Knowing:
we can obtain
for
1
1 z 1
z
More, let:
z 2 4z 1
z 2 4z 1
z
2
f ( z) 2
1 z 2 z
z 3z 2 (1 z )( 2 z )
We know:
2
1
z z2
1
... z 2
2 z 1 z
2 4
2
So:
z 2 4z 1
f ( z) 2
z 3z 2
Complex Variables
Examples (using Taylor series)
u2
Start from an entire:
u
e 1 u
....
2!
Complex Variables
Consider z0=0 and the contour C which encloses z1. f(z) is analytic inside C
The Cauchy integral:
but
and
f ( z)
f ( z)
dz l
dz
z z1
z z1
2
f ( z1 ) I A I B
where
and
Now (the series is convergent uniformly)
z1
1 z1 2
z
Complex Variables
And
For
z
1 z1 1
z1
So:
Or:
Collection:
1 z1 2 r1 z1 r2
4
Complex Variables
If the function f(z) is not analytic in
z r1 we cannot use
Taylor Series
DEFINITION (Isolated Singular Point) The point zp is an isolated singular point of f(z) if
f(z) is not analytic at zp but is analytic in a deleted neighborhood of zp.
For example:
1
( z 1)( z 5) 2 ( z 6) 4
z p 1, 5, 6
Complex Variables
In the domain z 1 2 we can represent in a Laurent series
z 1 2 using:
we can write:
z 1 2
which is
w 2 / z 1 and w 1 z 1 2
2 z 1 3
Complex Variables
Another domain is D2 : z 1 3
For a Taylor series D3: z 1 2
Only D1 contains z = 7/2 !!!
Now:
or
Using
z 1 2
7
Complex Variables
When w 2 z 1 we obtain a Laurent series in powers (z - 1) :
Similarly:
When w z 1 3 we obtain a Taylor series in powers (z - 1) :
z 1 3
Complex Variables
When
2 z 1 3
Or:
f (z )
Complex Variables
Then
and
So:
Or:
0 z
and try
10
Complex Variables
First:
and (by LHopitals Rule)
requires: cn 0,
n 2
So:
Now:
1
z3 z5
1 sin z
z .... c1 z 1 c0 c1 z c2 z 2 c3 z 3 ...
sin z
3! 5!
Which gives
11