Answer for assignment 2

1.
(a)Explain the importance of zero pole diagram
(5marks)
Answer
The zero pole diagram is important because the poles and zeros are roots of the transfer function
obtain form its numerator and dominator and thus it describes the system dynamics. Together
with the gain constant K they completely provide a complete description of the system.
(5marks)

(b)A transfer function of a certain system is given as

G (s)

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

10s 23
(s 2s 7s 9)(8s 2 9s 6)
3

Deduce the number of poles and zeros

Determine the locations of poles and zeros
Draw the zero pole diagrams
Explain the stability of the system
(20marks)

Answer
G (s)

10(s 2.3)
9
6
(s3 2s 2 7s 9)8(s 2 s )
8
8

1.25(s 2.3)
(s 1.4508)(s 0.2746 j2.4755)(s 0.2746 j2.4755)
(s 0.5625 j0.6585)(s 0.5625 j0.6585)

(4 marks)
i.

The number of zero is 1, the number of poles is 5

(4 marks)

ii.

The location of the zero is at -2.3

The location of the poles are at -0.2746j2.4755,-1.4508 and -0.5625j0.6585

(4 marks)

iii.

Pole-Zero Map

Imaginary Axis (seconds-1)

-1

-2

-3
-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

-1

Real Axis (seconds )

(4marks)

iv. Since all poles are in the left hand plane, the system is stable.
(4 marks)

2.
(a)Explain what is damping ratio and natural angular frequency when
the input to a second order system is a unit step.

(7marks)
Answer
Damping ratio measurement of the damping of a system. If the damping ratio is
low(undamped or underdamped system), the system can oscillate for longer, if it is
large(overdamped), it may not oscillate at all.

(4 marks)

Natural angular frequency

scalar measure of rotation rate. The higher the frequency, the

more the number of oscillation (underdamped system)

(3 marks)

(b)The transient response for a second order system when subjected to a

unit step input (1 volt-dc supply) is shown in Figure Q2.

Figure Q2
(Note: It has a maximum value of 1.8V and a 2% settling time of 3.79
seconds)

Find
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.

The damping ratio

the angular frequency
The damped angular frequency
The 5% setting time
The peak time
The rise time
The generalize closed loop transfer function for this circuit
(28marks)

Answer

Mp e

1 2

0.8

0.0708
(4 marks)
ts 2%

4
3.79 sec
n

n 1.0554
n 14.907rad / s
(4 marks)
d n 1 2 14.87 rad / s

(4 marks)

ts 5%

3
3

2.84 sec
n 1.0554
(4 marks)

tp

0.211sec
d 14.87
(4 marks)

tan 1

d
1.49999
n

t r 0.110 sec

(4 marks)

Vo (s)
222.22
2
Vi (s) s 2.111s 222.22
(4 marks)

(c)Design a simple RLC circuit to simulate Figure Q2 waveform (Use

1mF capacitor)
(5marks)
Answer

(1 mark)
1
2
Vo (s)
n
LC

2
2
Vi (s) s 2 R s 1
s 2n s n
L
LC

(1 mark)

1
222.22
L(0.001)
Therefore
L 4.5H
R
2.111
4 .5
R 9.5

Thus our design is

(1 mark)

(1 mark)

(1 mark)

3.
(a)Write the complete Masons Gain Formula and explain it.
(5marks)
Answer
Mason's gain formula is a method for finding the transfer function of a linear signal-flow graph.
The gain formula is as follows:

where:
= the determinant of the graph.
yin = input-node variable

yout = output-node variable

G = complete gain between yin and yout

N = total number of forward paths between yin and yout

Gk = gain of the kth forward path between yin and yout

Li = loop gain of each closed loop in the system

LiLj = product of the loop gains of any two non-touching loops (no common nodes)

LiLjLk = product of the loop gains of any three pairwise nontouching loops

k = the cofactor value of for the kth forward path, with the loops touching the kth
forward path removed. I.e. Remove those parts of the graph which form the loop,
while retaining the parts needed for the forward path.
(5marks)

(b)Simplify the block diagram shown in Figure Q3 using

i.
ii.

Block diagram reduction algebra

Masons gain rule

Figure Q3
(30 marks)
Answer

(2 marks for each block and last block is 3 marks-total 15 marks)

Masons gain rule

(3 marks)

Note: I have made the base the same to simplify my mathematics

Path

18s 4 90s3 108s 2

1.18s 36s
s 2 3s
162s3 810s 2 972s
2.162s 324
s 2 3s
2

Loops

1.

2 loops not touching each other

Loops not touching path 1
Loops not touching path 2

12s 24 12s 2 24s

2
s3
s 3s
2
9s 27s
2. 9 [ 2
]
s 3s
81
81s 243
3. [ 2
]
s
s 3s

(9 marks)
18s 4 90s3 108s 2
162s3 810s 2 972s
[
1

[1 ]
2
2
C(s)
s

3
s
s

3
s

12s 2 24s 9s 2 27s

81s 243
R (s)
1[ 2
( 2
)( 2
)]
s 3s
s 3s
s 3s
18s 4 252s3 918s 2 972s

2s 2 87s 243

(3 marks)