Lecture-2

GRAPHIC SYSTEMS
(Display, Input & Output Devices)
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VIDEO DISPLAY DEVICES

Cathode-ray Tube (CRT) Monitors
Direct-View Storage Tubes (DVST) monitors
Flat-Panel Displays

Plasma panels
Thin-film electroluminescent displays

Light-emitting Diode (LED)

Liquid-crystal displays (LCD)

3D Viewing Devices
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Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs)

Most common display device today
Extremely high voltage
Components
Electron gun
Focusing and deec?on systems
Phosphor-coated screen
Glass tube envelope maintaining
vacuum

 Electron Gun
Contains a hea?ng lament that emits a stream of electrons

Electrons are focused with an electromagnet into a sharp beam

and directed to a specic point of the face of the picture tube

The front surface of the picture tube is coated with small

phosphor dots
When the beam hits a phosphor dot it glows with a brightness
propor?onal to the strength of the beam.
To keep the phosphor glowing is to re-draw the picture
repeatedly by quickly direc?ng the electron beam back over the
same points. This type of display is called a refresh CRT.
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 Intensity of the electron beam is controlled by set?ng voltage

level on the control grid. Nega?ve voltage will decrease the
number of electrons passing through.
As the distance travelled by a beam increases towards the
periphery of the screen, due to its curvature, displayed image
become blurred.
Deec?on of the electron beam can be controlled either with
electric eld or with magne?c eld.

Electrons transfer energy to phosphor, which excites and on

hea?ng gives light energy producing glowing spot, which
fades as phosphor returns back to ground energy level.
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CRTs5
Phosphors are dened either by colour or their persistence
(how long they con?nue to emit light).
Persistence is dened as ?me it takes the emitted light from
the screen to decay to one-tenth of its original intensity.

Phosphor with lower persistence is useful for anima?on; and

with higher persistence is useful for highly complex, sta?c
pictures.
Usual persistence range for graphic monitors is 10 to 60
microseconds.

Resolu?on of CRT is dened as maximum number of points

per cen?meter that can be plotted horizontally and ver?cally,
although it is often simply stated as the total number of
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points in each direc?on.

CRTs6
Resolu?on
Two illuminated phosphor spots are dis?nguishable
when their separa?on is greater than the spot
diameter at which a spot intensity has fallen to 60
percent of maximum
Dependent upon
Type of phosphor
Intensity to be displayed
Focusing and deection systems

High defini?on system: basically high resolu?on

system, 1024p or higher
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CRTs7
Aspect Ra?o
Ra?o of horizontal points to ver?cal points necessary to
produce equal length lines in both direc?ons on the
screen.
Ex. means length of 3 points on horizontal line = length
of 4 points on ver?cal line

Measuring capabilities of CRT

Size of tube (= length of screen diagonal)

Brightness of phosphors vs. darkness of tube
Speed of electron gun
Width of electron beam
Pixels

Color CRT
A CRT monitor displays color pictures by using a combination of phosphors
that emit different color light. A range of color is generated by combining
emitted light from different phosphors.

Beam penetrating methods for random scan monitors

Two layers of phosphor (Red-outer & Green-inner) are coated inside the
CRT screen.
Display color depend on depth of penetration of electron beam
Picture quality not good.
Shadow-mask methods - for raster scan monitors

produce much wider range of colors.

Shadow mask CRT has three phosphor color dots (RGB) at each pixel
positions and also three guns.

Three guns are deflected and focused as a group onto the shadow mask,9
which contains a series of holes aligned with the phosphor-dot patterns.

Direct-View Storage Tubes (DVST)

DVST stores the picture informa?on as a charge
distribu?on just behind the phosphor coated screen.

It uses two electron guns, primary gun stores picture

pattern and ood gun maintains picture display.
There is no need to refresh screen, hence very complex
pictures can be displayed at very high resolutions
without icker.
Because of storage process, a sec?on of picture cannot
be erased and the whole picture is to be erased and
redrawn. Now replaced by raster systems.

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Flat-Panel Displays
- thin, light, require less power
Two categories

Emissive displays: devices that convert electrical energy

into light.
Example: Plasma panel, thin-lm electroluminescent
displays, light-emit?ng diodes, at CRT

Non-emissive or reec?ve displays: use op?cal effects to

convert light from a source into graphic patterns.
Example: LCD
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Plasma Panels
Also called gas-discharge displays, constructed by lling a
mixture of gas (usually has neon) between two glass plates.

A series of ver?cal conduc?ng ribbons is placed on one glass

panel, and a set of horizontal ribbons is built into the other
glass panel.

Firing voltages applied to

conductors cause the gas to
break down into a glowing
plasma of electrons and
ions.
Picture deni?on is stored
in a refresh buffer and the
ring voltages are applied
to refresh the pixels
posi?ons.

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Thin-lm Electroluminescent Displays

Similar to plasma panels except that the region between the
glass plates is lled with phosphor, such as zinc sulde doped
with manganese.

Phosphor becomes conductor on applica?on of high voltages

Electrical energy is
absorbed by the manganese
atoms, which then release
the energy as a spot of light
similar to plasma.

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Light-emitting Diode (LED)

A light-emit?ng diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source
A matrix of diodes is arranged to form the pixel posi?ons in
the display and the picture deni?on is stored in a refresh
buffer.
Informa?on is read from refresh buffer and converted to
voltage levels that are applied to diodes to produce the light
patterns in the display.

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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

These non-emissive devices are commonly used in small
systems.
Produce a picture by passing polarized light from the
surrounding or from an internal light source.
LCDs: organic molecules, naturally in crystalline state, that
liquefy when excited by heat or E eld.
Crystalline state twists polarized light 90
Flat panel displays commonly use nematic (threadlike) liquid
crystal compounds.
It consists of
Liquid crystals
Glass plates - 2
Light polarizer 2 at 90o
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Transparent conductors built into glass plates at 90o

LCD...l

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Three-Dimensional Viewing Devices

3D-images are devised using a technique that reflects a CRT image from a
vibrating flexible mirror, which changes the focal length due to vibration.

The vibration is synchronized with the display of an object on a CRT.

Stereoscopic projection (3D movie & image)- two views of a objec2t1

Raster Scan Displays

Display
Systems

Random
Random SScan
can DDisplays
isplays

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