Static Equilibrium
body acted upon by a balanced force system
resultant is equal to zero
action and reaction are always equal and oppositely directed
Force: action of one body upon another due to direct contact, or magnetic or gravitational
attraction
Resultant: single force, or force and couple which will produce same effect as force system
Principle of Transmissibility: external effect of a force on a body acted upon is independent of
the point of application of the force but same effect as force system
Free Body Diagram: sketch of body showing the forces exerted by other bodies on the one
being considered
AXIAL DEFORMATION: load acts parallel to member axis; stress is uniform for homogenous
sections
= P/A
= stress
P = force
A = area (m2)
Compression: shortens the body
Tension: elongates the body
= D2
= stress (for circles)
4
D = diameter
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE
Truss: articulated structure composed of links or bars assumed to be connected by frictionless
pins at the joints
Carries
Carries
Carries
Carries
reaction of purlins
masonry across opening
building floor
bridge floor
Girder
Spandrel
Grade
Beam
Shaft
Large-sized beam
Spans between columns
Lowermost spandrel
Steel Sections
Allowable Flexural Stress
Compact sections
Non-compact sections
Slender sections
Allowable Shear Stress
Fb = 0.66Fy
Fb = 0.60Fy
Fb < 0.60Fy
Fv = 0.40Fy
Columns
Prevailing design load is axial and failure may be initiated by material overstressing or
weak axis buckling
For Intermediate Column (Slenderness Ratio)
Fa = I 0.50 KL/r 2
Fa = allowable axial stress
Cc
Fy
L = column height
5 + 3 KL/r - 1 KL/r 3
K = effective length factor
3 8
Cc
8
Cc
r = radius of gyration
r = (I / A)
I = moment of inertia
A = cross sectional area
For Long Column
Fa = 122E .
23 (KL/r)2
COLUMNS
Three Categories:
1. Pedestal or Short Compression Blocks: height is less than 3x the least dimension
2. Long or Slender Column: strength of the column is significantly reduced
3. Short Column: failure is initiated by material failure
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN
x applied load section capacity
is greater than 1
Load Factors:
U = 1.4D + 1.7L
U = 0.75[1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W]
U = 0.9D + 1.3W
U = 1.1D + 1.3L + 1.1E
U = 0.9D + 1.1E
U = 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7H
U = 0.9D + 1.7H (if live load reduces the effect of H)
U = 0.75[1.4D + 1.4T + 1.7L]
U = 1.4[D + T]
D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
H = fluid height / pressure
CODE DESIGN CRITERIA
Essential Facilities: facilities needed during and after disasters
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between longitudinal
bars shall not be less than 1.5db or less than 40mm
Bars larger than 36mm diameter shall not be bundled in beams
CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT
Cast-in-Place Concrete
Cast permanently exposed to earth
75mm
Exposed to earth or weather
20mm to 36mm db 40mm
16mm db and smaller 20mm
Not exposed to weather or in contact
with ground:
1. Slabs, walls, joists
45mm to 60db 40mm
36mm db and smaller 20mm
2.
Beams, columns
3.
Pre-Cast Concrete
Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
1. Wall Panels
Other members
2.
Beams, columns
3.
Pre-Stressed Concrete
Cast permanently exposed to earth
Exposed to earth or weather
Not exposed to weather or in contact
with ground:
1. Slabs, walls, joists
20mm
2.
Beams, columns
3.
SPIRALS
For cast-in-place, size of spirals shall not be less than 10mm diameter
Clear spacing shall not exceed 75mm nor be less than 25 mm
Lap splice shall be by 48 db, but not less than 300mm or welded
TIES
Longitudinal bars 32mm diameter: 10mm diameter lateral ties
Longitudinal bars 36mm diameter and bundled bars: 12mm diameter lateral ties
0.90
0.90
0.75
0.70
0.70
0.80
Cantilever
L/10
L/8