100G Technology

Testing Challenges of
High Speed Networks
2010 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
High Speed Market

Overview
High Speed Market Drivers
Internet Video
BBC iPlayer
YouTube uses 200TB daily

- as much as the entire
Internet did in 2000.
Higher quality than YouTube

10 x longer viewing
30 x more bandwidth
Mobile Data & Video
Video Calling
Apple sells 1 million iPhone

4S in 1 day, all supporting
video features.
10x more bandwidth as we

move from phone to video
conversations
HD TV
Upgrades to HDTV will
increase IPTV bandwidth
five-fold
2011 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved.
Application Growth
Source: Cisco VNI
400% Internet video growth

92% mobile data compound annual growth
Wireless Backhaul
80% Operators: strategy to move to all-IP/Ethernet Backhaul

82 %Ethernet Backhaul connection by 2015
$6.4B Ethernet Backhaul 2011 (93%)
50% of failures take place in the backhaul
1/3 OPEX technical operation
Ethernet offers compelling economics for Mobile Backhaul and

creates a demand for higher bandwidth at the core
High Speed Optical Transceivers
1H/2011 100G revenue shipments totaled $35 million

From 2010 through 2015, the total market, including 100G, will grow at a CAGR
of 16% to reach $2.6 billion in CY15
Technology is now commercially available from most NEMs: Ciena, NSN, ALU,
ZTE, Cisco
High Speed Optical Transceivers
100G Within The Network

Client
Core ingress
Core
Client side
Line Side
Faces customer
Service oriented
Standardised parallel optical interface
40 Gbit/s & 100 Gbit/s
Ethernet, OTN evolutions
Toward transport core network

Transport oriented
Serial optics - mostly DP-QPSK coding
OTN mandatory
100G Ethernet Client

Side
100G Within The Network - Client Transceivers

CFP form factor package (86x127x14 mm / 3.4x5.0x0.55)
ER4 100 GbE, 40 km on SMF (4x 25G WDM, centered at 1305nm)
LR4 100 GbE, 10 km on SMF (4x 25G WDM, centered at 1305nm)
SR10 100 GbE 100m on MMMF (850nm parallel optics, 10x 10G)
LR10 100 GbE, 10 km on SMF (10x 10G WDM, centered at 1550nm, not yet standardised)
CXP form factor (approx 20x54x11 mm / 0.78x2.13x0.43)
100 GbE, 100 m on OM3 MMF (850 nm parallel optics, 10x 10G)
100 GbE, 10 m on active cable
QSFP form factor (18.4x72x8.5 mm / 0.72x2.8x0.33)
Intra-site
40 GbE, 100m on OM3 MMF (850 nm parallel optics, 4x 10G)

10
100G Within The Network - Client Transceivers

CFP form factor package (86x127x14 mm / 3.4x5.0x0.55)
ER4 100 GbE, 40 km on SMF (4x 25G WDM, centered at 1305nm)
SR10 100 GbE 100m on MMMF (850nm parallel optics, 10x 10G)
LR10 100 GbE, 10 km on SMF (10x 10G WDM, centered at 1550nm, not yet standardised)
CXP form factor (approx 20x54x11 mm / 0.78x2.13x0.43)
100 GbE, 100 m on OM3 MMF (850 nm parallel optics, 10x 10G)
QSFP form factor (18.4x72x8.5 mm / 0.72x2.8x0.33)
40 GbE, 100m on OM3 MMF (850 nm parallel optics, 4x 10G)

11
Transport class client side

40G Ethernet (40G Base R)
100G Ethernet (100G Base R)
40G OTN (OTU-3)
100G OTN (OTU-4)
100G Technology Challenges
13
100G Ethernet LR4 Example

Pre.
Dest. MAC
Src. MAC
EtherType
Payload
FCS
IPG
Pre.
Dest. MAC
Src. MAC
EtherType
Payload
FCS
IPG
Pre.
Dest. MAC
Src. MAC
EtherType
Payload
FCS
IPG
Remove some IFG

for AM use
Media Access Control (MAC)

Reconciliation Sublayer
Incoming
Ethernet
frames
100G Media Independent Interface

(CGMII)
64b/66b line
coding
including
sync. header
Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS)

n
Physical Medium Attachment (PMA)

2
100G Attachment Unit Interface

(CAUI)
1
0
Round robin block

distribution
Physical Medium Dependent (PMD)
Medium
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 PCS lanes
A
M
0
A
M
1
A
M
2
A
M
3
A
M
4
A
M
5
A
M
6
A
M
7
A
M
8
A
M
9
A
M
10
A
M
11
A
M
12
A
M
13
A
M
14
A
M
15
A
M
16
A
M
17
A
M
18
A
M
19
DC-balanced
alignment markers
every 16383 blocks
14

Pre.
Dest. MAC
Src. MAC
EtherType
Payload
FCS
IPG
Pre.
Dest. MAC
Src. MAC
EtherType
Payload
FCS
IPG
Pre.
Dest. MAC
Src. MAC
EtherType
Payload
FCS
IPG
Remove some IFG

for AM use

Incoming
Ethernet
frames

(CGMII)
64b/66b line
coding

n

2

(CAUI)
1
0
Round robin block

distribution
Medium
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 PCS lanes
A
M
0
A
M
1
A
M
2
A
M
3
A
M
4
A
M
5
A
M
6
A
M
7
A
M
8
A
M
9
A
M
10
A
M
11
A
M
12
A
M
13
A
M
14
A
M
15
A
M
16
A
M
17
A
M
18
A
M
19
DC-balanced
alignment markers
every 16383 blocks
15

Pre.
Dest. MAC
Src. MAC
EtherType
Payload
FCS
IPG
Pre.
Dest. MAC
Src. MAC
EtherType
Payload
FCS
IPG
Pre.
Dest. MAC
Src. MAC
EtherType
Payload
FCS
IPG
Remove some IFG

for AM use

Incoming
Ethernet
frames

(CGMII)
64b/66b line
coding

n

2

(CAUI)
1
0
Round robin block

distribution
Medium
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 PCS lanes
A
M
0
A
M
1
A
M
2
A
M
3
A
M
4
A
M
5
A
M
6
A
M
7
A
M
8
A
M
9
A
M
10
A
M
11
A
M
12
A
M
13
A
M
14
A
M
15
A
M
16
A
M
17
A
M
18
A
M
19
DC-balanced
alignment markers
every 16383 blocks.
BIP included
16

0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 PCS lanes

(CGMII)
PMA 20:10
0
10 electrical lanes
(bit-interleaved)

Gearbox

(CAUI)
T
X
T
X
T
X
T
X
Optical Mux
PMA 10:4
4 optical wavelengths
Medium
CFP
17
4 x 25G & 10x10G CFP Comparison

4 Optical Lane CFP
10 Optical Lane CFP
Gearbox
T
X
T
X
T
X
T
X
T
X
T
X
T
X
Optical Mux
28 Gbit/s per optical channel

Utilises Gearbox
High power requirements
T
X
T
X
T
X
T
X
T
X
T
X
T
X
Optical Mux
12 Gbit/s per optical channel

No Gearbox required reduced complexity & cost
18
Skew
Skew is measured per PCS lane
from the first block being received
Skew unavoidable in this
architecture
Up to 928 bits skew per lane errorfree
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
T
X
R
X
R
X
T
X
Optical Mux
Gearbox
T
X
R
X
Gearbox
T
X
Optical Mux
R
X
10
11
12
13
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Skew
11
14
16
19
19
19
Key Concepts
Standard Ethernet MAC
103Gb/s line rate
PCS Physical Coding Sublayer
20 lane interface in network equipment that 64b/66b blocks are distributed
over
Every 64b/66b block includes sync header for block synchronisation
Can support 4, 5, 10 lane interfaces to physical media
Alignment Markers
Inserted into PCS outside of 64b/66b blocks

Used to recover PCS lane mappings & alignment
20
Key Concepts
CAUI 100G Attachment Unit Interface
10 lane electrical interface to CFP module

CFP 100G Form-factor Pluggable
Support multiple media interfaces including 4, 10 and other media

Skew
Lane specific delay at the receiving end of a link

Each lane will tolerate up to 928 bits of skew
21
CFP Evolution
22
PCS Versatility
Why use the 20 lane PCS?
To allow for future interfaces to physical modules
Can be multiplexed to lower lane-count interfaces
0
10
11
12
13
14
Gearbox
T
X
T
X
T
X
15
16
17
18
19
Current CFP modules use 10 x 10G CAUI

interface.
Disadvantage: Complex Gearbox required
to deliver 4 wavelength interfaces
T
X
Optical Mux
23
PCS Versatility
Why use the 20 lane PCS?
To allow for future interfaces to physical modules
Can be multiplexed to lower lane-count interfaces
0
10
11
T
X
T
X
T
X
T
X
Optical Mux
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
4 x 28G Electrical interface

Reduces complexity of optical module
Complex electrical interface
Reduced power requirements
Reduced module size
CFP2 interfaces under study
24
CFP Developments
Line card
CFP
ASIC
24W max power consumption

3.2 x 5.7 form factor
CAUI
Gearbox
T
X
T
X
T
X
T
X
Optical Mux
CFP
25
CFP Developments
Line card
CFP2
ASIC
CAUI
Gearbox
CPPI-4
T
X
T
X
T
X
T
X
12W max power consumption

1.6 x 5.2 form factor
>50% size reduction
2 x port density of CFP
50% power reduction
Gearbox moved to line card

CPPI-4 interface 4 x 28Gbit/s
Optical Mux
CFP2
26
CFP Developments
Line card
CFP2 evolution
ASIC
Next generation ASICs required to support

28Gb/s serial interfaces to CFP2 module
CPPI-4
T
X
T
X
T
X
T
X
Optical Mux
CFP2
27
CFP Developments
Line card
CFP4
ASIC
>50% size reduction of CFP2

4 x port density of CFP
50% power reduction of CFP2
Under
discussion
Gearbox moved to line card

CAUI-4 interface 4 x 28Gbit/s
Optical Mux
CFP4
28
CFP Developments
Each generation of
CFP reduces form
factor and power
consumption by 50%
29
CFP Developments
Reduced power
consumption & form
factors allows higher
port count line cards
4 x CFP
8 x CFP2
16 x CFP4
30
100G OTN
31
OTU4 100G OTN

OTU4 112Gb/s line rate
Extends previous OTN multiplexing structure
ODU4
(L)
GMP
OPU4
(L)
100G
Ethernet
Client
OTU-4
x80
ODU4
(H)
OPU4
(H)
x40
ODTUG4
(PT 21)
ODTU-4.1
ODU0
ODTU-4.2
ODU1
ODTU-4.8
ODU2 / ODU2e
ODTU-4.31
ODU3
ODTU-4.ts
ODUflex
x10
x2
x80/ts
32
Logical Lanes
Similar to 100G Ethernet utilises 20 logical lane byte distribution
Support for 10 lane or 4 lane interfaces to optical modules
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
10
11
12
Optical
Module
Optical
Module
10 lane interface
4 lane interface
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
33
Nomenclature
OTL Optical Channel Transport Lane indicates a multi-lane interface
Usage OTL x.y

x indicates the speed of the multilane interface
y indicates the number of parallel lanes
Examples
OTL 4.4 OTU4 over 4 parallel lanes
OTL 4.10 OTU4 over 10 parallel lanes
34
Logical Lanes
OH
Client
OH
OA
1
OA
1
OA
1
OA
2
OA
2
OA
2
FEC
Client
OTU Overhead
Incoming
OTN frames
FEC
OPU OH
ODU Overhead
16 byte
blocks
4
3
3rd OA2 byte used as Logical Lane

Marker (LLM)
Different from Ethernet in that the

parallel lane management overheads
are kept within the frame
Round robin block

distribution
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 logical lanes
35
Logical Lane Rotation

As the LLM is stored within the OA2 byte it will always be in a single logical lane
OTN frames need to be rotated through the logical lanes so LLM is distributed across them
Frame 20
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Frame 19
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Frame 4
17
18
19
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Frame 3
18
19
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Frame 2
19
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Frame 1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
36
Skew
OTN can tolerate higher levels of skew than Ethernet

LLM cycles through 240 values
Lanes can be identified and recovered as long as skew does not exceed 119 frame periods
Possible to extend the skew recovery further by combining the MFAS with the LLM, allowing
up to 1919 frame periods of skew (over 2ms)
Skew tolerance
100G Ethernet
100G OTN
100G OTN with MFAS
Data
928 bits
1942080 bytes
31318080 bytes
Time
180ns
139 s
2.241 ms
37
Key Concepts
Supports OTN multiplexing structure
112Gbit/s bit rate
Uses similar 20 lane concept to 100G Ethernet
Uses 20 logical lanes identified by LLM for recovery and skew
Supports either 10 lane or 4 lane interface
Higher skew tolerance then 100G BaseR
38
Testing 100G
39
Test Requirements
Common key test requirements for OTN & Ethernet
PCS / Logical lane testing
Verify correct recovery of the parallel interface and PCS/LL to physical lane
mappings
Verify error free performance of multi-lane interface with multi-lane BER
testing
Physical lane testing
Crosstalk
Skew testing
Check received skew is within design thresholds
Generate skew to identify skew tolerance thresholds
40
Test Requirements
Ethernet specific test requirements
Verify the packet processing capabilities of Ethernet switch devices
Challenge of 100Gbit/s throughput
10Gbit/s problems become even more apparent

Is traffic shaping working at 100Gbit/s?
Are frames being scheduled correctly?
Are low latency requirements being met?
41
Test Requirements
OTN specific test requirements
Test new multiplexing capabilities up to 80 ODU0 channels
Are multi-lane PMs being reported?
Generate OTL error & alarm conditions into NE
Verify GMP operation and mapping/de-mapping of 100G Ethernet client
42
100G Within The Network L2 and also L3/L4 testing

100G L2 Network Testing
100G L3/L4 Network Testing
43
FTB-85100G
FTB-85100G Packet Blazer
Client interface testing

100G Base R Ethernet
OTU4
PCS into CAUI logical into physical
mapping testing
Skew testing
Advanced signal conditioning capabilities
OTU4 single and multistage multiplexing

capabilities
100G IP traffic at 100% transmission with
full Ethernet statistics, packet capture and
traffic filtering capabilities
RFC 2544 including throughput, back-toback, latency and frame loss
44
Physical Layer Testing
PCS lane Testing
Per Lane BERT
100G CAUI testing

PCS lane mapping
Per-lane skew
generation/analysis
MDIO read/write
Configurable PRBS
patterns per lane
Used for CAUI lanes
eye diagram testing
to identify crosstalk
issues
Power Measurement
Signal Conditioning
Per received
optical power
measurement
Per power level
control & laser
ON/OFF
Used to
characterize CAUI
lanes.
Troubleshooting
capability for
electrical-level
issues on standard
optical interfaces
45
PCS / Logical Lane to

physical lane mapping
46
Skew testing
Generate skew to verify

error free operation
Measure received skew
47
Error & alarm

measurement of PCS /
LLM conditions
Configurable skew
threshold alarm
48
Ethernet Testing
EtherBERT
100GE BERT
100G layer2/3
Alarms and errors
Ethernet statistics
RFC2544
Smart Loopback
Packet Capture
Throughput, B2B,
latency & frame loss
Standard &
customized
RFC2544 frame
sizes
RFC2544 at full line
rate
One-click loopback
Returns traffic to
local unit by
swapping packet
overhead
Flexible loopback
modes to simplify
interop. testing
Full line-rate capture

Offers capture filters
and triggers to quickly
zero-in on network
events
Capture in PCAP &
read through
Wireshark
Filtering
Advanced
troubleshooting
capability
Ten user
configurable filters
Detailed statistics
for each configured
filter
49
Ethernet Testing
Verify packet processing

abilities at 100Gbit/s
50
OTN Testing
OTN BERT
OTU4 BERT
FEC testing
OTN overhead
generation/analysis
OTN round-trip
delay
EoOTN
100GE mapping
over OTU4
GMP analysis
Configurable client
OTL Testing
OTL4.4 and 4.10
OTL alarm s &
errors
OTL lane mapping
OTL lane skew
testing
ODUMuxing
ODU0
ODU4 single and

multi-stage muxing
ODU0 and ODU2
muxing for Gig-E
and 10Gig-E
services
1.25 Gbit/s
bandwidth container
support
Direct and indirect
mapping of ODU0
into ODU4
51
FTB85100G its about extending handheld

simplicity to 100G testing!
52
Toolbox Integration
Bringing 100G Multi-service Testing to Your Fingertips; All-inOne Solution
10/100/1000M, GigE, 10GigE
LAN/WAN, 40GigE and 100GigE in a
field portable platform
CD/PMD/OSNR
Simultaneous testing of 40G/100G

and lower-rate services (up to 10G)
FTB-8130NGE
Simultaneous testing of 40G/100G

and CD/PMD/OSNR in link
commissioning
Up to 10G multiservice
FTB-85100G
100G/40G
53
CFP Compatibility
100G Coherent Line Side
55
Line Modulation
Line speed
Modulation methods
Up to 10Gbit/s
Amplitude
40Gbit/s
Phase or amplitude
100Gbit/s and beyond
Phase or Phase & Amplitude
Why use phase and amplitude based modulations?

Increase spectral efficiency (allowing higher data rate)
Reduce non-linear effects
56
A Brief History Of Line Modulation
On/off keying(OOK)
Amplitude modulation
Return to zero (RZ)
One bit encoding
Amplitude
On/off keying(OOK)
Non-return to zero (NRZ)
One bit encoding
Amplitude
Binary phase-shift
keying (BPSK)
Phase modulation
One bit encoding
Amplitude
Differential phase-shift
Phase shift modulation
keying (DPSK)
Phase shifts on a 1 bit

One bit encoding
Amplitude
t
57
A Brief History Of Line Modulation
One time interval

Quadrature phase shift
keying (QPSK)
Uses 45o, 135o, 225o, 315o

phase shifts - 4 states
Two bit encoding
Amplitude
One time interval
phase shift keying (DQPSK)
Uses 45o, 135o, 225o, 315o

phase shifts - 4 states
Amplitude
Differential quadrature
Two bit encoding
58
Polarisation Multiplexing
Polarisation multiplexing (PM), also called Dual Polarisation (DP)
Doubles the capacity of a span by encoding the information on two different

polarizations
Vertical polarisation
Dual polarisation
Horizontal polarisation
59
Polarisation Multiplexing
DP-QPSK often used to reach 112Gb/s speeds
112Gb/s bit rate with a 28Gb/s symbol rate
28Gb/s
1 bit per symbol
QPSK Modulator
28Gb/s
2 bits per symbol
28Gb/s
1 bit per symbol
28Gb/s
4 bits per symbol
P
M
28Gb/s
1 bit per symbol
QPSK Modulator
28Gb/s
1 bit per symbol
28Gb/s
2 bits per symbol
60
Spectral Efficiency
Using polarization multiplexing
combined with QPSK allows
transmission of 112 Gbit/s on
channels with 50 GHz ROADMs
112 Gbit/s NRZ-OOK
112 Gbit/s NRZ-QPSK
112 Gbit/s NRZ-DP-QPSK
61
Guard Bands
Ideally all traffic would fit into a
50GHz spaced system
Effects have been observed

between DP-QPSK and adjacent
10G channels
Guard band typically used
between phase modulated and
non-phase modulated channels
to prevent issues
Guard band is a spacing of
200GHz 400GHz between the
differently modulated channels
62
Key Concepts
Phase shifted modulations
Increased bits per symbol

Increased spectral efficiency
Can be used to deliver past 100Gb/s

Polarization multiplexing
Doubles the symbol rate by multiplexing two polarized modulation carriers

DP-QPSK most common method of delivering 112Gb/s line side
DP-QPSK only 28Gbaud line rate with 4 bits per symbol
Guard bands
Used between phase shifted and non-phase shifted channels to prevent cross-phase
modulation
The Future
64
Past 100G
What is the next bitrate after 100G?
Currently there is still debate whether the next step is 400Gbit/s or 1Tbit/s
Once the bit rate is decided the client interface can be achieved through changing the lane width (number of
lanes) and the lane speed
Coherent signaling can be used at 400Gbit/s and 1Tbit/s
50GHz dual carrier (400Gb/s) or 100GHZ super carrier (1Tb/s) under investigation
8 bits per symbol using DP-16QAM modulation
ITU study groups investigating OTU5
Bitrate to be based around the next Ethernet client

Needs to efficiently multiplex current ODU tributaries (Eg. 10xODU-4, 25xODU3 into ODU5)
Parallel optics possibilities at 1Tb/s:
40x25.78Gb/s, 25x40.13Gb/s, 20x51.56Gb/s, 10x103.125Gb/s
Need new client interface definitions
Thank You
66

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Testing Challenges of

High Speed Networks

2010 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..

High Speed Market

High Speed Market Drivers

YouTube uses 200TB daily

Higher quality than YouTube

Mobile Data & Video

Apple sells 1 million iPhone

10x more bandwidth as we

Source: Cisco VNI

400% Internet video growth

80% Operators: strategy to move to all-IP/Ethernet Backhaul

Ethernet offers compelling economics for Mobile Backhaul and

High Speed Optical Transceivers

1H/2011 100G revenue shipments totaled $35 million

High Speed Optical Transceivers

100G Within The Network

Toward transport core network

100G Ethernet Client

100G Within The Network - Client Transceivers

ER4 100 GbE, 40 km on SMF (4x 25G WDM, centered at 1305nm)

LR4 100 GbE, 10 km on SMF (4x 25G WDM, centered at 1305nm)

LR4 40 GbE, 10 km on SMF (4x 10G WDM, centered at 1305nm)

CXP form factor (approx 20x54x11 mm / 0.78x2.13x0.43)

100 GbE, 10 m on active cable

QSFP form factor (18.4x72x8.5 mm / 0.72x2.8x0.33)

40 GbE, 100m on OM3 MMF (850 nm parallel optics, 4x 10G)

40 GbE, 10 m on active cable

100G Within The Network - Client Transceivers

ER4 100 GbE, 40 km on SMF (4x 25G WDM, centered at 1305nm)

LR4 100 GbE, 10 km on SMF (4x 25G WDM, centered at 1305nm)

LR4 40 GbE, 10 km on SMF (4x 10G WDM, centered at 1305nm)

CXP form factor (approx 20x54x11 mm / 0.78x2.13x0.43)

100 GbE, 10 m on active cable

QSFP form factor (18.4x72x8.5 mm / 0.72x2.8x0.33)

40 GbE, 100m on OM3 MMF (850 nm parallel optics, 4x 10G)

40 GbE, 10 m on active cable

Transport class client side

100G Technology Challenges

2011 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved.

100G Ethernet LR4 Example

Remove some IFG

Media Access Control (MAC)

100G Media Independent Interface

Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS)

Physical Medium Attachment (PMA)

100G Attachment Unit Interface

Physical Medium Attachment (PMA)

Round robin block

Physical Medium Dependent (PMD)

2011 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved.

100G Ethernet LR4 Example

Remove some IFG

Media Access Control (MAC)

100G Media Independent Interface

Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS)

Physical Medium Attachment (PMA)

100G Attachment Unit Interface

Physical Medium Attachment (PMA)

Round robin block

Physical Medium Dependent (PMD)

2011 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved.

100G Ethernet LR4 Example