08/12/2010
Preparing to Drill
Preparing to Drill
Geophysical Exploration & Survey
Computer Assisted Exploration (CAEX)
Seismic Data Collected will be used to
create 2-D; 3-D; 4-D Images
08/12/2010
Preparing to Drill
Preparing to Drill
Types of Contracts
Land & Leasing
Surface Rights
Mineral Rights
Drilling Contracts
Preparing to Drill
Contracts - AFE
AFE - Authority for Expenditure
Estimates of the cost of drilling and completing the
well (as a Dry Hole & a Producing Hole)
Cost Include:
Drilling & Completion Intangibles
Equipment Cost
Drilling Rig
Mud
Logging
Testing
Casing
Cementing
Well Stimulation
Pumps
Tubing
Separator
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Preparing to Drill
Site Prep
Preparing to Drill
Site Prep
Stake a Well (based on prior Survey)
Preparing to Drill
Site Prep
Reserve Pit:
An Excavation with earthen banks or lined in protective
materials that can cover 100 cubic ft near a drilling rig. The
reserve pit holds discarded drilling mud and well cuttings.
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Types of Wells
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Wildcat Wells
Types of Wells
Wildcat (Controlled Exploratory)
New Field Wildcat
Drilled in a field that has never produced
Rank Wildcat
Drilled at least 2 miles away from any known
production
Discovery Well
Wildcat well that does discover a new field
Types of Wells
Developmental Wells
Wells Drilled in a known field to determine the
extent of the field
Infill Wells
Wells drilled between producing wells in an
established field to increase the production rate
Appraisal Well
Used to assess the characteristics (such as flow
rate) of a proven hydrocarbon accumulation
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Classification of
Land Rigs
Light Duty
3,000
5,000 ft
Medium Duty
5,000
10,000 ft
Heavy Duty
10,000
16,000 ft
25,000+ ft
Whos There?
Participants Vary by the Stage of the Well
Drilling Contractor
Owns the Drilling Rig
Job: Drill Holes to the depth specified
by the Operating Company
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Service Companies
Mud Logging
Well Logging
Casing Crew
Cementing Crew
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25. Accumulator
The storage
device for
nitrogen
pressurized
hydraulic fluid,
which is used in
operating the
blowout
preventers.
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Mud Logging
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Directional Wells
MWD: Measure While Drilling
LWD: Logging While Drilling
Cementing
Casing/Liner
DV Tools
Centralizers
Shoe
Isolation Plug
Squeeze Jobs
Plug and Abandon
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Christmas Tree
Stage 2:
Stage 3:
Fire
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Well Stimulation
Acidizing
Acid is used to dissolve
part of the reservoir and
increase the permability
near the well bore
HCL Hydrochloric Acid
dissolves limestones
HFL Hydrofluoric Acid
dissolves some clay and
sandstones
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Abandoned Well n: a well not in use because it was a dry hole originally, or because it has
ceased to produce. Statutes and regulations in many states require the plugging of abandoned wells
to prevent the seepage of oil, gas, or water from one stratum of underlying rock to another.
Accumulator n: 1. a vessel or tank that receives and temporarily stores a liquid used in a
continuous process in a gas plant. 2. On a drilling rig, an assembly of devices such as bottles,
control valves, pumps, and hydraulic fluid reservoirs that stores hydraulic fluid under pressure and
provides a way for personnel to operate (open and close) the blowout preventers.
Acid n: 1. any chemical compound, one element of which is hydrogen, that dissociates in solution
to produce free hydrogen ions. For example, hydrochloric acid, HCl, dissociates in water to
produce hydrogen ions, H+, and chloride ions, Cl-. 2. a liquid solution having a pH of less than 7; a
liquid acid solution turns blue litmus paper red
Acid Fracture v: to part or open fractures in productive hard limestone formations by using a
combination of oil and acid or water and acid under high pressure.
Acid Gas n: a gas that forms an acid when mixed with water. In petroleum production and
processing, the most common acid gasses are hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Both cause
corrosion, and hydrogen sulfide is very poisonous.
Acidize v: to treat oil bearing limestone or other formations with acid for the purpose of
increasing production. Hydrochloric or other acid is injected into the formation under pressure.
The acid etches the rock, enlarging the pore spaces and passages through which the reservoir fluids
flow. Acid also removes formation damage by dissolving material plugging the rock surrounding
the wellbore. The acid is held under pressure for a period of time and then pumped out, after which
the well is swabbed and put back into production. Chemical inhibitors combined with the acid
prevent corrosion of the pipe.
Acid Stimulation n: a well stimulation method using acid. See Acidize
Actuator n: a device that activates or puts into motion a process or an action by use of pneumatic,
hydraulic, or electronic signals; for example, a valve actuator opens or closes a valve
AFE - abbr: Authority for Expenditure
Authority or Authorization for Expenditure: a form that is filled out before drilling a well.
The authorization for expenditure lists all the estimated costs of drilling the well with two
results: a dry hole and a producer. It is used to analyze the economic feasibility of drilling
the well and to keep costs under control when drilling the well. An authorization for
expenditure is also made before any major purchase.
Alligator Grab n: a fishing device used to pick up relatively small objects like wrenches that
have fallen or have been dropped into the wellbore. The alligator grabs jaws are pinned open
before the tool is run into the well. The jaws snap shut over the fish when contact is made.
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Joint n: 1. in drilling, a single length of drill pipe, drill collar, casing, or tubing that has threaded
connections at both ends. Several joints screwed together constitute a stand of pipe.
2. in
pipelining, a single length of pipe. 3. in geology, a crack or fissure produced in a rock by internal
stresses. 4. a sucker rod pumping, a single length of sucker rod that has threaded connection at both
ends.
Joint Operating Agreement (JOA) An agreement between several companies to explore, drill
and develop an area called the working interest area. The joint operating agreement defines how the
cost and revenues are to be shared among the parties and who is to be the operator. The operator
must obtain approval through expenditures through an AFE. The cost estimate could be only for
dry-hole costs but are often for dry-hole and producer costs. All intangible drilling and
development costs are shown in detail.
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Mud Return Line A trough or pipe that is placed between the surface connections at the wellbore
and the shale shaker and through which drilling mud flows on its return to the surface from the hole.
Also called a flow line
Mud Tank One of a series of open tanks, usually made of steel plate, through which the drilling
mud is cycled to remove sand and fine sediments. Additives are mixed with the mud in the tanks,
and the fluid is temporarily is temporarily stored there before being pumped back into the well.
Modern rotary drilling rigs are generally provided with three or more tanks, fitted with built-in
piping, valves, and mud agitators. Also called mud pits.
Mud Weight A measure of the density of a drilling fluid often expressed as a weight per unit
volume, such as pounds per gallon, pound per cubic foot, or kilograms per cubic metre. Mud
weight is directly related to the amount of pressure the column of drilling mud exerts at the bottom
of the hole.
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Pumping Well an oil well in which the oil is lifted to the surface by artificial methods in contrast
to a flowing well
Pumpjack a surface pumping unit that is not operated by its own power unit; Several pump jacks
are operated by a central power unit using rods or cables
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