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Name :
Subject :
Chapter
:
Topic :

SPM Physics
Waves

1.2 Analysing Reflection of Waves

1.3 Analysing Refraction of Waves

Teacher:
Class :
Lesson No :

Cheng Wui Leap

F5 Physics
2

Date :
Time :

16/1/16
4.15pm-6.15pm

Notes:Damped Oscillations

1. What is damping?
Damping is the
in the amplitude of an oscillating system when its energy is drained out
as heat energy. The amplitude of an oscillating system will gradually decrease and become
when
the oscillation stops
2. What causes damping?
-External damping of the system is the loss of energy to
1

- Internal damping is the loss of energy due to the

system.

in the

3. A graph to show damping

4. External Force
To enable an oscillating system to go on continuously, an
system.
5. Forced oscillation
The external force

force must be applied to the

energy to the system. Such a motion is called a forced oscillation

6. Natural frequency
The frequency of a system which oscillates freely
called the natural frequency.

the action of an external force is

7. Resonance

Resonance occurs when a system is made to oscillate at a frequency equivalent to its

an external force. The resonating system oscillates at its _____________________________.
Experiment in Bartons pendulum
1. The frequency of a simple pendulum depends on the
.
2. In Bartons pendulum experiment, there are many pendulums tied to the rope. Two of the pendulum are
of the same length

3. When pendulum B oscillates, all the other pendulums are ____________________ to oscillate.
4. But pendulum D oscillates with the ____________________________, ie, pendulum D resonates

by

How does resonance occur in the two pendulum of equal length?

1. Pendulum B and pendulum D are of the ______________________.
2. Frequency B = Frequency D
3. Therefore, pendulum B causes pendulum D to oscillate at its ______________________.
Good effects of resonance
1. The tuner in a radio or television enables us to ___________________________ we are
interested. The circuit in the tuner is
is achieved, at the frequency
transmitted by a particular station selected. Hence a strong electrical signal is produced.
2. The
the result of

of music produced by musical instruments such as the trumpet and flute is

in the air.

Bad effects of resonance

1.

A bridge can collapse when the

______________________________.

of its vibration increases as a result of

Tacoma Narrows Bridge

The original Tacoma Narrows Bridge roadway twisted and

vibrated violently under 40-mile-per-hour (64 km/h) winds
on the day of the collapse

Exercise
1. [SPM10/A/Q2]Diagram 2.1 shows a loaded spring oscillating vertically in water. The oscillating
system experiences damping. Diagram 2.2 shows the displacement-time graph for the oscillating
system.

(a) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to complete the sentence below.
Damping is a situation when the (amplitude, wavelength) of the oscillation decreases.[1 mark]

(b) State one reason why damping occurs in the oscillating system.[1 mark]

(c) Based on Diagram 2.2/Berdasarkan Rajah 2.2,

(i) state the period of the oscillating system.[1 mark]
(ii) what is the frequency of the oscillating system?[1 mark
(d) What will happen to the period of the oscillating system when a heavier load
is used?[1 mark]

2. [Q4/SPM11]Diagram 4.1 shows six pendulums with different lengths being tied to a thread.

Pendulum X is oscillated at a frequency of 2 Hz. The other pendulums start to oscillate due to the
oscillation of pendulum X.
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(a) (i) Which pendulum will oscillate with the maximum amplitude?[1 mark]

(ii) Give one reason for the answer in 4(a)(i). [1 mark]

(iii) Name the phenomenon based on the answer in 4(a)(i). [1 mark]

(b) Calculate the period of oscillation of pendulum X. [2 marks]

(c) Pendulum X will stop oscillating after a few minutes.

On Diagram 4.2, sketch the displacement-time graph to show the damping
process. [2 marks]

1.2 Reflection of Waves

Notes:Reflection of wave
1. Occurs when a wave strikes an obstacle.
2. The wave undergoes a change in direction of propagation when it is reflected.
3. The value of frequency (f), wavelength () and speed (v) remain the same after reflection.

Incident wave : the wave before it strikes the obstacle

Reflected wave: the wave which has undergone a change in direction of propagation
after reflection.
i = angle of incident the angle between the direction of propagation of incident wave
and the normal
r = angle of reflection the angle between the direction of propagation of reflected wave
and the normal.
Law of Reflection:
The angle of incidence, i is equal to the angle of reflection, r.

Reflection of plane water waves in a ripple tank

1. Set up a ripple tank.

2. Switch on the motor to set the vibrating. Increase the frequency of the waves by
increasing the voltage power supply to the motor.
3. Observe the reflected wave by using a stroboscope.

Draw a diagram to show reflection of waves.

Exercise
1. The diagram shows the stationary pattern of plane waves seen through a stroboscope with 6 slits
rotating at a frequency of 5 Hz.

What is

a
b

the wavelength of the water wave?

the speed of the water wave?

2. A wave is incident on a plane reflector PQ.

a
b

What is the angle of reflection?

Complete the diagram by drawing in the reflected wave.

3. [SPM04]Which of the following figures shows the correct pattern for the reflection of water
waves?

4. [Q33/SPM05]The diagram shows the wavefronts of a plane wave incident on a plane reflector.

Which statement is correct about the reflected and incident waves?

A The speed of the reflected waves is the same as the speed of the incident waves
B The wavelength of the reflected waves is shorter than that of the incident waves
C The frequency of the reflected waves is lower than that of the incident waves
D The directions of the reflected waves are always at right angles to the incident
waves

5.

[Q31/SPM07]Which of the following characteristics of waves, changes when the waves are
reflected?
A Direction of propagation
B Wavelength C Frequency D Speed

6. [Q30/SPM08]What happens to the wave length and the magnitude of the velocity of water waves
when it is reflected?

10

7.

[Q30/SPM09]Diagram 16 shows a sound wave reflected from a concrete wall.

Which comparison is correct about the reflected sound wave and the incident sound wave?
A The wavelength of the incident wave is shorter than the reflected wave
B The speed of the incident wave and the reflected wave is the same
C The frequency of the incident wave is less than the reflected wave
D The angle of incidence of the incident wave is greater than the angle of
reflection of the reflected wave

8.

[Q32/SPM10]Which physical quantity of a wave changes when the wave is reflected?

A Speed
B Frequency
C Wavelength
D Direction of wave propagation

9.

[Q34/SPM10]Diagram 27 shows the apparatus set-up to study a characteristic of sound waves.

11

Which comparison is correct between the incident sound wave and the reflected sound wave?
A The reflected angle is bigger than the incident angle
B The speed of the reflected wave is the same as the speed of the incident wave
C The wavelength of the reflected wave is less than the wavelength of the incident
wave
D The frequency of the reflected wave is lower than the frequency of the incident
wave
10. [Q32/SPM11]Which statement is correct when water waves are reflected by a reflector?
A The velocity of water waves before and after reflection are the same
B The wavelength of water waves becomes longer after reflection
C The amplitude of water waves becomes smaller after reflection

1.3 REFRACTION OF WAVES

Notes:1. What is Refraction of waves?

Refraction of waves is a ______________________ as the waves pass from one medium to another.
It occurs when there is a ______________________ of the wave at the boundary of two mediums.

2. What happens to frequency, speed, wavelength & direction?

After refraction, the wave has the __________________, but a __________________ speed,
wavelength and direction of propagation.
The relationship between v and of a water wave in deep and shallow water:
v = f f is constant
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v is directly proportional to

3. Use the words, increase, decrease or unchanged

Characteristics

Water waves passes from deep

water to shallow water

Speed
Wavelength
Frequency

Characteristics

Water waves passes from shallow

water to deep water

Speed
Wavelength
Frequency

4. How does the direction of waves change when:

Water passing from the deep region to the shallow region, the water wave is refracted toward the
normal.

13

Water passing from the shallow region to the deep region, the water wave is refracted away from
the normal.

Use a ripple tank

Draw a ray diagram to show refraction of waves.

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