuHB
n+1 u WuHBL uH b WdF s UMMJL
m+1 u WuHBL bL b WdF s UMMJL
(Integer,Float,String,..)q WuHBLK WKJAL dUMF u
type
Ub uU d w Wd sU e v WKL R

nB qL bL_ b w U dC uHB b U UJ (n+1)x(m+1)
dO_ nB v cJ YUU wU nB tOK dUM lOL _
U s dF w W bL_ WF_ uHB x WuHBL
WOzUM WuHB
w qJAU U Od qL u w WF
UdUMF rO UD bF x WuHBL `{u wU qJA
v_ UL
WOU UL
WU UL
_ VUD
wU VUD
YU VUD
ld VUD
0
1
2
3
x(0,0)
x(0,1)
x(0,2)
55
60
x(1,0)
x(1,1)
x(1,2)
75
70
x(2,0)
x(2,1)
x(2,2)
75
90
50
x(3,0)
x(3,1)
x(3,2)
50
50
50
bL_ U
uHB U
dL_ uKU uJL dHB s b bL_ uHBK rOd 12 = 3 x 4 U luL b k

WuHBL dBM WLO vK b WOK q u_ uKU uJL WuHBL dBM r vK b WOK q
qJA w UL uU d w WIU WuHBL qL
dUMF rO
pO uO w WOzUM UuHB* Wd
dUMFUL
0
x(0,0)
55
x(0,1)
60
x(0,2)
uHB lUI s WUM U qL YO bL uH s uJ
75
x(1,0)
WuHBL c dUM bL_
70
x(1,1)
x(1,2)
75
x(2,0)
90
x(2,1)
50
x(2,2)
69
x(3,0)
75
x(3,1)
91
x(3,2)
UF_ wzUM b UN vK U Od bF WOzUM WuHBL l qUF r
U
w 3 U US uI p O uO WGK U Ud V
WuHB q UNMe ÒUHL Wu s WHK u 4
sOO sOR vK WU r s sbF
wU VUD U uL U
WFd UL w D U s W d U
qJA
UF se W WuHBL qJ

v_ UL
WOU UL
WU UL
WFd UL
3
_ VUD
marks (0,0)
marks (0,1
marks (0,2
marks (0,3
wU VUD
marks (1,0)
marks (1,1
marks (1,2
marks (1,3
YU VUD
marks (2,0)
marks (2,1
marks (2,2
marks (2,3
bL_ U
uHB U
q
q UF tOK dNE c d_ e Click b d q UNF{ W WOd qL V
qJA w UL d b YO uKDL V D U
.ZUd cH
uKDL V D U q UF tOK dNE c d_ vK dI
s b?? _ VUDK l?? _ U????F? q??

jI b W qb vK v_ W?? F
dNE? w U?? oUM s?? b??M? qJ
UH vK jGC U?? q?? l? U ?U???
VUD U q?? UN H WIdDU Enter
qJA k YU wU
k u?? Z??U??d??? cOHM s?? U??N? ? b??F?
s??O? I? U?? ? s?? O? ?R?? ? ? v?? K? ? W?? ? U?? ? u?? ?N? ?
qJA
q??J??A?? w?? ?? U?? ?L? ? V?? ?U?? ?M? ? L? ? U?? ?J? ? L? ? w?? ??
qJA
qJA
qJA
UuHBL vK WK
6000, 5000 w 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001 uM w qI L UOuuMJ Wd UFO XU
U OuU U Od WuHB w UUO c q wu vK UM 7000, 5400,
ucL uM w UM d_ Ud 4 UFO qL w b

2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Co1
5100
3500
2100
5010
5800
Co2
3400
4700
7500
8000
7350
Co3
7100
8500
9000
9100
4500
Co4
2100
3400
5700
6000
7000
WM
WdA
WM w Wd UFO qL b w r d
uU d w u UL WOzUM WuHB w UUO c q
WO WK_ s VU Od WuHBL q ?
8000 rd qL c WuHBL dBM U
WuHBL w r dG qL c WuHBL dBM U
WuHBL w _ uLF dUM UL V
WuHBL w YU nB dUM UL V
p O uO WG w WuHBL c s sK
sO u UL U O J dUM dA WuHB dUM WUD WOu V

x(9),x(8),...,x(0) tU uKDLU x(0),x(1),...,x(9) WuHBL XU
tLO s %10 UNO dBM q Ue p WU WuHB dUM qbF U OUO U DD r

WU WuHB q UNMe 8 rb Wd w sOHuL zUF UL U
q WKzU r qUI YO WU WuHB q UNMe duKOJU sOHuL U

WOU WuHBL w t v_ WuHBL w WOUL sOHuL s nu
rNM q be sc sOHuL b d WOU WuHBL q WeL _ WU h ?
WUA vK U d uKO 90 s
nOH ZUd w UA u UF UN WOU WuHBL q WeL _ WU h
UA s UF U d uKO 90 U d t c nuL WKzU r qUI u
U d uKO 90 U q t c nuL WKzU r qUI

WU WuHB q UNMe 8 Ub WOMOD K b UL U
r qUI YO WU WuHB q UNMe bL pK WuM u d U bF U
WOU WuHBL w uM UNd W bF v_ WuHBL w WOUL bL s WMb q
WU se wUNdN v UNM q qu WOU WuHBL s d U bF d ?

x C) + 32 (5/F = ((9
WU WuHB q wUNdNHU d W bF

bU eM bL eM WLU eM WF Ub UML uKOJU UdNJK dNA N rO U
bF WOzUM WuHB q UNMe _ uU U O WHK dN W sd eM
WUA vK UN U O dNA WF_ UML N uL U

WUA vK W dN_ s qJ UdNJ s WLU eM N UN ?
WF_ UML s eM qJ _ uU dN dNA N rO UN
WUA vK UN dN W dH bL eM N bF U ?

WU WuHB q UNMe dA s uJ WO b n U U
Wd UF d r wUIH dH bU U bUB WuHBL q nB U VOd
U??A
p O uO WGK Zd v WO UOKLF dO UDD u
Wb
Wb
Wb
dL bF q
F tM Y
n UdUM b A WuHBL s sKF
A WuHB q
dUM dA
UN rO qb 200 WU WU

First=0
Last=n
First+Last
2
mid =
max = A(0) qF
dL bF q
F tM Y
i =1
i =0
rF
A(mid)=F
A(mid)<F
F = A (i)
First=mid+1
l
uu bF
i tFu
i < 200
rF
rF
First<=Last
A (i) > max
rF
max = A (i)
rF
i=i+1
Last=mid-1
rF
i=i+1
rF
i < 10
l
uu dO bF
max l
l
uu dO bF
WUN
WUN
l
uu bF
mid tFu
WUN
WIU Zd s q WHO U R
Records

q WHK u?? s UuHB WDO dOG q?? UUO se oU w XL bI
UG _ p eU Pu
vL v UN X{dF w u_ q string,double,Integer
p UNd b Wd
L ZdL s UNHdF sJL eU dO u UM
(Record) q U vL U eU dO u_ s
uM w WHK WNUA uJ b WDO dOG s uJ
Vd dOG
u s U u
U
b VOd w U VUD wNOu W OL aU r UUO q
WE
q
UuHBL b lOD
_ p qUIL UL q
WO uDU uI
V UNFOL WuHBL dUM
q uvL bb u ndF
b u s uJ
bb uM s dOG s

tM sKFL dOGL w VUD UUO qOL
p s dOG s bM jI dc q lu e v R bb u ndF WOKL

dc q dOGL pc WUML luL e r uM
wU qJAU U Od q u bb u ndF r
q ndF Wb
q ndF WUN
Type Student
q uI
Name as String
DateOfBirth as Date
OL aU
Grade as Integer
WF
End Type
uI e_ s uJ Student rU (Record type) q u u bb U u UMd

] UM k
nK u uI c s qJ Name,DateOfBirth,GradeWO
w WFL WIdDU uM c s dOG s rStudent u q u UMb `

Dim S as Student
wQ UL WDO u_ w dOGL s
wQ UL UN H Student q u WOd UN tuI Vd dOG u S

S
Name
DateOfBirth
Grade
uU d w qL t WuJL uI U sOF uQ dc w dOGL cN lu e r

wU qJAU
S
S.Name
S.DateOfBirth
S.Grade
WOU qL w sO u UL dOGL c uI rO UD r

S.Name="Ali"
S.dateOfBirth= #01/01/1990#
S
S.Grade=95
Ali
S.Name
01/01/1990
S.DateOfBirth
95
S.Grade
sJL YO q u s bb uM s uJ sJL WuHBL dUM v UM U b

Dim A(3) as Student
w uM vK bb uM s WuHB s
VU s Student u s q u UNO dBM q UdUM WU WuHB s sKF c

w qJA w UL sOF
UdUMF rO UD bF UOd A WuHBL `{u w qJA
A(0)
A(1)
A(2)
A(3)
A(0).Name
A(0).DateOfBirth
A(0).Grade
Ali
01/01/1960
60
A(1).Name
A(1).DateOfBirth
A(1).Grade
Saed
20/04/1960
90
A(2).Name
A(2).DateOfBirth
A(2).Grade
Ahmad
01/05/1980
80
A(3).Name
A(3).DateOfBirth
A(3).Grade
Kamal
11/05/1973
70
WuHBL dBM qI r vK b WOK q dL_ uKU uJL

WuHBL dBM qI WLO vK b WOK q u_ uKU uJL
Ub
A(2).Name WLO b
A(1).Grade WLO b
oU UL w WF_ D s UuKF U U OUO U DD r
vK WK
d? ?
aU UNu b?? WFMBL WdA UNu UO s WO UUO u
lOMB
dOGL c uI rO q _ R w dFL q u s dOG s sK
q r s _ R w sKFL q u s 3 UdUM b WU WuHB s sK
WuHBL c w _ dBMFK WLO
rL
pU dH u w sO u UL h s UuKF vK u
pO uO w Wd

d_ VKD UbM eK (Record) q XE pKF
b dOG q uM YO s WHK UUO WuL se
l qUF WOHO `{u w UL
wMOD K dH u
U
wK UL uI p O uO WGK U Ud V
sL Ud b uK YO s Ud u UUO se

s UNM q sL be w UdL b U
WOU WdL U b s d v_ WdL U b U ULO R vK rFM WU
q
sOL VOd V WO uD UU qL UL cN q_ q
bb uM c s bb dOG W ndF r WdLU WIKFL UUO l bb u ndF
W dOGL q UdLU WIKFL UUO se
WeL UUOU WIKFL WK_ vK WU
q uD
wU Wd UUO l bb U u d
s UN bM U IU XLKF UL bvK ZUd u r bb WOUO b TA
UNM uKF r I w dNE w bb WOUOI buK Wd cU w bb cU dNE p
WUF UHdF WIDM w WIDML c vK WbK Declerations WLKJ General WLKJ
bu pK
bb u??M? ndF W???? WOd qL V???
WIDM q?? WdL s?? qOUH carDetails t??L?
WIU WOUOI buK Wd cU w WUF UHdF
.qJA w UL Wd cU b YO
qJA
tu (Color) uK String u s dOG b r t k

u s?? dOG b???? sO w?? U ? B?
tu (Passenger) Ud bF Integer
Double
u s dOG U O b
U OIOI b tu (Price) sLK

bb uM ndF s XON b
dOG ndF UJU ` carDetails
UJ w bb uM c s d
ZUd q
uLM b YO ZUd WN rL
qJA w UL
qJA
c?? d?? ?_ e?? Click b?? d?? ? q?? ?

UdL UUO q?? UF tOK dNE
WO UL_U r uKDL V
ndF W?? ?? W??O? ? d??? q??L? ? V???
ULU carDetails u s dOG W
qJA w UL car3,car2,car1
se W???? W??O??d??? q??L?? V???
car1 dOGL q v_ WdL UUO
car2 dOGL q WOU WdL UUO
dNE UL car3 dOGL q WU UUO
VOd vK qJA w
U??? W???? WOd q??L?? V??? ?
s UNM q sL be w UdL b
qJA w UL 20000
W?? ??? ? W?? O? ?? ?d?? ? ? q???L? ?? ? V?? ?? ?

qJA
ULO R?? ? vK rFM WU

s d v??_ WdL U?? b?? U??
qJA w UL WOU WdL U b
WHK rO US td r ZUd cH

qJA k WU q w UdL k
qJA
WuHB
UdUM s dBM q qL WuHB s U WuHB
tc U LzU
U Od p cOHM WOHO `{u w UL
U
bU XL UbM Ud oKF UUO se ZUd WUJ oU UL w XL bI
c wu vK WU WOU v_ WdL UUO se car3, car2, car1 w dOG W
tUJS p O uO WGK U Ud VJ sdL c w UdL b UH bM WOKL dO WIdD
WuHB q Wd W UUO se
o UNL U bM WdL hzUB d WOUJ w bb WOU ZUd v nOC
WU bM hzUB dOOG UL l hzUB c XK
q
qL V U IU XLKF UL b??b?? WOUO b?? TA
r q carDetails rU bb u ndF W WOd
b YO WOUOI buK Wd cU w WUF UHdF
qJA w UL Wd cU
qJA
w UL
Form1
u?? LM b?? ? Y?? O ZUd W?? N rL

qJA
uLMK (General
Declerations)
WUF UHdF r q??
dBM W s WuJ cars rU WuHB ndF WKL V Form1

Integer u s dOG ndF WKL V U C carDetails u s
O tKLF
qJA k WuHBLK
qJA
`B uLM WUF UHdF r q dOG ndF bM t dc

uLM p d s q U dF dOGL c
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40000
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Red
25000
Cars (2)
Blue
18000
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Black
38000
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White
22500
Cars (99)
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19200
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3
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n
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c bF l{u qL qJA
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qJA
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1
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Q uUD
qJA
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X(1)= 5, X(2)= 7, X(3)= 11, X(4)=12, X(5)= 20, X(6)= 15, X(7)= 30
i=2, j=3, k=4 dOGL rO
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Y= x(k)*x(i)-x(k-j)
Y= x(i+j)+k*x(k)
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Y= x((j-1)^2)+k*j-i
sOuHBL sOU lL U OUO U DD r dUM 8 ULNM q WF UU A,B UuHB

uLL u w WuHBL l r
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wU uI p O uOWGK U Ud V
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b q UNK w b_ b qI sc sO UHU b zU UL UN
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d wFU Y bU D U WuHB q WKbL WF s Y ?
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wU UOIK W WOd qL V

landNum WFDI r YO s WFD UUO l land rU q jL ndF
area WU L city WMbL block u r
tHdF X c land uM s landClandBlandA UL_ qL dOG W ndF
U IU
10101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
101011010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
10101010110101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
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1010101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
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1010101010101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
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1010101010101010101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
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101010101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010101010
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1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101
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1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101
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1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101
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1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101101010101
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b dOG
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1980 - 1965 1965 - 1955 1955 - 1945
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b u s b u
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bdOG
b n
dOG
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n 100
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n 30-20
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WOKL Wd
512MB s d 128MB s d 4MB - 100KB
WOU w
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Integrated Circuit WKUJ IC WE
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
Number Systems
b???F WLE
tUF w dAF UEM U b ULMO tKL w wzUM UEM uU b U IU X UL

WOKL UNO qN dA U q d WLE UM UL sOUEM sc sO quK WU d pc
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w qJA vK ai UFL s WuLL qL wIOI bF

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w qJAU tU sJL bFK oU qOLU rd WeM s dF (i)
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L (1,0) sOL UM _ 2 wzUM UEM w U_ uJ

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sdL
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= 500
15
+ 0.4
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(16) 10 = (10) 16 k
b d b zU dAF UEM
wzUM bF UE ULMO UM sO
ULNMO oOu j
dA U bF UE Wx VUM
U I wQO UL fJF wzUM UEM v tM qu WuN dA U UEM eOL
WbF WLE_ 5 WOB b_ qu%

bUI bU dAF UEM v WHKL WLE_ s b qu r
..... + a2 x R2 + a1 x R1 + a0 x R0 + a-1 x R-1 + a-2 x R-2 + .....
WE
WO WK_ w UL bF tM u; R UEM U Ud l
bF u S x > y XU

U x bF UE w ÒB
w t H bF u s qI
y bF UE
dAF v dA U UEM s qu
ULFU sJ dAF v wzUM UEM s UN H qu WId l

b 16 U_
dAF v wzUM UEM sO quK 2 U_ s
(12)16 u
U
(3A7)16 u
U
dAF UEM w tUJ v

(12)16 = 1 x 161 + 2 x 160 = 16 + 2 = (18)10
dAF UEM w tUJ v

(3A7)16 = 3 x 162 + A x 161 + 7 x 160
oU b s (10) w A WLO k
= 3 x 256 + 10 x 16 + 7 x 1
=
768
160
= (935)10
sdL
dAF UEM w tUJ v (FE01)16 u
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
dA U v dAF UEM s qu
wU c r 2 vK dAF bF WL XL wzUM tUJ v dAF bF qu XL UbM

wu c 16 vK WL I WOKL d dA U tUJ v dAF bF qu d q w
(A) lC 10 U u UL cQ 10 s q U wU Ud l 15 0 sO d w
0
1
dA
wzUM
dA U
.cJ
0001
U
wU cQ 16 vK WL I WOKL d
wU
47
0000
(47)10 u
dA U UEM w tUJ v
"UM
(B) lC 11 U
16
15
=F
=2
qH_ s
(47)10
(2F)16
bF qu%
2
0010
0011
0100
0101
r WOU UU l q wL wzUM UEM w tKOL UU l
0110
WOUdU dA U UEM w r q bU sOUEM sO qu
0111
qJA w UL t WKUIL
1000
1001
1010
10
1011
11
1100
12
1101
13
1110
14
1111
15
wzUM UEM v dA U UEM s qu

dA U UEM dUM s dBM qJ hB 24 = 16 UL
U
wzUM tUJ U w Vd 60C dA U bF UMb
qJA
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
w qJA w UL WOzUM WOU v WU q u

60C
(0110)2
(0000)2
(60C)16 = (011000001100)2
(1100)2
WOzUM UOU
ZUM uJO
R
dAF UEM w (011000001100)2 WLO U
dAF UEM w (60C)16 WLO U
sOLOI U s bQ
WE
wzUM bF vK UH_ WU{
vK dR dO_ WOUd w
bF WLO
dA U UEM v wzUM UEM s qu
bF e UMS dA U tUJ v wzUM bF qu

WOU q b r sOLO vB s b WOU UuL v wzUM
d _ dD dO_ e u U w dA U UNUJ v
WOU `BO UH tKLJ WOzUM UU l u
dA U tUJ v (101001110)2 wzUM bF u

101001110
U
U O vK e d sJ r S sOLO s b UOU v bF e

UH tKLJ UU l
000101001110
oU b s dA U UEM w UNLOI WOU q b

1
(101001110)2 = (14E)16
u
UNd WOzUM b_ lL
UbM qL WId v U dAF UEM w sb lL uI UbM
UEM w qB c UN H WU w 9 s be sOLd lL ZU uJ
UN H WU w 1 s be sOLd lL ZU uJ UbM pc wzUM
lL' WOKL
wQ U WE l qL WId WdAF b_ lL bM UNb w UN H WIdD b

qL s
1=1+0
qL s
b bOU 0 qL bu
b bOU 1 qL bu
0=0+0
(2)10 = (10)2 = 1 + 1
(3)10 = (11)2 = 1 + 1 + 1
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
sOO sOOzUM sbF lL ZU b

11
11100 +
01101
U
= (01101) + (11100)
(101001)2
101001
u
dD WOKL
dDL rd uJ UbM UL WU s dI u l UN H WdAF b_ d WId l

wzUM UEM w 2 dAF UEM w 10 dI WLO uJ UN H WU w tM dDL s d
sOO sOU w sOOzUM sbF d ZU b
0 10 10
1 1 110 0 01110
(1110)2 - (11100)2
1110
(1110)2
0 10
1 1 0 1 0100
U
(100)2 - (11010)2
10110
u
(101001)2
u
UA
L WHKL WbF WLE_ sO b_ qu WOLKF WU W b pMJL
bF qu
qJA w UL Bin U r WU W v dAF bF qb UMS wzUM UEM w tUJ v (115)10
qJA w UL wzUM UEM w bF WLO vK qB UO c vK dIM dL
qJA
qJA
WOzUM Wd J b WU s WOU UOKLF Zu U sJL
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
WU W bU dAF tUJL wzUM bF qu

dIM r wzUM bF qb r Bin vK dIMU p WU W w wzUM UEM qFH
bFK dAF TUJL vK qBM Dec vK
WU W bU dA U tUJL wzUM bF qu
qJA w UL wzUM bF qb r Bin vK dIMU p WU W w wzUM UEM qFH
qJA w UL bFK dA U TUJL vK qBM Hex vK dIM r
qJA
WE
qu WU W uI
WLE_ sO WOB b_
jI WHKL
uKU dNE WU qFH
UEM vK dIM bM _
bF
qJA
WU W bU dAF tUJL dA U bF qu

vK dIMU p WU W w dA U UEM qFH
r qJA w UL dA U bF qb r Hex
bFK dAF TUJL vK qBM Dec vK dIM
WU W vK sUL
dA U UEM w UNUUJ v WO b_ u
(25931)10
(10110010)2
(2536)8 ?
wzUM UEM w UNUUJ v WO b_ u

(183940)10
(E537D)16
(33706)8 ?
dAF UEM w UNUUJ v WO b_ u

(F5C2B)16 (11110010001)2
= (0111)2 - (1100)2
= (1101)2 + (110)2
wK U ZU b
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
uU w UUO qOL
dc UO b s bM uU w UUO qOL WOHO s YbU b q

8q 1 0 sOLOI b UNO e WOzUM WU w (bit) X w dcK UO b dG
(byte) XU qJA WOzUM UU

WE
bit = binary digit
byte = binary yoked
transfer element
XU
WLK ULF bM sJ (1000) U H wMF (K) uKO WLK S U

rKF q
220 uOK M UGO WLK
230 UOK G UO WLK
240 uOd T dO WLK
_ p?? 210 = 1024 = K UNLO uJ uU d?? UOI uKO

210 w 1000 vK WLO d tKL w wzUM UEM b uU
1024 U
VUM dc s r uU d w tKOL bM bF U
s b s uJ (word) WLKJUc w WHKL WLOI l
uU UN U Ub nK UU
uU( w b_ qO9
U v U b Wd WO uJ b uU q UNKOL v U w b_
L U
Xu s dF UbM sJ U WLOI v U d W s dOF bM
U v U h dL
U WOB b_ qO9
102-1 99 Ud (99-00) WHK?? WLO W qL lOD
pS UdA UU pb U

qJA k
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
dA
0
0
0
.
|
|
|
.
9
9
U
0
1
2
.
|
|
|
.
8
9
qJA
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
X 2 w e lOD b_ s r
s b WLO se pUJS tS qUIL qJA w k UL
22-1 U (3)10 (11)2 Ud uJ X 2 w WHK b 4
010 = (00)2 u UdG
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
X 3 w e lOD b_ s r
s b WLO se pUJS tS qUIL qJA w k UL
23-1 U (7)10 (111)2 Ud uJ X 3 w WHK b 8
010 = (000)2 u UdG
: X m b bM t ZM UM s
2m w UNKL lOD w WHKL rOI b
"1" uKL UU q uJ UbM 2
-1 w WLO d
"0" uKL UU q uJ UbM 0 WLO dG
WLO dG WLO d w U X 4 w e lOD WHK WLO r
U
16=24 rOI b
(1111)2=15 = 24-1 WLO d
(0000)2 = 0 WLO dG
255 0 sO U UNLO d b se U WOzUM WU r
U
qOL WOzUM UU v U 28 U 256 UNKL bd w WHKL rOI b k

255 0 sOU U_
eOd bF WLE WFd bu

193 qOL WOU dO w 128 U 27 193 UNKL
U
bd w WHKL rOI b k
qOL WOzUM UU 8 v U cN b 193 qOL WOU w 256 U 28 U C k b

192 0 sO U b_
sdL
WLOdG WLO d w U X 8 w UNMe sJL rOI s r
600 bF se U WOzUM WU r
XU 2 bU uU w 18 bF q
"UM
wU
18
U
w ZUM wzUM bF lC rwzUM v?? dAF bF u
sOLO vB s b UU
(10010)2=(18)10
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
UH bF U vK WOIL UU UMKL UM k
U WOB b_ qO9
UNL uU q U b_ qOL d b UM

WOU WLLL WIdWLOI U WId
WLOI U WId
WuL U 0 WLOI uJ U U O vB w dO_ WU e WIdD c w
.U b Uu UL bFK WIKDL WLOI qOL qLF UU wU UWU U 1 WOLI
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
XU 2 bU uU w -18 bF q
U
qLJ UU sOL w wzUM qu ZU lC WU U?? _ U O vB w 1 lC

UH WOIL UU
oU UL w UL (10010)2=(18)10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
XU 1 bU uU w +25 bF q

"UM
wU
25
2
U
wzUM TUJL b r Wu bF U _ U O vB w 0 lC
bFK
(11001)2=(25)10
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
sdL
WLOI U WIdD XU 1 w UNMe lOD Wu WLO d U
WLOI U WIdD XU 1 w UNMe lOD WU WLO dG U
WLOI U WIdD XU 2 bU uU w +51 bF q
WLOI U WIdD XU 2 bU uU w -60 bF q
WOU WLLL WId
WLOI U WIdD UL tKL U u bF U
wQ UL WOU WLLL b U U bF U
bFK WIKDL WLOIK wzUM TUJL b
U WLOI WIdD bF qL
v_ WLLL ZUM vL UU lOL w 0 v 1 q 1 v 0 q VKI
WOU WLLL ZUM vL WIU uD ZU v 1 lL
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
WOU WLLL WIdD XU 1 bU uU w -18 rd q
U
WLOI U WIdD UL tKL r s wzUM UEM v 18 bF u

(10010)2=(18)10
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 v 1 q 1 v 0 q VKI v_ WLLL b
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
1
11101101 +
1
WIU uD ZU v 1 lL
11101110
u wK UL WOU WLLL WIdD uU q -18 qOL uJ

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
WOU WLLL WIdD XU 1 bU uU w 43 bF q

"UM
wU
43
1
0
2
1
5
2
1
0
WIU WLOI U WIdD tKL cN Vu bF
2
1
1
0
1
0
1
U
(101011)2=(43)10
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
bF qu%
WOU WLLL WIdD XU 1 w UNMe lOD Wu WLO d U
U
U u bF uJO "0" dO_ WU "1" uKL UU q uJ UbM WLO d

(127)10 = (01111111)2 w Wu WLO d S UM s
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
WOU WLLL WIdD XU 2 bU uU w -50 bF q

"UM
wU
50
5
2
2
1
6
3
1
0
WLOI U WIdD UL tKL r s wzUM UEM v 50 bF u
2
0
1
0
0
1
1
U
(110010)2=(50)10
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
ZUM uJO 0 v 1 q 1 v 0 q VKI v_ WLLL b

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
bF qu%
1
1111111111 0 0 11 0 1 +
1
WIU uD ZU v 1 lL
1111111111 0 0 111 0
u WOU WLLL WIdD uU q -50 qOL uJ

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
UE
VU bF S 1 u U O vB uJ WOU WLLL WId V b qOL bM
vDFL qOLK WOU WLLL US WOU WLLL WIdD qLL VU bF WLO U lOD
dD qu WOU WLLL b sJL YO dD WOKL qON WOU WLLL b
lL v
X 32 bU uU q WOIOI b_ qOL sJL
sdL
WOU WLLL WIdD XU 1 w UNMe lOD WU WLO dG U
WOU WLLL WIdD XU 2 bU uU w +51 bF q
WOU WLLL WIdD XU 2 bU uU w -60 bF q
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
jO uU
WO Oz e WF s uU uJ U IU XdF UL
W'UF* b
dc
Wed*
WO Ozd
d U
qUM
se UD uU
(Input/Output Unit) d U b
uU v s UNd UUO U UNULFU r
(Main Memory) WO Ozd dc
Zd cOHM UM ULOKF UUO se UNO r
(Central Processing Unit) WedL WUFL b
sO Oz sOL v r I
(Arithmetic Logic Unit) oDML U b
dD lL q WOU q WOIDML UOKLF cOHM UNO r
UNUN s w (Control Unit) rJ b
dc d U eNQ rJ
WOKLF c cOHM WUML d_ b uU UN uI u w WOKLF qOK
lL WOKLF uI oDML U b qF

(Bus) qUM
U W v UNLO I sJL uU e WOI WedL WUFL b jd WOzUdN uD WuL
bu WOI WedL WUFL b sO UUO qIM b UUO qU
U b bb dc w tO uu dL uMF bb b sUMF qU
UNF qUF dL d
d_ bu v WedL WUFL b s rJ U qIM b rJ qU ?
UUOK dF qJA c (MDR) q vK bu u oDML U v WU{U
UUO tO e rJ b d U b dc s q oDML U b sO
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
bN bu s UNUI sO v U R UGL WUI

UOKLF dD lL UOKL q dU UcOHM uU lOD WOKL w WLOKF Q pc
UcOHM lOD w ULOKF s b WuL Wed WUF b qJ q WOIDML
WU jO wzUM UEMU VJ w W WGK t eL ULOKF l uU qUF q_ w
(Assembly) lOL WGK RUJ WLOKF qJ ZUd
eOd
b WU UF d qOL uU w WOIOI WOB b_ qOL UM{dF bI
WGK d h c (ASCII) vL L eOd UE UNL eOdK WUOF WLE b VOu uLLB
VOu sO UuKFL U qN UL X WF tM dF e q e 128 u WeOK
0
NUL
SOH
STX
ETX
EOT
ENQ
ACK
BEL
BS
HT
LF
VT
FF
CR
SO
SI
DLE
DC1
DC2
DC3
DC4
NAK
SYN
ETB
CAN
EM
SUB
ESC
FS
GS
RS
US
SP
"
&
'
<
>
DEL
(ASCII) UE (1) b
WF v X nO{ p bF (1) b k A = 65= (41)16 = (1000001)2 UEM c w L

b e??
UGK WOU{ ud Xb YO 128 s
256
u wJ UE Ù WOK_
c d_ dO UG l qUFK WU d A = 65= (41)16 = (01000001)2 `Q d_

buL eOd vL U HK e 65536 = 216 Vu c XU2 X16 b eOd uN v
vK buL eOd kU b UeOd r b ud d s dA UM (Unicode)
(255-0) (ascii) wJ UE w ed U U
dNE w e 256 UN e (6FF)16 v (600)16 s WOdF d_ qL buL eOd UE w

qUJ eOd vK uBK d_ UBL Xd ud pMJL UNM e w b
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
(Unicode) UE (2) b
(ASCII) UE w G d e U
(47)16 u G eOd uJ (1) b bU
U
q
Ahmad WLKJ eOd (ASCII) UE b

wQ UL WLKJ w d q eOd b (1) b bU
A
(41)16
(68)16
(6D)16
(61)16
(64)16
Ahmad = (41686D6164)16
U
q
WLKJ eOd uJO
(416D616C)16 w eOdU WKLL WLKJ U

41
6D
61
6C
Amal = (416D616C)16
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
WLKJ eOd uJO
U
q
(Unicode) UE w d e U
(0641)16 u eOd uJ (2) b bU
U
q
WLKJ eOd (Unicode) UE b

(0672)16
(0632)16
(0631)16
(0642)16
(0642063106320672)16
U
q
WLKJ eOd uJO
dc
dc Uu v uu WId u d s U u eOL U r dc s dO u uU w
eO UM UNM WuMBL UL dUD dO dUD dc c q WUJ dI WOUJ
dO d
dc s WHK u_ uu WId s wQ ULO bM

(Sequential Access)
wFU uu
v UI U qJA We b qJ vK UUO uJ

bu wU dI UJ sO bu q s dL V WMOF b
vK bLF WIdD c w dIK se k UM s WuKDL
v qB b Xu c tM dI bd c UJL wU luL
jd
qO jd u WIdD c qLF w WK_ s ozU
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
(Direct Access)
dI WUJ
dU* uu
Wd UNMO UI sJL b v dc r I WIdD c w

q s Y r WuKDL bu v uu bM UNUu v ub
v b s UI X UL sdBM s uJ uu X uKDL
VKB dI
dOB u bu bu q wUL Y X U O dOB u d

dI VKB dI u WIdD c qLF w WK_ s U C
WOU s n s e v uu X qB ZbL
(Random Access)
wzuAF uu
bd UbMF uM wMe lu qJ uJ dc s uM c w

WOzuA d
tO qBM luL p uM lC U lu vK VJ dI

luL vK bLF U dIK dG L Xu u s dL
(RAM) WO Ozd dc WIdD c qLF w WK_ s
WOUuU v qB UNO uu Wd
wU
(ROM) WLzb dc
WO Ozd d??c?? UL sO Oz sOL v d??c?? rO I sJL

WuU dc
WOOzd dc
WE
RAM = Random Access
UNu s wzuAF uu WId b
Memory.
SRAM = Static RAM.
:(RAM) wzuAF uu d
DRAM = Dynamic RAM.

SDRAM = Synchrounous
UO lDI t dUD d w uL U s WuMB d
Dynamic RAM.
DDR-SDRAM = Double Data
Rate SDRAM.
sOu vK w UNKb w UuKFL bIH UNS UNM wzUdNJ

b ULFU UNO se r :(SRAM) WU WOzuAF dc
RDRAM = Rambus DRAM.
uJ X?? q se ued ued s

Xu d l bIH WMU UuKFL
ued b UNO(DRAM) WdL WOzuAF dc
Xu dL tM bIH luL UL X q se lu
qJA tM wb c S
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
w wUU (SRAM) s WHKJ q QD (DRAM) d uJ

Y WOC
wQ U UNu s dc c u b U b d
WO dc u s Y
(SDRAM)
(DDR-SDRAM)
(RDRAM)
(SDRAM) WMeL WdL WOzuAF dc
W?? ? HUC* Wd?? ? ? W?? ? MeL W?? ?dL WOzu??AF dc
qL Xd UBL w
Wd YO s ULNMO WUI
. dF WF
(DDR-SDRAM)
(RDRAM) Wd* WOzuAF dc
(Cache Memory) WDOu dc
edL ZUFL
WDOu dc
WO Ozd dc
edL ZUFL Wd l WUI WOD (DRAM) d S U qJA

w (SRAM) u s (Cache) vL d uU uLLB b c
WE
WO Ozd dc edL ZUFL sO l{u
ROM = Read Only Memory.

PROM = Programable ROM.
EPROM = Erasable PROM.
EEPROM =
Electricaly Erasable PROM.
l UUO c?? qIMdc s UUO edL ZUFL VKD

UUO b vK UL p?? (Cache) d?? v?? UU U
UNu w UUO UNb r `dL s U OU b w
U d b s qKI WIdD cN VdI qI L w b
uU s O(RAM) d
(ROM) jI dI d
dIK b r s lOMB WKd w b d UNd UM UNO UuKFL qb WLz d

UNM wzUdNJ UO lDI WeL UuKFL bIH UN dUD dO d w jI
(PROM ) WdK WKUI jI dI d
U d fO b d UNd d UNO UuKFL qb dUD dO wNjI dI d q

jI dIK b r s jI b dL b L s Zd sJLO lOMB WKd w
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
wQ U UNM U U dI d s d WK UM

:(EPROM)
` L WdK WKUI jI dI d
UN V WUJ WOKL q sJU OzUdNWUJ dI sJL

EEPROM
WO HM u WF_ bU
:(EEPROM) UOzUdN ` L WdK WKUI jI dI d
` WOKL dI s u U dG WUJ WOKL sJU OzUdN UNO WUJ dI sJL
d bF U Fu lUU r dc lu
WuU dc
UOU
s b_ qu UuKFL se b dUD dO w dOJ UNF WuU dc UL

UNu
:(Hard Disk) VKB dI
WUJ dI
Wd U
9 `D
WOH
8 `D
7 `D
6 `D
5 `D
4 `D
3 `D
2 `D
1 `D
0 `D
b u
`zUHB bF VK d jD
VKB dI
s WN q WO OUMG UL sON s WOKDL Wdzb `zUHB s WuL s VKB dI uJ
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
15000 v qB Wd bU uI b uvK `zUHB c X U D vL WOH q

WuJL `zUHB `D u vK WL d s WuL s WUJ dI r WIOb w
WuLL UUD v r I U L WO OUMG U v uD c r I VKB dIK
qJA w UL WuD qL WHKL uD vK WNUAL U L s WuJL
512 ? ?
UD q l U UUDI q UUO se r
dUL uu WId ULFU WUJ dI r dc c w XU

UM uJ dO Wd b d vK U d dI uJ YO
Vc dI bd UbMF d dL WKB
ULFU U L v
U FU U U L c w UDI s Y r r d d
WuD qJA
U?? b????U?? t??M? d??I?? V??K?B? d??I? v??K? W??U???J? r???
WO OUMGdN
r uB uB jd tA (Magnetic Tape) jdA

uJ WO OUMG U?? ULFU UN c w se
vK j??d??A? d???? X??U?? W??U??u?? W??U???J? d??I?
w UL lU qJA U vK UuKFL e
dI qJA
WOUO a qL w wU qJA b qJA

UuKFLK
qUF WId tKL w tA (Compact Disk) ZbL dI

dI tOK WUJ r W qU t dO VKB dI tF
eO WF WOzu{ U bU tM
(EEPROM)
d?? tA (Flash
Memory)
WFd d??c??
ZbL dI
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USB FireWire cHM
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WFUD WUA q d b
fLK WU VKB dI qGA q d U b
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WO Ozd dc edL ZUFL s QD U uJ WOU eN_ YO Wd
qJA dE Wu WOu UUO qI WO
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ISA = Industry
td WLbI eN_ w uu u bOKI qUM ISA Bus
Standard Architecture
8Mbps WOUOI
PCI = Peripheral
Component Interconnect
AGP = Accelerated
WOUOI t???d?? (ISA
CNR = Communication
s?? d???u??D?? u?? PCI
bus
133Mbps
Graphics Port
USB = Universal Serial Bus
Bus)
WOUOI td WUA dJ b ld qUu AGP Bus
Network Riser
266Mbps
SATA = Serial Advanced

Technology Attachment
WOU eN qu b Yb U qUu USB Bus

UdO WOLd dOUJ wzuC ÙL UFUD q
UN 127 q lOD 12Mbps WOUOI td
q WFd eN qu b ld qUu Fire
Wire
td UdO ubOH dOU WOU WKB d??_

400Mbps WOUOI
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
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VKB d??I? q??u?? b q K U??U??O? q??U??SATA
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SATA
6GbPs v
qOGA UE
b *
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q Zd
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b ed
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rKF q
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sOdL s dO
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rKF q
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(Symbian) UOL
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DefragZ??U??d?? b????
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bM XudJO
(Unix)
fJu
(Mac OS)
uMJ q
(Palm OS)
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(Linux)
fJuO
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UHKLluVOdbM
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Start
All Programs
Accessories
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System Tools
Disk Defragmenter
b?????u????? W????K????????
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()16=(100101)2
()10=(110010)2
()2=(E2F)16
()2=(30)16
()2=(30)10
ZUM s bQK WOLKF WU W b WOzUM b_ vK WO UOKLF d

=1010010-110010111
=1010-1110010
=11110+111010
WLO d U WLOdG wU X 6 w tKL lOD U HK b r
ZUM s bQK WOLKF WU W b WO b_ qOL U WOzUM WU r

(6754)8 ?
(565)16
(23)10
U b WO b_ q
WOzUM UU s U b bU 56
XU 2 bU 340
X 10 bU 865 ?
WOU WLLL WId WLOI U WId bU WO b_ q

X 16 bU +(E2F)16
WOzUM UU s U b bU +44
XU 2 bU -50
XU 1 bU -20 ?
WOzUM UU s U b bU -90 ?
uU q WO b_ q
-25
19
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
(ASCII) UEM WO s q e U
%
ASCII UEM WO UL se U U U r
Palestine
Jerusalem
Saja
Hamza
Unicode UE bU R q b
(Unicode) UEM WO WOdF d u U
(Unicode) UEM WO WOdF ULKJ V

dL
rO ?
(Unicode) UEM WO ud qL w d U

(0679)16
(0630)16
(0042)16
(ASCII) UEM WO ULKJ V
IT
Fatima
Book
Rami
(52454144)16 ASCII)) UEM WO ud qL w WLKJ U
se luL uuK ubOH jd UNb w WIdD U
uU w d d U
EEPROM d
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
EPROM d sO dH U
VKB dI w UUO UNOK e w WIDML r U

d U ULJ W d
qOGA UE bzU U
qOGA WLE W d
(PDA) WOO VOu eN_ qOGA UE d
w b w UL d U b d b U b v WO nM
d U b
d b
U b
UN _
u
wzuC ÙL
VKB dI
fLK UU
WOLd dOUJ
ZbL dI
(Plotter) rd
WO WOU UOKLF d WOLKF WU W bU

(11010)2 X (10011)2
(1110)2 + (F90)16
(159)10 + (101110)2
dAF UEM v WO b_ u
WOLKF WU W bU
(74301)8
(D14FE)16
(1010110)2
wzUM UEM v WO b_ u
WOLKF WU W bU
(100110)8
(ABC348)16
(9570136)10
eOd bF WLE WFd bu
10101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
101011010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
10101010110101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
01010101010101101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
1010101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
1010101010101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
1010101010101010101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010101010101010
101010101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010101010
1010101010101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010
1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010
1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010
1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010
10101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101101010101010
1010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101101010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101011010101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010110101
01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101101
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Case & Power Supply WUD e bMB
bMB
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d (Tower) d q UJ b vK bMB wQ UNUL
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b_ w ATX bF YO
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d* dI d
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WUD cHM
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WUD qu% UH
wK K cHM
WUD e Wd
WFUD u cHM
UF_ UB cHM
bd Wd
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USB cUM
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(DC )
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WOU WOKb Ou w qK
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uDFL dOOG
WUD e b w qD
UNKD u WU w WUD e b dOOG q
(Power supply)
WUD e
qLF ?? bN d UO r

UH s WUD e b
sUO bu nK dU U
UHL pd bM110V/220V
tD v?? p?? R?? 110V v??
220V U w bN YO
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WUD e
bO UNU U sJL YO WdL qOu w u
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220v
ATX WUD e h
110v
D WUD e qL b V uJ sJL
_ WuK w
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w qDF s bQK WUD e qOGA w dB qLF YO

s WU u lOL qBH uI WUD e w fO _ WuK
u_ dC_ pK sO b w XR dB qL r WUD e
UL WOM uJ WU uN rO s bQ WUD e qOFH
ATX
WUD e U
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uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
UNUIK (Motherboard) _ WuK
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BIOS Wd
AGP l{u
dc l{u
WOU USB cUM
ZUFL cHM
ZbL dI u cHM
PCI l{u
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kH WUD
b?? ? ? ?
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d?? I? ? U?? ?U?? ?O? ?
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d?? ??L? ? ? d?? ??I? ? ?K? ? ?
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ATX
WOFu l{uL
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uB WJA d uL
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(Bus) qUM
UNCF WHKL uU e jd WOzUdN uD WuL
WOFu l??{u??L? ?? s?? q??u??M? c??N? u??u?? r??? iF
quM lC quM cN U w w (Expansion
Slots)
UNL WUOF fOUIL

Industry Standard Architecture :ISA
v 486,386 eN w XKLF UUO qI w QD_ b_

u UNu Uu 6 v UNu qB II uOM
Peripheral Component Interconnect :PCI
8 v qB YO UUO qI w UNd V ISA UJ XK
iO UNu Wu 35 v UNu qB ISA Wd UF{

PCI l{u
ISA l{u
Accelerated Graphic Port :AGP
WU bHM w UF_ w rd UKDL W U U

UL YO WUA dJ wFu l{uL qLF PCI u
UNu edL ZUFL v UUO qI w Wd U quM c
wM U
CNR l{u
Communication Network Riser :CNR
rKF q
r (NVRAM ) d vK oKD
qb w UOuuMJK W (CMOS)
UNUM w
d bL eN WU{ qLF UUOK qU b??

uB
Basic Input Output System (BIOS) wU_ d U UE

_ WuK vK uu Wd vK d
v uu s sJL
r UNK bb WU{ bM UNKbF Ò WHKL UN b
BIOS Wd
b jC U ZUd s UOzUIK
UEM b dOOG
UNcG r (CMOS) uLO d Wd vK b c kH r

_ WuK vK uu WU WUD s wzUdNJ UOU
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
(Non Volatile Memory) dUD* dO dI d

WUD WDu b c kH r qOGA b UNOK e dOG Wd qJ vK d
sAK WKU
WOU) cUM*
wzuC ÙL q uUU WOU eN_ qu cUM
d wK ULO U cHM UN qJ QH dOUJ WFUD
cUML c u r_
uI :Universal Serial Bus - USB UOFL wK K qUM cHM
UN 127 qOu sJL WOU Wd wFU qJA UUO qIM
qu d U cUM dF cHML c s U HK
d UUL UFUD q eN UN s
dOUJ
U?? c??U??M?Parallel
Ports
u??? cUM
qd YO u qJA UUO qIM d??

t H Xu w XU X 8 qJ vK UUO
ÙL WFUD q eN UN qu U
hB wFU qJA UUO qIMPS/2 cUM

QH ÒUHL WuK UM Ub cUML c
jI U cUML
WOU cUML
uI wFU qJA UUO qIMSerial Ports q K cUM

q WOK K _ iF _ WuK sO qOu WOKLF
s com ? ? dB UOzUCH qI Q??H? u??L?
Bit by Bit UUO qI lU uJ (communications)
QH ÒUHL Wu fI
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
_ WuK WUC* UuJ*

Central Processing Unit - CPU ed* ZUF*
q b w WUFL UOKL lOL ed uU U
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Random Access Memory - RAM wzuAF uu d

UNUu bIH dUD U O WKLF L UUO se b
(CPU) edL ZUFL
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_ WuK vK U l{u w UNOd
Ribbon Cables UUO WKU _

ZbL VKB dIU UuJL sO UUO U qLF
_ WuK
ZbL VKB dI UUO qU
(Sound Card)
uB d
vK Wb u?? d?? WOK WUL vK UN u

WOuB O UL WMOF Zd s WU u U QD
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qJA qLFO ndF v dJ
bO
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CPU ZUFL Wb VKD
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p U s u bu qDF
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(Mute) uB r l{ w uB WUF ZUd
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b s uBU rJ cU ` q

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dJ ndF w QD
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BIOS
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(Windows Xp)
Computer)
qOGA UE w uB d ndF
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Control Panel WuI b WLzU s
Add HardWare
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Sound Max Audio
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
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bM UO My Computer WuI
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Add New Hardware Devices
Properties
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UN WOF{u d WU dNE
tOK dF bF UCL
This device is working properly
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(Video Card)
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WUA vK dFK WKU U v WU td w WeL uB
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Video Card
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uU( UU u
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g bu UI U b UNM qFH
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UUA s Uu UM UdO
UN rbI UHK WU tA d WU CRT WbOKI WUA
dH u
(LCD)
fL WU
wU `D s uJ WD WU LCD WuK WUA

UdOQ q WU pKN UdJ s WKu WI wJO
q sOF vK wK
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
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WUD b
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WUA v UUO qU pK w WUA w qD U V
WUA d w
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dJ qL s?? b??Q??? U??U??O?? pK h bF q???
WUA d WF uJ qCH
dF qU uJ MB128
UF_ w rd
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hL wMH q s
u{u W u_ j{ vK bI b
dJ WUA w qD V
WKJAL s bQ WUA d b q
dC dL WOU_ u_ b UO
V
w OUMG U w WUA u
w OUMGL d_ W WUA UJ UF q
UUO pK qOu w u
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WOFO dO u u_ w Wb b
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VJL `D vK WU WIDM w sL_ QH vK dIM
Wb ML WLzUI s (Properties) hzUB bM UO
dUE cUM s (Setting)b bM UO
Bit 32 b qF
UN qOGA bM qB u d
b u
Ò qJA WUA d VOd b V

WUA d VOd Uq
(Modem Card)
u* d
sO j??d?? U??N??U??u?? r??? w??? _

tHO WHKL UB WLE uU
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weML nUN UN qOu (Phone) d cHML hB sO
u* UD
Xd ` WU bM UN oOKF
WJA d w uL w qD V
wK u
b WKJAL XOI uL ndF U q?? ?

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WJA b b b V
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s UH Xd lu `HB b L lOD w
UHBL Zd b s UN uu Udu w Ub
qJA
s UB WJ b j{ v U (Internet Explorer)
c v WKdL c w dFM duL qOGA UE
Windows xp qOGA UE w b
UO bM ` (Control Panel) rJ Wu b WLzU s
qJA w UL WLzUI dNE (Internet Options) Xd
WLzU s (Add) WU{ r (Connections) UB UNM U
UNM U qJA WLzU dNE qJA
r Dial-up
Private Network
WJAU U UB
WU r qJA bb WLzU dNE Next o

qJA
dNE Next o r Xd Wb e nU r

pL sJO UB r qO r qJA WLzU

UN r
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URL luL WU U Xd UO rJ Wu
sJO uMF WU w
qJA
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
ou r http://www.google.com
qJA
qJA
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WUD u w qDF c qL NVRAM dUDL dO dc UUO b?? bI WU uN
UNb r pc sA vK U dO b kH_ WuK w qJA k
sJL uB d uB d q _ WuK w (Built in) WbL dJU WU UD
b w UC
wU dJ tb Wd qJ vK uJ ZbL dJ UG WU c w
duL WOFu l{uL
wb UL _ WuK w qU qODF v c dOA b WUA vK UUO dNE UN qOGA bM
UNb
b??????? W????K????????
WUA d l b lu l{u s
CMOS d w e UUO Zd
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UNK d w U WLF tU UN w QD UL U
UNu UNO Wb L e??N?_ YO s quMK WUOFL UOIL sO U?? b?? w
UNd
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
WOOzd dc edL ZUFL
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Wed* W'UF* b
VOd WU _ WuK cUM l dOUF o ZUFL UO r

u UM Slot l{u Socket fI U sOKJ vK wQ ZUFL
Celeron q Intel Wd UNFMB w UdN UUFL s WHK
Athlon Duron q AMD Wd UNFMB w pK Pentium
Socket u s ZUF cHM
tOd VUML cHML ZUFL u sO b

Z?? ? ? ? ?UFL u?? ? ? ? ?
Solt u s ZUF cHM
c?? ? ? ? ?HML u
AMD Duron
Socket A
AMD Athlon
Slot A
Pentium IIIII. xeon
Slot 2
Pentium IIIII Celeron SECC
Slot 1
Pentium 4
Pentium 4 Yb
Socket 423
Socket 478
Z???UF* V??Od
_ WuK vK t hBL UJL w ZUFL VOd r
L VUML cHML V
l r fI u s ZUF VOd
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CPU ZUFL Wd VOd
c jG{ U r W J hBL
WE
WOzUdN Wd uJ U bd b
U U U WObF WFD U d b
UdO uOML_ s uJ
ZUFLK U UL o qJA bd b?? XO r p?? bF

cHML UNKOu WdL WU w r pc WU jdL bU
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
_ WuK vK uuL wzUdNJ UO
Z??UF* U??D
WE
eN_ d s ZUFL dF
sO vK u YO bOIF
ued
d w UUFL lMB
UNUE W uH WU
WOd UOKLF Wd d
tHdF bF p ZUFL dOOG bF rOK qJA qLF UN

UNOd U _ WuK WUD p q
WU c w uJ Wd u UL sJL ZUFL VOd bF
Ù dO ZUFL
ZUFL b q
WUA d WUA s bQ bF WUA vK UuKF uN b
ZUFL w qDF uJ rOK UNF{ w RAM WRL dc
ZUFL b q
qLF Q ZUFL bd b w uJ b WKJAL (Hang) oOKF
UNUF p s bQ r ZUFL sO UNMO WU bu
(Slot)WUU s ZUFL d V lDI u UL
bO qJA ZUFL VOd U q
Wd
MHz 64-16
Z??U???F* W??d?
ZUF*
486 , 386
eOd bF w ZUFL Wd dLU UduD d w u_ s

MHz 200-90
p1
MHz 450-233
p2
GHz 1.1-0.5
p3
GHz 3 s d
p4
UOKLF b ZUFL Wd fJF YO UN Wd bb WOU_

d l WIO WF ZUFL Wd jd UL WOU w UcOHM lOD w
b v WOzUdN UC US uI w (Clock Speed) UEM WU
s d v U OU ZUFL Wd qB UeM w UOKLF rOEM WUFL
eML UOKLF be wUU Wd d ULK 3.2GHz
(BIOS)
WO_ UN' b j{
ou ULC UN j{ s b L b c sJL

Xu aU jC qLF pc UNMO ULO WOKb e_ qL
VOd bb VKB dI b j{ pc d WLK
qOGA UE qOL UN U w WJA GAL sU_
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
qOGA UE UJL u
u Wu
A dL dI
Floppy disk
C
VKB dI
s p r eN_ s dO w Boot Sequence bM s UNM

LAN CD C A U bb Basic Setting bM UO
sOF UH vK wUL jGC od s BIOS ? v uu sJL
Hard disk
CD ZbL dI
V F10 F2 Del UH q tKOGA b bM t UN d
Compact disk
LAN WOKL WJA
_ WuK u
Local Area Network
WO WUA dNE
WE
WOMH UN UHu WdF sJL
bM Break UH vK jGCU
WUA vK UUO uN Wb
UNd
UA
w BIOS b vK dF
pb duL eN_ b
BIOS b u
:(Memory)
d??c UOU
WOU_ dc s Uu UM
w UUO ZdK XRL seK qLF dUD w (RAM) wzuAF uu d
dOB X ZUFL UNU
b ZUd q WLzb Zd se b dUD dO w (ROM) jI dI d
.(Post) uU qOGA
:(RAM)
wzuAF uu d
UBL b v UNU r UNOK WUFL UOKLF ZUFL UO sO U R Zd se UNO r d
VUM r WR d du dC s ` pc WuU se b w UNMe WOU
.MHz 400 Wd 2GB v dc WF qB b t H Xu w qLF sJL w Wb L Zd
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
d???c q??L
Zd UcOHM uU s uKDL ULOKFW K WOzUM dHOA se
Zd cOHM bM UNOK uU qLFO w UUO se
d??c u?
dc qJ
b L UN
dc Wd
dc u
P1, P2
(133-66) MHz
SDRAM
P3, P4
800 MHz
RDRAM
P4
400MHz
DDRAM
_ WuK vK dc XO
u V dc VOd r dc u s d u VOd WU l{u _ WuK u
jG{UNM WOD e_ bO f dc U WOU U J `H p l{uL
UJS U J r bO U L w dc Uu
d?c U????D
UND V ÒB qJAU dc VOd b V p lDI u UL
UNb dc VOd Uq
VUM b V p U uO qUAL d w d WU b w qL (Hang) oOKF
UNL WuHL UHKL b l dc r
WuHL UHKL b hOKI dc r U q
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
WE
w u p?? Ò dO WUA vK dUE d??c?? r
XU d?? c?? W??F? U??L?K?

s qC UN Wd
UN
l{uL q UM dc sO UB

bO qJA dc VOd U q
jGC Ue (Insufficient Memory) WOU dO d WU uN
Zd UHKL s dO b ` WO dc vK
dc WF U WdC dO Zd UHK q
Disk Drives
d?_ G??A
td kH v U s bbF w uU b U

nK qIM WI U w UNb s sJL v tUHK
q WHKL se b od s p r d v UN s
A dL dI qGA
vK se d YO VKB dI dL dI qGA

WUJ l{u WUL WObF WFD
se r w WbL d_ GA U O OUMG dI

WOzu{ WF bU UNOK
Floppy Disk
d* dI
e pO s uMB Wu 3.5 UO d d b U OU r

WUJ lML UH
A dL dI
t s sJL XUUO 1.44 tOMe WF U O OUMG UUO tOK

UNKI d UN s UUO UuKFL U
Wd* d_ qGA VOd uD

bMB WbI w hBL UJL w qGAL l{
U OU WU wdU qGAL XO
IDE cHML w _ WuK l UUO qU WUu qGAL q
UUO qU
t??
1 r (Pin) d UU qUMK dL_ pK VU uJ YO
s dL dI d U
U UH U U{ WU w qGAL
wKb dI nK
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
qGAL vK + U
WUD e l wzUdNJ UO q
WE
dI qGAL vI v
WEUL V rOK l{ w
d s tUE vK
q tF{ r c nOEM
sO sO d nOEM qGAL
d
qGA* d* dI UD
b l dL U{ WU w qGALK wzuC dRL qDF
UUO qU VOd w QD WO qGAL q d u
rOK qJA UUO qU VOd U q
tOK WeL UHKL l qUF dI vK WUJ lOD
q
sJLL V
WKJAL
WUL p
WUJ lM WUL l{
UHKL iF c
TKL dI
bb U d b
nU
WUJ vK bI b
dI vK bI b
dI q Ud WObFL WFDI UM V qGAL s dI d WOUJ b

qGAL nOEM WFDI d qGAL ` q
qGA w d d uu p Non system disk or disk error qOGA b bM WOU WUd uN
.qOGA UHK vK u d_
WFULK UH vK jGC r dI d q
VKB dI qGA

se d u VKB dI vK UUO se `L UN
v WOU tF qB b UHKL Zd kH UNOK r rz WuU
(IDE) cHM w UUO qU s _ WuK l qu GB 430
VKB dI cUM
VKB dI VOd

dL dI qGA VOd WIdD VKB dI VOd WOKL r
(Slave) U (Master) bO VKB dI Wu bb l UN H
VKB dI VOd
r r VUML UJL w (Jumper) quL XO od s r c

w (1) rd vK dL_U jIML pK uJ Q UUO qU XO
qJA k WUD cHM s UdNJU qGAL qu r dI
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
VKB dI UD
qLF dI
bO qJA UUO qU VOd b
UHU U dOG bO qJA UUO qU VOd U :q
12v s q bN d uJ Q WUD be b w qD
bO qJA UO qu _
WUD b dOOG _ VOd U q
VKB dIK WOdJ WuK w qD ?
VKB dI dOOG q
VKB dI q
WOJOUJOL e_ w VD WO p qOGA UM u d
tb Vu b UL VKB dIK
VKB dI bq
d_ UN WU b ZUd cOHM nu u (Hang) oOKF
tU b b L
dIK WOMe WU L UH
dI b WdC dO UHKL iF c U q
d d WU{ WF d dI
qLF w j
(Fragmentation) e UHK
dI vK bU sU w bu nKL se r b

(Fragmentation) se Wze dUE c vL VKB
nKL w tOK c UJL v UJ s uu `B YO
WKu WU L dI pd VKD bu
UHKL W?? ze U?? ? GS nKL e lOL q
(Defragmentation)
UEM
UNze WOGK UHK

(Defragmentation)
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
WIKL Zd
Zd
b WLzU s? p
ou VKB dI UO r Wze UG
U bF b WOd UD
WO dO dD UNK `H q b u
VKB dIK dJL WON
VKB dI UI
dI vK WeL Zd l WUI duL WU L WK
.BIOS w Ò qJA dI ndF b
(CD Drive) Wb* d_ qGA

vK d_ UHKL Zd a t s sJL uU se UN
VKB dIU _ WuK l qu Wb d
b X U?? WbL d??_ dN
d bO
CD-ROM
WbL d_
qUF WuN 750MB v qB w WOMe WU LK pWdL

UNML h Zd qI w UNF
wC uK r dD uJ U dz d ZbL dI
dI vK WUJ r uOML_ s WIO WID wKD Zd U s uMB
UNL WbL d_ GA s u UM eOK wzUM WUu
CD-ROM jI dIK WbL d_ qGA
CD-RW WUJ dIK WbL d_ qGA
u w UUO se DVD eMJL wLd d_ qGA
_ uB vK
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
Wd X UHUC WbL d_ GA w UNU UUO d Wd s dF WE

L WOU w XU uKO 150 = (X) dI
KB/S 7800 UF 52x
Wb* d_ qGA UD

ZbL dI qOGA WU WuI_ v uu vK bI b
Boot qOGA UE qOL WOUJ b duOLJ UN bK w
ZbL dI s
WbL d_ qGA nK
V
d_ qGA ndF b
ndFU U ZUd s qGAL ndF q
WuU se jzU b vK uuL
WE
qGAL b???? UUO s??
UM tUJ s?? qGAL p?? b??
u?? V??M?? p??c?? q??O? G? A? ?
V UJ w d_
bO qJA WUD e pK UUO qU VOd b

WUD e pK UUO qU VOd U q
uu sJL t qGALU WU WuI_ u s rdU
ZbL dI vK uuL UHKL v
nOEM d WUu WUJ dI Wb nOEM q
qGAL dOOG wb qDF dL U
(Removable Disk)
W qUI dI
be b w WOMe WF r dGB eOL WuU se d

w U OzUIK UNOK dF r WU cUM s UN' l qu .1GB s
USB W qUI dI
UHK* UUO se r Windows xp q qOGA WLE iF

c l qUF sJL EE-PROM d?? tA WOK Wd vK
UOKL Zd UHKL qI WOKL w dL dIU d??_
USB, SD, XD UNu s WON
SD
W qUI dI
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
b??????? W????K????????
uU UN Hang oOKF U U
uJF qJA UUO qU VOd bM WKLL UD_ U
UNHO U wzuAF uu dc wMF U
WOB WU e u dz l{
w dI Wze UG WOKL w WMLCL u_ b
dI vK WeL UUO qI ld
WHU qJ
b UJ w UUO se b lOL
bUL UHKL e lOL ?
U dL dI d vK U dO bO qJA qLF WdL d_ qGA U

WKJAL c V bb tKL Vu
WdL d_ qGA b
WdL d_ qGA nOEM
d d d b
dL dI WON ?
UUO d?? vK WbL d??_ qGA bI b?? V WU WO qL b??
dI
nU ZbL dI
VKB dI w qD
Ò qJA qGAL ndF b

bO qJA UUO qU VOd b ?
.(RDRAM)d b W d WO UUFL s

Duron
Pentium III
Pentium 4
Athlon
pOK Vu WUD w BIOS ? WKJA bQ v

UNd U CMOS ? `
CMOS ? b U
dOLu bN UOIL WUD h
UN qOGA U ?
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
Input-Output Devices d U b
Mouse
Q????H
U L WKB d s p r .uU WU vK dRL pd b U b

q r U OJK U WU w U OJK U OJK uU v UuKFL US QH uIU Ozu{
WD v U rO wJK U WU w U PS/2 Serial USB cHM s QH
uUU WKB UI
dJ UD
dJ
qb s QH
QH
nK s QH
WE
Q???H ???j
dRL Wd nu U ?U??O?

WU w CPU XU WMOF dH
.U UGA
ÒUHL Wu QH b
cHM UNM qJ sJ UN H cUMLK
U
d dRL
QH pK w qB V
pK VOd s bQ q??
QHK WOdJ b w qD V
QH dOOG q??
wGM UL X O dRL Wd
Wd qu vK U u V
Wd qu dJ nOEMO qH_ s QH p q??
qH_ s UND nOEM WOzuC QH WU w U
eN_ nEM U
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
UNHOEM UNJ s QH e vK dF UA
Keyboard
ÒUH* Wu UOU
UNId s r uU qLF UNb U r

Wu qOu WU w uU v U_ d ud U
U WU w U PS/2 USB cHM U b U OJK ÒUHL
uUU WKB UI WD v U rO wJK
ÒUHL Wu
`?OUH* W??u U??D

WE
Wu VU dA q_ VM
UNUE vK kU ÒUHL
Keyboard Error qOGA b bM UN WU vK WU uN
w qK u ÒUHL WuK bO qOu b V

UN H WuK
UNb WKJAL XOI qOu s bQ q?
qLF ÒUHL q iF
UA
dF
ÒUHL Wu pH r
U?? W??O?K?b?? U??N?ze??v??K?

UNHOEM
WuK w qD UN l bO UB b V

nOEM bQ WuK nOEM q??
b??????? W????K????????
p q uJ nO ÒUHL Wu qD U U
WKJAL c q uD U p w lDI qJA d QH dR XE
WOB WU e u dz l{
b ÒUHL Wu nOEM bM
K U UL
ULU
uJOKO U
u
b bF nOEM U ?
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
Printers
U???FUD UU
ud bM L UHKL WU UNUu r d s
U?FUD u??
WODIM WFUD
s WuL WUD dBMDot Matrix Printer WODIM WFUD

WUD U YO d jd vK dD Wb UIM
WU d V p Ud b v bu d
vK d s UI YH vK qLFInk Jet Printer Wd WFUD
(CMYK) u WF UNO u vK u Wu
Wd WFUD
UNd UFUD u d b Laser Printer WeOK WFUD

u qJ vK UNO d uJ WUD w eOK WF b
YO WHKL ud qOJA dU u v dN r u??
UF uKL UNM ozUu duB W UNKL b w tA
UI w (Resolution) UNz Wb iF s UNCF UFUD eOL
lD WODIM UFUDU bu Wu w UNU sJL w UIM bF
WeOK WFUD
Wu w WDI 72
1200 v eOK UFU iF w Wb qB
bu Wu w WDI
W?FUD U??D
WDI 72 WU
WDI 300 WU
qUM Ò dO VOd s ZU pWuNH dO UuKF WU

bO WdF dO WFUD UUO
WFUD ndF U bO qJA pK qOu q
WuDL Wu vK dK U uN
U OK WFUD nOEM q
UHM s dI d _ p WHOF{ W{ dO WUD
(Ink Cartridge) dUL dOOG q
(Paper Jam) oU u
Wd WFUD dU l{u
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
oUF u W q
Ò dO u r
WUD hzUB w u r j{ q
Wd WFUDK dU
qOGA UE w WFUD ndF

w WFU ndF UNOK qOGA UE dF V bO qJA WFUD b s sJL v
Windows xp UE
WO uD l
qJA w (Add Printers) WFU WU{ dI (Printers and Faxes) uUM UFUD d b WLzU s
s WFUD q r uD c qLF U U X pQ qJA w WOOd WUd bOH
(Next) dI r (USB) cHM od
qJA
qJA
(Next) dI r UN WU WFU qu p (Local Printer) WOK WFU d qJA w

(Next) dI r (LPT1) cHM d bb cHM (Use the following port) oK WU w qJA dNE
qJA
qJA
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
b sJ pb w WFUD r WLzUI s d qJA w

(HP) u
pKL XM WLzUI w pFU r dNE r
q r (Have Disk) d pK bM dI WFUD ndF d
(Next) dI r dI
rKF q
d_ b WU eN pUM
Ù W?FU f??U q bF
(All In One)
UN vK UUO pMJL WFUDK U L q qJA dNE

V w U O bM L WU UNOK r vWO{d WFUD
ULF d_ uJ
(Next) dI r
qJA
qJA
(No) d d eN l WdA WFUD qF p d WU dNE qJA w

(Next) dI r
(Yes) rF d WFUDK U WH WU U d WU dNE qJA w
(Next) dI r
qJA
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
qJA
q??J?A? dNE W??F?U??D? U???? WH W??U??? b??F?

b?? b L cHML WFUD rU WLzU
(Finish) dI rWIU
b vK WOK WFU ndF vK qL UA

pb duL eN_
qJA
b??????? W????K????????
Windows xp ZUd w WUD hzUB ZUd w u r j{ pMJL nO sO
WOB WU e u dz l{
u d UJ v qd q dU qJA WFUD v WUD d U r UF w
dL
qGAL
VKB dI
WFUD U ?
b d UFUD u
WKF WFU
Wd WFUD
WeOK WFUD
WODIM WFUD ?
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
UdOH qOGA UE XO
Disk Format
d_ WON
v u??u?? tOK WUJ s?? sOJLK WLd UUDv tLO I d??I? eON d??I? WON
UHKL
d_ QON dO WKB d_ d r U
v U U ?U??O? lMBL s?? QON uJ WdL
UuKFL UHKL lOL ` L dI WON U
b wK_ tF{ v tU UNu w
l d WON WOKL d d d_ dI
WO uD
A qGAL w dL dI vK WOKLF r WE
A d_ qGA w d d U
My Computer WuI `
3.5 Floppy (A:) WuI vK sL_ QH e dIM
dNE(Format) WON bM UNM U WLzU b M
qJA w UL cUM
qJA
UE u s sUO dF qJA dNE

tON dL dI r (File System) UHKL
w WON UO
: (Quick Format) WFd WON
MS-DOSUEM qOGA b d UA
Create on MS-DOS Startup
d UA U WFd WON UNM U

b
qJA
uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
Start
b?? r wUUO U qOGA b??
rO tQ tdc WU UEM wDF WON WOKL
NTFS: New Technology File System
OK d dI vK uuL UHKL lOL c
FAT: File Allocation Table
WON WOKL b YO WFULK
UE s VKB dIK WON qL sJL

qOGA b d u WU w MS DOS qOGA
WON d??_ wMF YO
A:/format c:/s
d??_ WUJ
s UO s UEM UHK lOL a dI
qJA
uU( UN qL WO
vK
ROM
UOU
jI dI d vK e * (post:power-on self test) wc hH ZUd qLF

wU t WKB* bu UN' W s bQ
(Bus) quM UE hH uI r t H ZUFL hH

_ WuK WFUB WdA r WUA vK dNE tO s bQ bF WUA d h r
QD bB sO u U u UN bB QD u WU w dc r
U MOF U u UN bB QD u U w dc ZUFL hH
b ZUd v uu b L VK U Wd ÒUHL Wu h r
d_ b vK dF
(Boot Loader) UNM WOKL

V WHKL d_ w qOGA UE s YU (BIOS) ? w uuL UNM ZUd uI
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(Non System Disk or Disk Error) WU wDF p qOGA UE Wd
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(Viruses)
UdOH UU
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d_ UNb eN_ Vd UNKbF UNc td uU UHKL dC U
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qOL vK bI bF R UL (Boot Sector) qOGA UD w
q qOGA UE
s 26 u jAM uu dO u (Chernoble) qu dOA
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w (Antivirus Programs) dOH
Symatec Norton
UdOHK UCL Zd b

Wu M X O WOK Zd b
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WKB d_ d s UEM qOGA q
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dI s Windows xp qOL r Restart
Hard Disk VKB
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d WLK UD sOb L UL bb WHK UuKF s Ue hOB s sJL
rNM qJ WU (Password)
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bI sJO tMJ c bK X aU j{ s sJL
U r Work
Group
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uu b L U Computer Domain
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uU?( eN WUO WU) bu
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v WUA qH jd s UNbI b b?? c dNE YOWRL dUMF
u UNM UN
WU dNE v UN qOGA U r Setup Wizard dO_ WUA v
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VKB dI qGA
CD,DVD WbL d_ GA
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WHKL d UNF{uL UUO qu qOu
WUA QH ÒUHL Wu WOU UOdD qOu
bMB UD
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Windows xp qOGA UE s VKB dI vK nK e lOL uD d
wQ UL q qL `{
Video Card WUA d
Modem dHOA qK
CPU WedL WUFL b
Power Supply WUD e ?
WHKJ Wd YO s UNu sO U Printer WFUD ?

(LCD) WuK WUA (CRT) WbOKI WUA sO dH U
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qOGA UE nzU b
=
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BNC
DB-15
Rj-45
Rj-11
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(Glossary)
Accelerated
Access
Accumulator
Actual
Adaptor
Addition
Agreement
Allocation
Architecture
Array
ASCII
Assembly
Audio
Backup
Basic
Binary
Biological
Bit
Board
Boot
Border
Bottom
Bubble
Built-in
Bus
Business
Button
Byte
Cache
Call
Cartridge
Case
Central
Circular
Class
Click
Coding
Command
Commercial
Compact
U
u
lL rd
wKF
nOJ
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WOUH
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rOLB
WuHB
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lOL
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wUO
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wzUM
wzUO
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Wu
b
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wK
qU
qL
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WDO d
Ub
u Wud
WU bM
ed
dz
WFn
dI
eOd
d
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Zb
Complement
Complex
Component
Consumer
Control
Controller
Copy
Copyright
Counter
Create
Custom
Cylinder
Debug
Decimal
Declaration
Deduction
Defragmentation
Detail
Digit
Dimension
Direct
Disk
Domain
Dot
Double
Drive
E-commerce
E-learning
Element
Encryption
Error
Ethics
Event
Exchange
Expansion
External
File
Fixed
Flash
rL
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pKN
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b
qb
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wU
nK
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ld U
UKDB* WLzU
Flowchart
Focus
Formal
Format
Fraction
Fragmentation
Freeware
Front
Function
General
Global
Graphics
Hang
Hard
Hexadecimal
Hide
Hierarchy
Industry
Information
Input
Instruction
Insufficient
Integer
Intellectual
Interconnect
Interface
Internal
Jam
Jumper
Keyboard
Label
Language
Laser
Last
Licence
Linked
List
Load
Loader
Local
wUO jD
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WbI
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wH
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qb
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wK
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WK
ÒUHL Wu
WOM VI
WG
eO
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WB
jd
WLzU
qOL
qL
wK
Lost
Machine
Magnitude
Main
Master
Matrix
Maximum
Memory
Middle
Modem
Module
Modulo
Motherboard
Mouse
Move
Multi
Net
Next
Nonvolatile
Number
Operating
Output
Panel
Parallel
Parameter
Passenger
Password
Peripheral
Pin
Point
Port
Power
Privacy
Private
Procedure
Processing
Program
Project
Properly
Property
uIH
W
bI
fOz
bO
WuHB
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d
j
ru
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WLO
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d
bF
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wU
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b
qOGA
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qUF jO
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wd
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WOuB
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WUF
ZUd
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Protection
Public
Queue
Random
Read-Only
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Rear
Record
Reduced
Reference
Register
Removable
Representation
Resolution
Restart
Ribbon
Salary
Scope
Screen
Search
Secondary
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Secure
Security
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Sequence
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Set
Setting
Setup
Shareware
Show
Sign
Single
Site
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Slot
Software
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l{u o
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String Variable
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Subtraction
Sufficient
Supply
Synchronous
System
Tail
Tape
Tax
Technology
Telecommunications
Tool
Tower
Trace
Track
Trojan
Type
Unicode
Unit
Universal
Unload
Value
Variable
Virtual
Visual
Volatile
Wireless
Wizard
Worm
u
Wd
WbJ
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b
se
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wze d
qO
iuF
iuF qb
d
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be
se
UE
q
jd
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d
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WLO
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WOM_ ld*
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Visual Basic 6 from the Ground Up Gary Cornell McGraw-Hill Osborne Media; 1 edition
(September 1, 1998).
An Introduction to Programming with Visual Basic 6.0 (4th Edition) David I. Schneid
Prentice Hall; 4th edition (December 23, 1998)
Visual Basic 6 Complete Steve Brown Sybex Inc (March, 1999)
Learn to Program with Visual Basic 6 John Smiley.
Apress; Bk&CD-Rom edition (July 1, 2003).
Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, Fourth Edition.
William Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture, Sixth Edition.
David A. Patterson, John L. Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design, Second
Edition.
Aaron M. Tenenbaum, Moshe J. Augenstein, Data Structures Using Pascal, 2nd edition,
Prentice Hall.
Seymour, Data Structures (Schaums outline series in computer) , McGraw Hill.
Deitel & Deitel, C++ How to program, 4th edition, Prentice Hall.
A+ Certication.
ECDL/ICDL Made Simple.
WOdJ_ lu*
1
2
3
4
5
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library5
http://www.unicode.org
http://www.howstaffworks.com
http://www.computer.org
http://www.ArabsBook.com
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