Hypothesis Testing
Review
In Chapters 2 and 3 we used descriptive statistics
when we summarized data using tools such as graphs,
and statistics such as the mean and standard
deviation. Methods of inferential statistics use sample
data to make an inference or conclusion about a
population. The two main activities of inferential
statistics are using sample data to (1) estimate a
population parameter (such as estimating a population
parameter with a confidence interval), and (2) test a
hypothesis or claim about a population parameter.
In Chapter 7 we presented methods for estimating a
population parameter with a confidence interval,
and in this chapter we present the method of
hypothesis testing.
Bluman, Chapter 8, 08/2011
Hypothesis Testing
Researchers are interested in answering many types of
questions. For example,
Hypothesis Testing
Three methods used to test hypotheses:
1. The traditional method
One-tailed test
By H1
No
difference
Researcher
s interest
Note: In this book, the null hypothesis is always stated using the equals sign
There is no overlapping between H0 and H1
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Situation A
A medical researcher is interested in finding out whether
a new medication will have any undesirable side effects.
The researcher is particularly concerned with the pulse
rate of the patients who take the medication. Will the
pulse rate increase, decrease, or remain unchanged
after a patient takes the medication? The researcher
knows that the mean pulse rate for the population under
study is 82 beats per minute.
The hypotheses for this situation in symbolic form are
H 0 : 82
H1 : 82
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Situation B
A chemist invents an additive to increase the life of an
automobile battery. The mean lifetime of the automobile
battery without the additive is 36 months.
In this book, the null hypothesis is always stated using
the equals sign. The hypotheses for this situation are
H 0 : 36
H1 : 36
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Situation C
A contractor wishes to lower heating bills by using a
special type of insulation in houses. If the average of the
monthly heating bills is $78, her hypotheses about
heating costs with the use of insulation are
The hypotheses for this situation are
H 0 : 78
H1 : 78
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Claim
When a researcher conducts a study, he or she is
generally looking for evidence to support a claim.
Therefore, the claim should be stated as the alternative
hypothesis, or research hypothesis.
A claim, though, can be stated as either the null
hypothesis or the alternative hypothesis; however, the
statistical evidence can only support the claim if it is the
alternative hypothesis. Statistical evidence can be used
to reject the claim if the claim is the null hypothesis.
These facts are important when you are stating the
conclusion of a statistical study.
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Hypothesis Testing
A decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population.
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Hypothesis Testing
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Hypothesis Testing
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Hypothesis Testing
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Hypothesis Testing
Likewise,
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Hypothesis Testing
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Hypothesis Testing
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Two-tailed Test
H0: =
H1:
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Left-tailed Test
H0: =
H1: <
Points Left
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Right-tailed Test
H0: =
H1: >
Points Right
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Hypothesis Testing
Finding the Critical Value for = 0.01 (Right-Tailed Test)
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Hypothesis Testing
Finding the Critical Value for = 0.01 (Left-Tailed Test)
Because of symmetry,
z = -2.33 for = 0.01 (Left-Tailed Test)
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Hypothesis Testing
Finding the Critical Value for = 0.01 (Two-Tailed Test)
z = 2.58
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Procedure Table
Finding the Critical Values for Specific Values,
Using Table E
Step 1
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Procedure Table
Finding the Critical Values for Specific Values,
Using Table E
Step 2
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-1
Example 8-2
Page #410
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Step 2
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Step 2
35
Step 2
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Procedure Table
Solving Hypothesis-Testing Problems
(Traditional Method)
Step 1 State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
Step 2 Find the critical value(s) from the
appropriate table in Appendix C.
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X
z
n
where
X = sample mean
= hypothesized population mean
= population standard deviation
n = sample size
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-2
Example 8-3
Page #414
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40
43260 42000
X
z
1.32
5230 30
n
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Important Comments
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-2
Example 8-4
Page #415
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45
46
75 80
X
z
1.56
n 19.2 36
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-2
Example 8-5
Page #416
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z
1.01
3251 35
n
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Hypothesis Testing
The P-value (or probability value) is the probability of
getting a sample statistic (such as the mean) or a more
extreme sample statistic in the direction of the
alternative hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true.
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Hypothesis Testing
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Procedure Table
Solving Hypothesis-Testing Problems
(P-Value Method)
Step 1 State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
Step 2 Compute the test value.
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-2
Example 8-6
Page #419
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X 5950 5700
z
2.28
659 36
n
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-2
Example 8-7
Page #420
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8.2 8
X
1.89
z
n 0.6 32
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Significance
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-3
Example 8-8
Page #428
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-3
Example 8-9 & 8-10
Page #428
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-3
Example 8-12
Page #429
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17.7 16.3
2.46
1.8 10
80
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-3
Example 8-13
Page #430
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58.9 60
X
t
0.61
5.1 8
s n
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-0.624
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-3
Example 8-16: P-value method
Page #432
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X 40.6 36.7
2.517
t
6 15
s n
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89
Whether to use z or t
90
p p
z
pq n
where
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-4
Example 8-17
Page #438
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93
X 128
p
0.64
n 200
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95
Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-4
Example 8-18
Page #439
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97
98
99
100
p =
50
= 0.1667 p = 0.18 q = 0.82
300
H0 :p = 0.18 (claim)
z=
H1 : p 0.18
p p
0.1667 0.18
=
= 0.60
pq
(0.18)(0.82)
n
300
.2743
.2743
.025
z=- .60
.025
z=.60
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-5
Example 8-21
Page #445
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c 2 24.996
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-5
Example 8-22
Page #446
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c 2 3.940
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-5
Example 8-23
Page #447
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-5
Example 8-24
Page #448
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Chapter 8
Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-5
Example 8-26
Page #450
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Chapter
8, Wei8,Zhao,
08/2011
08/2009
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