SPM CHEMISTRY

Chapter 2: The Structure of the Atom

Prepared by: Ms. Brintha Ganapathy BSc. MSc.

2.1 Matter
1.

Matter is anything that has _________________ and occupies

_________________.

2.

The particle theory of matter states that

Matter is made up of _________________ and
_________________ particles.
There are _________________ between the particles.

3.

Classification of matter
Matter

Atom

Molecules

Ions

Made up of one
type of
particles

Made up of two or
more type of
particles combined
physically

Made up of two or
more type of
particles combined
chemically

Elements

Elements

Compounds

Compound

4.

The kinetic theory of matter states that

The particles are in _________________ motion.
Kinetic energy of the particles increases as the
_________________ of the particles increases.

5.

Brownian motion is the evidence that a liquid consists of

particles which are in constant motion

6.

Example of Brownian motion

Movement of smoke particles in air
Movement of pollen grains in water

7.

Another evidence of movement of particles is

_________________.

8.

Diffusion is the movement of particles from high

concentration region to low concentration region.

KMnO
Solution

9.

Comparison between the three states of matter

Characteristi Solid
cs

Liquid

Gas

Arrangement
of particles

Particles
arranged in
orderly
manner and
closely packed

Particles
Particles are
arranged not
arranged far
in orderly
apart
manner and
loosely packed

Movement of
particles

Vibrate and
rotate about
their fixed
position

Particles move Particles move

randomly
randomly and
freely

Forces of
attraction
between
particles

Strong

Moderate

Weak

Ability to be
compressed

Very difficult

Easy

Very easy

Volume

Fixed

Fixed

Follows the
container

Shape

Fixed

Follow the
container

Follow the
container

Kinetic energy

Low

Moderate

High

9.

The changes in the states of matter

HEAT ENERGY IS ABSORBED

Solid

Liquid

Gas

HEAT ENERGY IS RELEASED

Heat energy is absorbed to

___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________.

Heat energy is released to

____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________.

Heating curve of naphthalene

1.

Label the following

P-Q: _________________________ Q-R:
_______________________________
R-S: _________________________ S-T:
_______________________________
T-U: _________________________ T:
_______________________________
T: ___________________________

2.

3.

4.

What is the meaning of melting point?

_____________________________________________________________
___________________
What is the meaning of boiling point?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
Why at Q-R and S-T, the temperatures remain the same?
_____________________________________________________________

___________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
5

5.

Why water bath is used to determine the melting and boiling

point of naphthalene?
_____________________________________________________________

___________________

Cooling curve of naphthalene

1.

Label the following

P-Q: _________________________ Q-R:
_______________________________
R-S: _________________________ S-T:
_______________________________
T-U: _________________________ T:
_______________________________
T: ___________________________

2.

3.

4.

What is the meaning of condensation point?

_____________________________________________________________
___________________
What is the meaning of freezing point?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
Why at Q-R and S-T, the temperatures remain the same?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
7

2.2 Atomic structure

Development of the atomic model

Scientist

Model

Description

proposed
John Dalton

An atom is ______________ in
shape.
Atom is a _____________ and

J.J Thomson

indivisible particle.
Discovered negatively
charged particle called
_____________.
The electrons are

embedded in a positively
Ernest
Rutherford

charged sphere.
Discovered positively
charged particle called
_____________.
The protons are localized at

Neils Bohr

the nucleus of an atom.

Electrons move in a
__________________ around
the nucleus which contains

James
Chadwick

protons.
Discovered neutral particle
called _____________.
Nucleus of an atom consists

of neutrons and protons

while electrons orbit in the
9

shells.

Subatomic particles of an atom

Particle

Symbol

Relative

Charge

mass
Proton
Neutron
Electron

Nucleon No. = Proton No. + Neutron No.

Nucleon
no. / mass
no.
Proton
no. /
atomic
no.

1.

Symbol
of the
element

Proton number is the total number of _________________ in the

nucleus of an atom.

2.

Neutron number is the total number of _________________ in

the nucleus of an atom.

3.

Nucleon number is the total number of _________________ and

_________________ in the nucleus of an atom.

4.

For a neutral atom the number of protons and electrons are

_________________.
10

Isotopes

1.

Definition:
_____________________________________________________________
___
_____________________________________________________________

2.

________________.
They have same __________________________ properties but

3.

different ___________________________ properties.

Isotopes have same chemical properties because
_______________________
_____________________________________________________________

4.

__________________
Example of isotopes
Isotopes
Proton no.
Neutron no.
Nucleon no.

5.

Isotopes and their uses

Cobalt 60

Used in radiotherapy for the treatment of

[gamma ray]

Potassium

cancer
Used to sterilise surgical equipments
Delay ripening process
To diagnose thyroid cancer

iodide 131
Carbon 14

To determine the age of fossils through

Sodium 24
Uranium 235
Phosphorus
32

carbon dating
To detect underground pipe leakage
To detect blood clot
To generate electricity
To study the rate of fertiliser absorption by
plants
11

 The electronic structure of an atom

Maximum
___________ e
Maximum
___________ e
Maximum
___________ e

The electrons in the outermost shell are called

_________________________.
These electrons can be used to represent ___________________ in
a periodic table.
Whereas, the number of shells filled with electrons is used to
determine the ______________________ in a periodic table.
When an atom achieves maximum electrons at the 1 st shells
the atom is said to have achieved stable ________________
electron arrangement.
When an atom achieves maximum electrons at the 2 nd and
subsequent shells the atom is said to have achieved stable
________________ electron arrangement.
Element

Proto

Electr

Electro

To

Ionic

Electr

n. no

on no.

achieve

formul

on no.

arrang

stability

e.
Lithium
Calcium
Aluminiu

3
20
13

m
Carbon
phosphor

6
15

us
12

Oxygen
Chlorine
Argon

8
17
18

13