Shania Layne R.

Usita

CHEM LEC

SY106

03-18-16

1. Define colligative properties

- Colligative properties are the physical changes that result from adding solute to a solvent. Colligative
Properties depend on how many solute particles are present as well as the solvent amount, but they do
not depend on the type of solute particles.
2. Differentiate the colligative properties and give mathematical expression and 5 examples
a. Anomalous colligative - properties are colligative properties that deviate from the norm. Chemist
Jacobus van't Hoff was the first to describe anomalous colligative properties, but it was Svante
Arrhenius who succeeded in explaining anomalous values of colligative properties
measu

Mathematical expression: i = T f
expected T f
b. Freezing point depression - is a colligative property observed in solutions that results from the
introduction of solute molecules to a solvent. The freezing points of solutions are all lower than that
of the pure solvent and is directly proportional to the molality of the solute.
Mathematical expression : TfKfm=TfKf
c. The vapor pressure depression - of a solvent in a solution is always lower than the vapor pressure of
the pure solvent. The vapor pressure lowering is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the
solute.
Mathematical expression:
Csolvent
Po
d. The boiling points of solutions - are all higher than that of the pure solvent. Difference between the
boiling points of the pure solvent and the solution is proportional to the concentration of the solute
particles
P

Mathematical expression: Tb= Tb(solution) Tb(solvent) = Kb x m

e. Osmotic pressure- The osmotic pressure of a solution is the pressure difference needed to stop the
flow of solvent across a semipermeable membrane. The osmotic pressure of a solution is
proportional to the molar concentration of the solute particles in solution.

Mathematical expression: II =

nRT
=MM RT
V

EXAMPLES:
1. 2.00 g of some unknown compound reduces the freezing point of 75.00 g of benzene from 5.53 to
4.90 CC. What is the molar mass of the compound?
SOLUTION
First we must compute the molality of the benzene solution, which will allow us to find the number of moles of
solute dissolved.
m=TfKfm=TfKf
m=(4.905.53)C5.12C/mm=(4.905.53)C5.12C/m
=0.123m=0.123m
AmountSolute=0.07500kgbenzene0.123m1kgbenzeneAmountSolute=0.07500kgbenzene0.123m1kgbenzene
=0.00923msolute=0.00923msolute
We can now find the molecular weight of the unknown compound:
MolecularWeight=2.00gunknown0.00923molMolecularWeight=2.00gunknown0.00923mol
=216.80g/mol=216.80g/mol
The freezing point depression is especially vital to aquatic life. Since saltwater will freeze at colder
temperatures, organisms can survive in these bodies of water.
2. Calculate the molecular weight of sulfur if 35.5 grams of sulfur dissolve in 100.0 grams of CS2 to
produce a solution that has a boiling point of 49.48oC.
Solution
The relationship between the boiling point of the solution and the molecular weight of sulfur is not immediately
obvious. We therefore start by asking: What do we know about this problem?
We know the boiling point of the solution, so we might start by looking up the boiling point of the pure solvent
in order to calculate the change in the boiling point that occurs when the sulfur is dissolved in CS2.
TBP = 49.48oC - 46.23oC = 3.25oC
We also know that the change in the boiling point is proportional to the molality of the solution.
TBP = kbm
Since we know the change in the boiling point (TBP) and the boiling point elevation constant for the solvent (kb)
can be looked up in a table, we might decide to calculate the molality of the solution at this point.
m

TBP
kb

= 3.25oC =
2.35oC/m

1.38 m

In the search for the solution to a problem, it is useful periodically to consider what we have achieved so far. At
this point, we know the molality of the solution and the mass of the solvent used to prepare the solution. We can
therefore calculate the number of moles of sulfur present in 100.0 grams of carbon disulfide.
1.38 mol sulfur

x 100.0 g CS2

= 0.138 mol sulfur

1000 g CS2
We now know the number of moles of sulfur in this solution and the mass of the sulfur. We can therefore
calculate the number of grams per mole of sulfur.
35.5 g

257 g/mol

0.138 mol
The only way to explain this molecular weight is to assume that each sulfur molecule contains eight sulfur
atoms.
257 g/mol

32 g/mol
Elemental sulfur therefore behaves as if it contains S8 molecules.

3. Determine the molecular weight of acetic acid if a solution that contains 30.0 grams of acetic acid per
kilogram of water freezes at -0.93oC. Do these results agree with the assumption that acetic acid has the
formula CH3CO2H?
Solution
The freezing point depression for this solution is equal to the difference between the freezing point of the
solution (-0.93oC) and the freezing point of pure water (0oC).
TFP = -0.93oC - 0.0oC = -0.93oC
We now turn to the equation that defines the relationship between the freezing point depression and the molality
of the solution.
TFP = - kfm
Since we know the change in the freezing point, and we can look up the freezing point depression constant in a
table, we have enough information to calculate the molality of the solution.
m

TFP
kf

= 0.93oC =

0.50 m

1.853oC/m

At this point, we might return to the statement of the problem, to see if we are making any progress toward an
answer. According to this calculation, there are 0.50 moles of acetic acid per kilogram of water in this solution.
The problem stated that there were 30.0 grams of acetic acid per kilogram of water in the solution. Since we

simultaneously know the number of grams and the number of moles of acetic acid in this sample, we can
calculate the molecular weight of acetic acid.
30.0 g

60 g/mol

0.50 mol
The results of this experiment are in good agreement with the molecular weight (60.05 g/mol) expected if the
formula for acetic acid is CH3CO2H.

4. Explain why an 0.100 m solution of HCl dissolved in benzene has a freezing point depression of
0.512oC, while an 0.100 m solution of HCl in water has a freezing point depression of 0.352oC.

Answer
We can predict the change in the freezing point that should occur in these solutions from the freezing point
depression constant for the solvent and the molality of the solution. For benzene, the results of this calculation
agree with the experimental value.
TFP = -kfm = -(5.12oC/m)(0.100 m) = -0.512oC
For water, however, this calculation gives a predicted value for the freezing point depression that is half of the
observed value.
TFP = -kfm = -(1.853oC/m)(0.100 m) = -0.185oC
In order to explain these results, it is important to remember that colligative properties depend on the relative
number of solute particles in a solution, not their identity. If the acid dissociates to an appreciable extent, the
solution will contain more solute particles than we might expect from its molality.
If HCl dissociates completely in water, the total concentration of solute particles (H3O+ and Cl-ions) in the
solution will be twice as large as the molality of the solution. The freezing point depression for this solution
therefore will be twice as large as the change that would be observed if HCl did not dissociate.
HCl(g) + H2O(l)

H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

If we assume that 0.100 m HCl dissociates to form H3O+ and Cl- ions in water, the freezing point depression for
this solution should be -0.371oC, which is slightly larger than what is observed experimentally.
TFP = -kfm = -(1.853oC/m)(2 x 0.100 m) = -0.371oC
This exercise suggests that HCl does not dissociate into ions when it dissolves in benzene, but dilute solutions
of HCl dissociate more or less quantitatively in water.

5. Explain why 0.60 grams of acetic acid dissolve in 200 grams of benzene to form a solution that lowers
the freezing point of benzene to 5.40oC.

Answer
Because pure benzene freezes at 5.53oC, the freezing point depression in this experi- ment is -0.13oC.
TFP = 5.40oC - 5.53oC = -0.13oC
Once again, we can start with the relationship between the freezing point depression and the molality of the
solution.
TFP = -kfm
We then use the molal freezing point depression constant for benzene to calculate the molality of the solution.
m

= 0.13oC =

TFP

0.025 m

5.12oC/m

kf

Multiplying the molality of the solution by the amount of solvent used to make the solution gives the number of
moles of solute particles in the solution.
0.025 mol solute

0.200 kg benzene

0.0050 mol solute

1 kg benzene
Since the solution contains 0.60 grams of acetic acid, the molecular weight of acetic acid in this experiment is
120 grams per mole.
0.60 g solute

120 g/mol

0.0050 mol solute

The molecular weight of acetic acid in benzene is twice as large as what is expected from the molecular
formula, CH3CO2H. This can be explained by assuming that acetic acid molecules associate in benzene to form
dimers, which are held together by hydrogen bonds, as shown in the figure below.

Shania Layne R. Usita

CHEM LAB

SY106

03-18-16

1. Define acid and base according to

a. Arrhenius - acids are substances which produce hydrogen ions in solutions and base when the
substances produce hydroxide ions in solution
b. Lewis - A Lewis acid is therefore any substance, such as the H+ ion, that can accept a pair of
nonbonding electrons. In other words, a Lewis acid is an electron-pair acceptor. A Lewis base is any
substance, such as the OH- ion, that can donate a pair of nonbonding electrons. A Lewis base is
therefore an electron-pair donor.
c. Bronsted-Lowry - A Bronsted-Lowry acid is defined as anything that releases H1+ ions; A BronstedLowry base is defined as anything that accepts H1+ ions.
2. Identify the properties of acid/ base
- Acids in water solutions exhibit the following common properties: they taste sour; turn litmus paper
red; and react with certain metals, such as zinc, to yield hydrogen gas. Bases in water solutions exhibit
these common properties: they taste bitter; turn litmus paper blue; and feel slippery.
3. Differentiate conjugate acid from conjugate base and give 5 examples
- Conjugate acids are a type of acid that gains a proton (H+) in solution. These acids will gain a proton
in response to a base that has happily accepted a proton. This fits perfectly into the family lineage of
acids because conjugate acids describe what a Bronsted-Lowry acid is while A conjugate base is the base
member, X-, of a pair of compounds that transform into each other by gaining or losing a proton. The
conjugate base gains or absorbs a proton in a chemical reaction.
Examples of conjugate acid-base

H2O and OH

HCO3 and CO32

H2PO4 and HPO42

HSO4 and SO42

NH4+ and NH3

CH3NH3+ and CH3NH2

HC2H3O2 and C2H3O2

4. What is pH, pOH?

pH- is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration; a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
pOH- Measures the basicity of a solution. It is the negative log of the concentration of the hydroxide
ions.

25 SUBSTANCES IN SOLUTION

NAME
Baking soda

CHEMICAL FORMULA
NaHCO3

Ammonia

NH3

Soap
Vinegar

CH3COONa
CH3COOH

Bleach

NaOCl

Table salt

NaCl

Sugar

C12H22O11

PROPER USE
Freshen your breath. Mix 1 tsp of
baking soda in a glass of water
Polish your teeth. Many people
will use baking soda as a natural
toothpaste
Make your own deodorant
Gently exfoliate
Relieve Skin Irritation
Relieve heartburn and more
Relieve insect bites.
Used to clean, bleach, and
deodorize; to etch aluminum; to
saponify (hydolyze) oils and fats;
and in chemical manufacture. The
ammonia sold for household use is
a dilute water solution of ammonia
in which ammonium hydroxide is
the active cleansing agent.
For cleaning.
For cooking and for treating skin
disease
Disinfectant, sanitizer, remove
stains and many more
Used as a condiment and food
preservative. Large quantities of
sodium chloride are used in many
industrial processes, and it is a
major source of sodium and
chlorine compounds used as
feedstocks for further chemical
syntheses
Sugar in foods acts as a sweetener,
preservative, texture modifier,
fermentation substrate, flavouring
and colouring agent, bulking
agent. The various methods of use
of sugar are based on its physical
and chemical properties. The
replacement of sugar by the newly

Water

H2O

Muriatic acid

HCl

MilkiI

NH2

Lotion
Soda
Milk of magnesia

Fe2O4Zn
NaHCO3
Mg(OH)2

Battery acid
detergents
Freon

H2SO4
CH3
CF2Cl2

Insecticide

Nasal Spray

C21H28O3

available sweeteners is difficult if

the sweetness values or physical
and chemical properties of the
substitutes differ greatly from
those of sucrose.
water used for indoor and outdoor
household purposes all the
things you do at home: drinking,
preparing food, bathing, washing
clothes and dishes, brushing your
teeth, watering the yard and
garden, and even washing the dog
Muriatic acid is an extremely
dangerous hydrogen chloride gas
dissolved in water that can be used
as a household cleaner. Also called
hydrochloric acid, it will badly
burn almost anything it comes in
contact with, with the exception of
concrete
It is one of the most widely used
food sources. Dairy nutrition
forms an important part of our
diet, considering the fact that there
are 6 billion consumers of milk
and milk products.
Uses to soften the skin
For drinking purposes
Reduces stomach acid, and
increases water in the intestines
which may induce defecation.
Magnesium hydroxide is used as a
laxative to relieve occasional
constipation (irregularity) and as
an antacid to relieve indigestion,
sour stomach, and heartburn.
Uses to make bomb.
For cleaning purposes.
Used as a refrigerant and
aerosolspray propellant.
Used primarily to control pests
that infest cultivated plants or to
eliminate disease-carrying insects
in specific areas.
used for temporary relief of

C27H30Cl2O6

White Glue

(C4H6O2)n

Carbonated Water

H2CO3

Mouthwash

C30H52O3

Peroxide

H2O2

Perfume
Gun powder
Jello gelatin

C6H5CH2OCOCH3
C7H4O

congestion in the nose caused by

various conditions including the
common cold, sinusitis, hay fever,
and allergies.
Commonly used for binding two
separate surfaces
Popularly used in cooking to
provide a lighter texture to doughs
and batters as compared to regular
water.
Used as commercial antiseptics,
which are used at home as part of
an oral hygiene routine.
Used on the skin to prevent
infection of minor cuts, scrapes,
and burns.
Use to smell good
For explosives
is commonly used as a gelling
agent in food, pharmaceuticals,
photography, and cosmetic
manufacturing. Substances
containing gelatin or functioning
in a similar way are called
"gelatinous". Gelatin is an
irreversibly hydrolyzed form
ofcollagen.