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Carbon Silicon
It is present in living beings. It is present in minerals, rocks
etc.
It is hard. It is soft.
It has high m.p. It has low m.p.
Its catenation ability is Its catenation ability is limited.
maximum.
Its maximum valency is 4. Its maximum valency is 6.
Some allotropes of C are All its allotropes are bad
good conductors. conductors.
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Halides
It forms CCl4. It forms SiCl4.
As C does not contain vacant d orbitals in As Si contains vacant d-orbitals
its valence shell, it cannot extend its valency in its valence shell it can exhibit a
beyond 4. valency of 6.
Hydrides
It forms large number of hydrides. It forms very few hydrides.
Its hydrides are stable because C – H bond is Silanes are unstable because Si –
non polar and it doesnot weaken the H bond is slightly polar and it
adjacent weakens the adjacent Si – Si bond.
C – C bond.
H H H H
H – C – C– H – Si – Si–
H H H H
Hydrides of C are not hydrolysed due to They are hydrolysed due to polar
non-polar nature . nature.
These are weak These are strong reducing agents.
reducing agents.
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• C (diamond) + O 2 ( e x c e s s ) ⎯ Δ⎯→ C O 2
Electric
⎯⎯⎯ → CS2
• C (white hot coke ) + S(vapour) furnace
• Carbon reacts with the oxidizing acids like HNO3 and gives acidic oxides.
Δ
•
3C + 4 HNO3 ⎯⎯ → 3CO2 + 4 NO + 2 H 2O
• Hot H2SO4 yields CO2 and H2SO4 is reduced to SO2.
Δ
• C + 2 H 2 SO4 (conc) ⎯⎯ → CO2 + 2 SO2 +2H O
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•
SnO2 + 2C → Sn + 2CO
Δ
CO2 + C ⎯⎯ → 2CO
250 − 400° c
•
Fe2O3 + 3C ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2 Fe + 3CO
•
2C + 6 NaOH → 2 Na2CO3 + 2 Na + 3H 2
• Uses of carbon:
i. Mainly C is used as a reducing agent.
ii. It is used in manufacture of CS2.
iii. In the production of water gas and producer gas.
iv. Activated char coal is used to absorb poisonous gases.
Carbon dioxide
• Solid CO2 is called as dry ice or cardice and used as refrigerant.
• As a coolant in the lab.
• In the manufacturing of urea and in creating Inert atmosphere and in neutralizing alkalies.
• As fire extinguisher.
• Used in nitrogenous fertilizer and making urea.
• C3O2 reacts with water and gives malonic acid CH 2 ( COOH )2 .
Silica (SiO2)
• Silica is more abundant in the nature in the form of silicates. Mainly in the form of aluminium
silicate.
• SiO2 exhibits allotropy.
(1) Crystalline forms: Quartz, trydimite, Crystobalite
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Action of Heat :
• On heating, one form changes to another form and above 1700°C all the forms change into liquid
state.
• Quartz is the purest form of silica.
Structure of silica:
• In SiO2, each Si is tetrahedrally bonded to four oxygen atoms.
• Though Si is bonded to four ‘O’s, the formula is SiO2 because those four ‘O’s are inturn shared by
other silicons.
• It is 3-dimensional giant polymer resembling diamond.
• But, SiO2 is soft with low m.p. when compared to diamond because Si – O – Si bonds are weak.
O O O
O Si O Si O Si O
O O O
O Si O Si O Si O
O O O
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SILICONES
• Silicones are organo silicon polymers containing Si – O – Si bonds.
• Silicones are formed by the hydrolysis of alkyl or aryl substituted chloro silicates and their
subsequent polymerization.
• Silicones contain R2 SiO repeating unit.
• The empirical formula of silicone R2SiO is analogous to that of ketone (R2CO) and hence are
named silicones.
• Alkyl or aryl substituted chlorosilanes are prepared by the reaction of R – Cl with silicon in the
presence of metallic copper as a catalyst
Cu power
2 RCl + Si →R
370 k
2 SiCl2
•
R| R| R| R|
− H2O
HO − Si − OH + HO − Si − OH ⎯⎯⎯ → HO − Si − O − Si − OH
•
| | | |
R R R R
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Uses of Silicates
i) Clay minerals are used for absorbing chemicals.
ii) Micas (i.e.sheet silicates) are used for electrical insulation.
iii) Asbestos is used for thermal insulation.
iv) Agate and flint are used as hard or sharp surfaces.
v) Variety of silicates used for ornaments and jewellary.
vi) Cement, ceramics and glass are all useful material to the man.
o Simple ortho silicates contain discrete SiO4 units Eg: olivine-, Zircon - ZrSiO4 , phenacite -
Ba2 SiO4
, willimitc Zn2 SiO4 - . Mg SiO
2 4
o
o Examples for Pyrosilicates thortveitite Sc2 Si2O7 - , Hemimophite Zn3 Si2O7 Zn ( OH )2 - 2H 2O ,
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n
and are called amphiboles.
ZEOLITES:
• Aluminium silicates are called Zeolites Eg. Na2 Al2 Si2O8 .xH 2O
• (sodium aluminium orthosilicate)
• If aluminium atoms replace few silicon atoms in 3-D net work of silica ( SiO2 ) the overall
structure know as alulminium is formed and it acquires negative charge.
• Cations such as Na+, K+, Ca2+ etc. balance the negative charge.
• Eg: Feldspar & zeolites.
• These have honey comb like structure and have the general formula
Mx
n
( AlO2 ) x ( SiO2 ) y .H 2O
( M = Na +
, K + or Ca 2+ )
(n = charge on metalion)
• These act as ion exchanger and molecularsieves
• Artificial Zeolites can be prepared by heating chain clay silica & Na2CO3
• Eg of artificial zeolite is permutite, Na2 Al2 Si2O8 .xH 2O used in the softening of hard water.
USES OF ZEOLITES:
SILICON TETRACHLORIDE:
1. SiCl4 is know as tetrachlorosilico methane.
2. It is used.
(i) To make ultra pure Si for transistors.
(ii) SiCl4 mixed with ammonia is used in warfare for the production of smoke screens.
(iii) SiCl4 is hydrolysed at high temperature to give fine SiCl2. This SiCl2 is used in epoxy
paints and resins.
(iv) SiCl2 obtained as above is used as an inrert filler in silicons rubber.
3. SiCl4 does not form [ SiCl6 ] . Because
2−
(i) Si+4 is small in size. Six Cl-1 ions cannot be accommodated around Si+4 ion.
(ii) The interaction of the lone pairs on Cl-1 ion and the Si+4 particle is weak.
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