rd

Chem 16

3 Long Exam Reviewer

May 2015

LAB EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 15: Shifting Equilibrium
Equilibrium rate of forward reaction = rate of backward reaction
Le Chatelier Principle used to make qualitative predictions on an equilibrium condition
o Describes how an equilibrium shifts if disturbed by adding/removing reactants or by
changing P, V, T
Backward favoured when more H+
Forward favoured by more OH-

Bougainvillea Extract
+ 1 M HCL
+1 M NaOH

pH
5
1
9

Color
Red
Reddish Pink
Reddish brown

Condition
Slightly acidic
Acidic
basic

Gumamela Extract
+1 M HCl
+1 M NaOH

pH
5
3
9

Color
Dull pink
Bright red
Dark Green

Condition
Slightly acidic
Acidic
basic

Color

Condition

Violet

Slightly Acidic

Magenta
Dark Green

Acidic
Basic

pH
Camote tops/red
6
cabbage
+1 M HCl
1
+1 M NaOH
8
pH determines color
Le Chateliers Principle
o A+B -> C+D
o A+B -> C + 100kJ favours backward
o A+B -> C 100kj favours forward

Experiment: Chromatography
Paper Chromatography technique used to separate pigments in a substance based on
their solubility (adsorption/polarity)
Mobile Phase moving (1% NaCl Solution)
Stationary Phase stationary (H2O adsorbed by the cellulose of the filter paper)
Rf Value
Retention factor = distance travelled by solute A / distance travelled by solvent
2 Types of Chromatography
o Planar Chrom. ex. Paper & Thin-layer chromatography
o Column Chrom. ex. Gas chrom., liquid chrom., HPLC, IEC, GFC, etc.
2 Kinds of Chromatography based on Polarity
o Normal Phase liquid chromatography -> Stationary P. (Polar) Mobile P. (Nonpolar)
o Reversed Phase liquid chromatography -> SP (Nonpolar) MP (Polar)
Chromatogram Filter paper
Green -> yellow #5, brilliant blue
Brown -> yellow #5, blue, red
Orange -> yellow#6

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rd

Chem 16

3 Long Exam Reviewer

May 2015

Tartrazine Yellow, Green, Brown

Ideal filter paper smooth

Experiment 14: Solubility and Heats of Solution

1. Effect of Nature of Solute and Solvent
H2O (Polar)

NaCl (ionic)
Naphtalene
(Nonpolar)
Glycerol (Polar)

Toluene
(Nonpolar)

Ethanol (Polar)
Theoretical
Soluble
Observed
Insoluble
T Soluble
O Insoluble
Miscible

Soluble

Insoluble
Miscible

Insoluble

Soluble
Immiscible

2. Temperature and Solubility

o NH4Cl + H2O -> endothermic
Only for endothermic reactions High temperature High solubility
Solute undissolved + heat -> solute dissolves
o Exothermic reactions
Solute undissolved -> Solute dissolved + Heat
High temperature Low solubility
3. Heat and Volume Changed
H solution = H solute-solute + H solvent-solvent + solute-solvent
Mixture
H2O + MeOH
EtOH + acetone
MeOH + EtOH

Temperature
Exo
Endo
Athermic

Volume
Volume decrease
Volume increase
No change

H-bond
3
1
2

Experiment: Distillation of Rubbing Alcohol

Boilinng point of Isopropyl Alcohol 82C 85C +/- 6C
Higher Intermolecular forces of Attraction Higher boiling point

Experiment 7: Gases
Boyles Law P 1/V
V

Charles Law V T
Mg (s) + 2 HCL -> MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Case A: P trapped air = P bar + (height mm / 13.6)

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Case B: P trapped air = P bar

Case C: P trapped air = Pbar (H2O mm / 13.6)
P dry air = P H2 = P trapped air P H2O vapour
P dry air = nRT
V = r^2 x H air
Mg = n x 1 mole Hg / 1 mole H2 x 24.3 g/mol
T = 29C
Pbar = 750 mm Hg
P H2O = 30 mm Hg

Experiment 17: Colligative Properties

Colligative property that depends on the amount of solute in a solvent but does not
depend on the property of the solute
Vapor pressure
Boling pt. Elevation
Freezing pt. Depression
Osmotic Pressure
Vant Hoff Factor, i = # of ions present per formula unit
Molality - # of moles of solute in solution per kg of solvent
FPD = Tf = -i(Kf)m Kf H2O = 1.86 C/m
BPE = Tb = i(Kb)m Kb H2O = 0.513 C/m
Supercooling reaching freezing point without freezing

Experiment 13: pH determination

pH power of hydration, measure of acidity, -log[H+]
pOH measure of basicity, -log[OH-]
pH = 7 at neutral
pOH = 7 at neutral
pH = 14 pOH
o pH 0-2 Strong Acid
o 3-6 Weak Acid
o 7 Neutral
o 8-12 Weak Base
o 13-14 Strong Base
1ml .1 M HCl pH = 1
1ml .1 M HCl + 9ml H2O pH = 2
1ml .01 M HCl + 9ml H2O pH = 3
H2SO4 + NaOH -> Na2SO4 + 2H2O
o 5ml of 1M H2SO4 + 10ml .1 M NaOH
o 10ml of .1 M NaOH will consume .5mmol of H2SO4
o 5mmol H2SO4 - .5 = 4.5 mmol H2SO4
o 1 mmol NaOH
o pH = 0.22

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May 2015

Experiment 16: Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases

H+ + H2O -> H3O+
Lewis acid -> electrophile (electron loving)
Lewis base -> nucleophile (nucleus loving)
Bronsted-Lowry Acid -> proton donor
Bronsted-Lower Base -> proton acceptor
CH3COONa + HCl -> CH3COOH +NaCl
HCl > CH3COOH
H2O + HCl -> H3O+ + ClH3O+ + CH3COONa -> CH3COOH + Na+ +H2O
HCl > H3O+ > CH3COOH > H2CO3
CH3COOH + Na2CO3 -> CH3COONa + H2CO3
NH4Cl + NaOH -> NH3 +H2O + NaCl red -> blue litmus
OH- > NH3
H2O < NH4

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