WHAT TO EXPECT?

To provide an in-depth coverage of existing and emerging

wireless data communication networks technologies.
To study the technology components which form the
infrastructure of the wireless data communication
networks.
Concept of the underlying protocols and technological
principles will be discussed.
Added: The Internet of Things (IoT)

WIRELESS DATA NETWORKS

A/Prof Iain Murray

314:312 Ext 4540
i.murray@curtin.edu.au

ASSESSMENT BREAKDOWN

Tentative Topics

Task

Value %

Lab Book 1
(Lab 1 to 5)

10 percent

WEEK

TOPIC

ASSESSED IN

1-4

MAC/PHY/Networks

Final Exam

Skill Test

15 percent

WLAN/PAN/Mobile IP

Lab Book and skills test

Final Exam

Lab Book 1
(Lab 6 to 9)

10 percent

Lab Assignment

25 percent

IoT/Sensor networks

Lab book and design

assignment
Final exam

Exam

40 percent

5-8

9-14

Date Due
Labs are due
Friday of each
week
Week: 8
Book a day and
time
Labs are due
Friday of each
week
Week: 11
Day: Friday
Time: 16:00
Week 12 in
lecture

Lab
1,2,3,4,5

Lab
6,7,8,9

Other Course-related Information

No Textbook
Most resources will be available on Blackboard
Reference books:

Mobile Communications, 2nd Edition, Jochen Schiller, Addison

Wesley
Principles of wireless networks, Kaveh Pahlavan and Prashant
Krishnamurthy, Prentice Hall, 2002
Fundamentals of WiMaX: understanding broadband wireless networking, J.
G. Andrews, A. Ghosh, R. Muhamed, Prentice Hall, 2007
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: from wireless LANs to 4G networks, Protocols
and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks, George Aggelou,
McGraw Hill, 2005

Areas of interest in WDN

Wireless Communication

Mobility

transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay)

modulation, coding, interference
media access, regulations
...
location dependent services
location transparency
quality of service support (delay, jitter, security)
...

Portability

power consumption
limited computing power, sizes of display, ...
usability
...

PROBLEM?

Simple reference model used here (TCP/IP)

Two different groups in this unit

B.Tech - Completing CCNA and have covered programming

M.Eng.Sc - Varied experience

Extra discussion each week for those interested

C programming

Introduction to Networking

IPv6

IP Routing

Application

Application

Transport

Transport

Network

Network

Network

Network

Data Link

Data Link

Data Link

Data Link

Physical

Physical

Physical

Physical
Medium

Radio

LAYER

INFLUENCE OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION

TO THE LAYER MODEL

APPLICATION

service location
multimedia
adaptive applications

TRANSPORT

congestion and flow control

quality of service

NETWORK

addressing, routing,
device location
hand-over

DATA LINK

authentication, media access

Multiplexing
media access control

PHYSICAL

encryption, modulation, interference, attenuation,

frequency

Overlay Networks - the global goal

integration of heterogeneous fixed and
mobile networks with varying
transmission characteristics

vertical
handover
metropolitan area

campus-based

10

Frequencies for communication

coax cable

Frequencies for mobile communication

optical transmission

VHF-/UHF-ranges for mobile radio

simple, small antenna for cars
deterministic propagation characteristics, reliable connections
SHF and higher for directed radio links, satellite communication
small antenna, beam forming
large bandwidth available
Wireless LANs use frequencies in UHF to SHF range
some systems planned up to EHF
limitations due to absorption by water and oxygen molecules
(resonance frequencies)
weather dependent fading, signal loss caused by heavy
rainfall etc.

1 Mm
300 Hz

10 km
30 kHz

100 m
3 MHz

1m
300 MHz

10 mm
30 GHz

100 m
3 THz

1 m
300 THz

VLF

LF

MF

HF

VHF

UHF

VLF = Very Low Frequency

LF = Low Frequency
MF = Medium Frequency
HF = High Frequency
VHF = Very High Frequency

SHF

EHF

infrared

visible light

UHF = Ultra High Frequency

SHF = Super High Frequency
EHF = Extra High Frequency
UV = Ultraviolet Light

UV

Frequency and wave length:

= c/f
wave length , speed of light c 3x108m/s, frequency f

11

horizontal
handover

in-house

twisted pair

regional

12

802.11 LANs

Frequencies and regulations

Cellular
Phones

Cordless
Phones

Wireless
LANs

Others

Europe

USA

Japan

GSM 450-457, 479486/460-467,489496, 890-915/935960,

1710-1785/18051880
UMTS (FDD) 19201980, 2110-2190
UMTS (TDD) 19001920, 2020-2025
CT1+ 885-887, 930932
CT2
864-868
DECT
1880-1900
IEEE 802.11
2400-2483
HIPERLAN 2
5150-5350, 54705725
RF-Control
27, 128, 418, 433,
868

AMPS, TDMA, CDMA

824-849,
869-894
TDMA, CDMA, GSM
1850-1910,
1930-1990

PDC
810-826,
940-956,
1429-1465,
1477-1513

PACS 1850-1910, 19301990

PACS-UB 1910-1930

PHS
1895-1918
JCT
254-380

902-928
IEEE 802.11
2400-2483
5150-5350, 5725-5825

IEEE 802.11
2471-2497
5150-5250

RF-Control
315, 915

RF-Control
426, 868

13

Momentum is Building in Wireless LANs

There are four major factors to consider before

implementing a wireless network:

High availability

Scalability

Manageability

Open architecture

14

Wireless LANs Are Taking Off

Future Growth Due To:
Standards
High Bandwidth Needs
Low Cost
Embedded in Laptops
Variety of Devices
Voice + Data
Multiple Applications
Security Issues Solved
Ease of Deployment
Network Mgmt. Tools
Enterprise Adoption

Wireless LANs are an addictive

technology
Strong commitment to Wireless LANs by
technology heavy-weights
Cisco, IBM, Intel, Microsoft
Embedded market is growing
IoT
Sensor networks
The WLAN market is expanding

15

16

Business-Classvs Consumer WLAN

Industry has segmented: consumer

vs. business

business-class products:
Security
Upgradeability
Network management
Advanced features
Choice of antennas
Highest throughput
Scalability
consumer-class products
Ease of use
Reliability

17

Benefits of WLANs

18

Unlicensed Frequency Bands

19

20

Wireless Technologies (ignore speeds)

Wireless Data Networks

WAN

(Wide Area Network)

MAN

(Metropolitan Area Network)

LAN

(Local Area Network)

PAN

(Personal Area Network)

PAN

LAN

MAN

WAN

Standards

Bluetooth

802.11a, 11b, 11g

HiperLAN2

802.11
MMDS, LMDS

GSM, GPRS,
CDMA, 2.53G

Speed

1-25Mbps

254+ Mbps

22+ Mbps

10384 Kbps

Range

Short

Medium

MediumLong

Long

Fixed, Last
Mile Access

PDAs, Mobile
Phones, Cellular
Access

Applications

21

Peer-to-Peer
Enterprise Networks
Device-to-Device

22

Wireless LAN Security:

Lessons

Reliability and Connectivity

War Driving

Hacking into WEP

Lessons:

Security must be turned on (part of the installation process)

Employees will install WLAN equipment on their own (compromises

security of your entire network)

It takes just 3 seconds to extract a 104-bit WEP key from intercepted

data using a 1.7GHz Pentium M processor.

23

24

IEEE 802. Standards

802 Committee Architecture

25

Basic Service Set (BSS)

27

26

Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)

28

Extended Service Set (ESS) and Distributed System (DS)

MAC Architecture
Before sending a frame, STAs
must get access to the medium.
1. IEEE 802.11 MAC, carrier
sense multiple access with
collision avoidance (CSMA/CA),
is called the Distributed
Coordination Function (DCF)
2. Point Coordination Function
(PCF), creates contention-free
(CF) access

29

CSMA

30

Interframe Spaces

31

32

Interframe Space (IFS) Values

Short IFS (SIFS)
Shortest IFS
Used for immediate response actions
Point coordination function IFS (PIFS)
Midlength IFS
Used by centralised controller in PCF scheme when using polls
Distributed coordination function IFS (DIFS)
Longest IFS
Used as minimum delay of asynchronous frames contending for
access

IFS Usage
SIFS
Acknowledgment (ACK)
Clear to send (CTS)
Poll response
PIFS
Used by centralised controller in issuing polls
Takes precedence over normal contention traffic
DIFS
Used for all ordinary asynchronous traffic

33

34

Overview

35

This module is an introduction to IoT fundamental

concepts and its application.
We will discuss the IoT components and their
functionalities.
There are a set of lab experiments to give you some idea
about the real world implementation of IoT

36

Connecting the unconnected

IoT Example

There are currently 1.5 devices for every human being on the
planet.
Sensors, smart objects, and other devices are some example of
devices connecting through the reach and power of the Internet.
They are dynamically generating, analysing, and communicating
intelligence to increase operational efficiency, power new
business models, and improve quality of life.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=co2MLqkJVXs

37

Lab Experiments

38

Lab Experiments

Hardware
Sensor node (mote) gathers and process data in Wireless
sensor network
AS-XM1000 is a wireless sensor used in the lab
It includes Temperature, Humidity, and Light sensor
USB interface

Software
ContikiOS
Open source operating System
Connects low-cost, low-power microcontrollers to
the Internet
Provides entire development environment
Applications are written in standard C
You will install it on a Virtual machine

39

40

Overview

Antennas: isotropic radiator

Antennas

Modulation

Radiation and reception of electromagnetic waves, coupling of wires to

space for radio transmission
Isotropic radiator: equal radiation in all directions (three dimensional) only a theoretical reference antenna
Real antennas always have directive effects (vertically and/or
horizontally)
Radiation pattern: measurement of radiation around an antenna
z

Coding

z
y

41

ideal
isotropic
radiator

42

Antennas: simple dipoles

Antennas: directed and sectorised

Real antennas are not isotropic radiators but, e.g., dipoles with lengths /

Often used for microwave connections or base stations for mobile phones (e.g., radio
coverage of a valley)

4 on car roofs or /2 as Hertzian dipole

shape of antenna proportional to wavelength
/4

/2

side view (xy-plane)

top view (xz-plane)

simple
dipole
x

x
side view (xy-plane)

side view (yz-plane)

top view (xz-plane)

Gain: maximum power in the direction of the main lobe compared to the
power of an isotropic radiator (with the same average power)

43

top view, 3 sector

directed
antenna

z
x

side view (yz-plane)

Example: Radiation pattern of a simple Hertzian dipole

y

top view, 6 sector

44

sectorised
antenna

Antennas: diversity

/4

Grouping of 2 or more antennas

multi-element antenna arrays
Antenna diversity
switched diversity, selection diversity
receiver chooses antenna with
largest output
diversity combining
combine output power to
produce gain
cophasing needed to avoid
cancellation

/2

/4

Transmission range
communication possible
low error rate
Detection range
detection of the signal

ground plane

/2

Signal propagation ranges

/2

/2

possible
no communication
possible
Interference range
signal may not be detected
signal adds to the background
noise

45

46

Signal propagation

Real world example

Propagation in free space always like light (straight line)

Receiving power proportional to 1/d in vacuum much more in real
environments
(d = distance between sender and receiver)
Receiving power additionally influenced by
fading (frequency dependent)
shadowing
reflection at large obstacles
refraction depending on the density of a medium
scattering at small obstacles
diffraction at edges

shadowing

reflection

refraction

47

scattering

diffraction

48

sender

transmission
distance
detection
interference

Effects of mobility

Multipath propagation

Channel characteristics change over time and location

signal paths change
different delay variations of different signal parts
different phases of signal parts
quick changes in the power received (short term fading)

Signal can take many different paths between sender and receiver due to reflection,
scattering, diffraction

LOS pulses

multipath
pulses

signal at sender
signal at receiver

Time dispersion: signal is dispersed over time

interference with neighbour symbols, Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)

The signal reaches a receiver directly and phase shifted

distorted signal depending on the phases of the different parts

Additional changes in
distance to sender
obstacles further away
slow changes in the average power
received (long term fading)

50

Frequency multiplex

channels ki
k1

Multiplexing in 4 dimensions
space (si)
time (t)
frequency (f)
code (c)

k2

k3

k4

k5

k6

c
t

c
t

s1

s2

Goal: multiple use

of a shared medium

s3

Important: guard spaces needed!

51

short term fading

49

Multiplexing

long term
fading

power

Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency bands

A channel gets a certain band of the spectrum for the whole time
Advantages:
k1
k2
k3
k4
no dynamic coordination
necessary
c
works also for analog signals
Disadvantages:
waste of bandwidth if the traffic is
distributed unevenly
inflexible
t
guard spaces

52

k5

k6

Time multiplex

Time and frequency multiplex

Combination of both methods
A channel gets a certain frequency band for a certain amount of time
Example: GSM

A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain

amount of time
k1

Advantages:
only one carrier in the
medium at any time
throughput high even
for many users
Disadvantages:
precise
synchronisation
necessary

k2

k3

k4

k5

k6

c
f

k1

Advantages:
better protection against tapping
protection against frequency
selective interference
higher data rates compared
to code multiplex
but: precise coordination
t
required

k2

k3

k4

54

Modulation

Code multiplex
k1

k2

Each channel has a unique code

k3

k4

k5

k6

All channels use the same spectrum

at the same time
Advantages:
bandwidth efficient
no coordination and synchronization
necessary
good protection against interference and
tapping
Disadvantages:
lower user data rates
more complex signal regeneration
Implemented using spread spectrum technology

55

k6

53

k5

Digital modulation
digital data is translated into an analog signal (baseband)
ASK, FSK, PSK - main focus
differences in spectral efficiency, power efficiency, robustness
Analog modulation
shifts centre frequency of baseband signal up to the radio carrier
Motivation
smaller antennas (e.g., /4)
Frequency Division Multiplexing
medium characteristics
Basic schemes
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Phase Modulation (PM)
56

Digital modulation

Modulation and demodulation

digital
data
101101001

Modulation of digital signals known as Shift Keying

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK):
very simple
low bandwidth requirements
very susceptible to interference

analog
baseband
signal
digital
modulation

analog
modulation

radio transmitter

radio
carrier

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):

needs larger bandwidth

analog
baseband
signal
analog
demodulation

synchronization
decision

digital
data
101101001

Phase Shift Keying (PSK):

more complex
robust against interference

radio receiver

radio
carrier

57

BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying):

bit value 0: sine wave
bit value 1: inverted sine wave
very simple PSK
low spectral efficiency
robust, used e.g. in satellite systems
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying):
10
2 bits coded as one symbol
symbol determines shift of sine wave
needs less bandwidth compared to BPSK
more complex
Often also transmission of relative, not absolute phase shift: DQPSK
00
phase-shifts are 0, 90, 180, 90 corresponding to data '00', '01', '11',
'10'.

DQPSK
phase-shifts are 0, 90, 180, 90
corresponding to data '00', '01', '11', '10'.

58

Advanced Phase Shift Keying

59

11

01

60

Spread spectrum technology

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): combines amplitude and
phase modulation
it is possible to code n bits using one symbol
2n discrete levels, n=2 identical to QPSK
bit error rate increases with n, but less errors compared to
comparable PSK schemes
Q
0010
0011

0001
0000

I
1000

Problem of radio transmission: frequency dependent fading can wipe out narrow
band signals for duration of the interference
Solution: spread the narrow band signal into a broad band signal using a special
code protection against narrow band interference
power

Example: 16-QAM (4 bits = 1 symbol)

Symbols 0011 and 0001 have the same
phase , but different amplitude a.
0000 and 1000 have different phase, but same
amplitude.
* used in standard 9600 bit/s modems

interference

spread signal

spread
interference

detection at
receiver
f

protection against narrowband interference

Side effects:
coexistence of several signals without dynamic coordination
tap-proof
Alternatives: Direct Sequence, Frequency Hopping

61

62

DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) I

XOR of the signal with pseudo-random number
(chipping sequence)
many chips per bit (e.g., 128) result in higher
bandwidth of the signal
Advantages
reduces frequency selective fading
in cellular networks
base stations can use the same frequency
range
several base stations can detect and recover
the signal
soft handover
Disadvantages
precise power control necessary

DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) II

tb

spread
spectrum
signal

user data
user data

=
resulting
signal

tb: bit period

tc: chip period

radio
carrier
transmitter

chipping
sequence

0 110 101 100 101 0

modulator

chipping
sequence

XOR

tc

0 110 101 011 010 1

transmit
signal

correlator
lowpass
filtered
signal

received
signal

data

demodulator
radio
carrier

sampled
sums

products
X

chipping
sequence
receiver

63

signal

power

64

integrator

decision

FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) I

Discrete changes of carrier frequency
sequence of frequency changes determined via pseudo random number
sequence
Two versions
Fast Hopping:
several frequencies per user bit
Slow Hopping:
several user bits per frequency
Advantages
frequency selective fading and interference limited to short period
simple implementation
uses only small portion of spectrum at any time
Disadvantages
not as robust as DSSS
simpler to detect

FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) II

tb
user data
0

modulator

frequency
synthesizer

hopping
sequence

narrowband
signal

received
signal

data
demodulator

hopping
sequence

spread
transmit
signal

narrowband
signal

transmitter

demodulator

receiver

frequency
synthesizer

67

td
slow
hopping
(3 bits/hop)

f2
f1
f

td

f3

fast
hopping
(3 hops/bit)

f2
f1
t

tb: bit period

td: dwell time

66

FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) III

modulator

f3

65

user data

Cell structure
Implements space division multiplex: base station covers a certain
transmission area (cell)
Mobile stations communicate only via the base station
Advantages of cell structures:
higher capacity, higher number of users
less transmission power needed
more robust, decentralised
base station deals with interference, transmission area etc. locally
Problems:
fixed network needed for the base stations
handover (changing from one cell to another) necessary
interference with other cells
Cell sizes from100 m in cities to 35 km on the country side (GSM) - even less for
higher frequencies

68

Frequency planning I

Frequency planning II

Frequency reuse only with a certain distance between the base

stations
f
Standard model using 7 frequencies:
f
f

f3

f4

f6

f3

f2

f5

f
Fixed frequency assignment:
certain frequencies are assigned to a certain cell
problem: different traffic load in different cells
Dynamic frequency assignment:
base station chooses frequencies depending on the frequencies
already used in neighbour cells
more capacity in cells with more traffic
assignment can also be based on interference measurements

f1

3 cell cluster

f3

f2

f2

f2

f3

f4

f3

f1

f6

f3

g1

f2
f3
g2
g3

h1

h2
h3

f1
g1

f2
f3
g2
g3

h1

h2
h3

f1
g1

f6

f2
f3
g2
g3

3 cell cluster
with 3 sector antennas

70

f5
f4

f7
f2

f1

f7
f2

f1

69

f3
f5

f1

f1
f3

f4
f7

f1
f3

f1

f3
f2

f1

f3
f2

f1
f3

f5

7 cell cluster

f2