Complex Variables

5.4 Power Series and Taylor Series

For a power series

we can assume the substitution:

where

THEOREM 13 If
converges when z = z1, then this series converges for
all z satisfying |z - z0| < |z1 - z0|. The convergence is absolute for these values of z.

That is: it converges inside a disk |z - z0| < |z1 - z0| for all |z - z0| = r

THEOREM 14 (Uniform Convergence and Analyticity of Power Series) If

converges when z = z1, where z z0, then the series converges
uniformly for all z in the disc |z - z0| r, where r < |z1 - z0|. The sum of the series is an
analytic function for |z - z0| r.
By the Weierstrass M test: First we consider:

This series of constants converges, so we can fine a number m that:

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Complex Variables
Consider the series
z z0 r and r z1 z0

where
So, for
we write

For
we have

r
1 and
z1 z 0

z z0
p
z1 z 0

and

z z0 r

cn z z0 mp n M n
n

and:

Weierstrass M Test !!
Now:

for

->

convergence for z z0 r

z z0 r is an analytic function, so

analytic function

is also an
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Complex Variables
DEFINITION (Circle of Convergence) The largest circle centered at z0 inside which the
series
converges everywhere is called the circle of convergence of this
series. The radius of the circle is called the radius of convergence of the series. The
center of the circle z0 is called the center of expansion of the series.
If a series converges only when z = z0 : is zero and the sum of the series is not an
analytic function .
u j 1 z
lim j 2 z 1 z 0 0
Observe:
, the ratio test: z lim
j
j
u j z

??
Analytic function

power series

THEOREM 15 (Taylor Series) Let f(z) be analytic at z0. Let C be the largest circle
centered at z0. inside which z0 is everywhere analytic, and let a > 0 be the radius of C.
Then there exists a power series
which converges to f(z) in C; that is,
f z

c z z ;
n

n 0

f ( n ) z
cn
n!

This power series is called the Taylor series expansion of f(z) about z0 . In the special
case z0=0 - a Maclaurin series.
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Complex Variables
Let: z0 = 0, f(z) is analytic at z0 = 0, and zS is the closest to z0 singularity of f(z).
Circle of the radius a = |zS - z0| = |zS | and circle of the radius b: |z1| < b < a

Cauchy integral at z1 :

Use:
Which is uniformly convergent for |z1 / z| <1, so for the contour C.
The function f(z) is bounded on C. We can write the uniformly convergent product

From a term-by-term integration:

Now we can use the extended Cauchy integrals:

Which leads to:

with

, when |z1| < b < a

Complex Variables
When: z0 0, f(z) is analytic at z0 and zS is the closest to z0 singularity of f(z).
Circle of the radius a = |zS - z0| = |zS z0| and circle of the radius |z1 - z0| < b < a
So:
z z
z z 2
1
f ( z)
f ( z ) 1 0 2 f ( z ) 1 0 3 ...
z z0
z z0
z z0
Radius of convergence The distance to the nearest singularity
EXAMPLE 1 Expand ez in (a) a Maclaurin series and (b) a Taylor series about z = i.
Solution. Part (a):

The function is entire, so the series converges everywhere.

Part (b):

Complex Variables
Maclaurin series expansions:

f ( z)

1
1 z

EXAMPLE 2 Expand
in the Taylor series
of z must the series converge to f(z) ?
Solution.

cn

f n ( z )
n!

z 1

1 1n1

(z0 = -1). For what values

1
2 n 1

So:

Radius of convergence: singularity zS = 1 |z0 - zS | = 2

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Complex Variables
THEOREM 16 The Taylor series expansion about z0 of the analytic function f(z) is the
only power series using powers of (z - z0) that will converge to f(z) everywhere in a
circular domain centered at z0
Let for an analytic function f(z) at z0 another Taylor series about z0 is:
Then:

2
f n ( z) n!bn d n1bn1 z z0 d n2bn 2 z z0 ... f n ( z0 ) n!bn

And
bn

f z0
cn
n!

THEOREM 17 Let f(z) be expanded in a Taylor series about z0 . The largest circle within
which this series converges to f(z) at each point is |z - z0 |= a, where a is the distance
from z0 to the nearest singular point of f(z).
If the Taylor expansion converge in the disk |z - z0 |= A > b = |z0 - zS | - the disc contains the
singular point and the function is not analytic in the disk !
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Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 3 Without actually obtaining the Taylor series give the largest circle
throughout which the indicated expansion is valid:

Solution.

Singularities zS = i
Distance |z0 - zS | = |2 i | = 5
The expansion is valid in |z 2 | < 5

EXAMPLE 4 Consider the real Taylor series expansion

Determine the largest interval along the x-axis inside which the series converges to
1/(x2 + 1).
Solution. The crossing points for the circle and the real axis : x = 2 5
So, the interval of convergence is : 2 - 5 < x < 2 + 5
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