SPM CHEMISTRY

Chapter 4: Periodic Table of Elements

Prepared by: Ms. Brintha Ganapathy BSc. MSc.

4.1 Development of the Periodic Table

A) Antoine Lavoisier (1743 1794) French chemist

Elements were classified into 4 groups

Limitation some wrong information (light and heat were

consider as elements

B) Johann Dobereiner (1780 1849) German chemist

Elements were classified into groups named as triad (Triad

Law relationship between properties and atomic masses
of the elements)

Limitation only a few elements were classified

C) John Newlands (1837 1898) British chemist

Elements were arranged horizontally in ascending order of

their atomic masses and each row consisted of 7 elements
(Law of Octaves same properties were repeated at every
eight element)

Limitation obeyed by the first 17 elements only (from H to

Ca)

D) Lothar Meyer (1830 1895) German chemist

Properties of the elements were in a periodic pattern with

their atomic masses

Similar chemical properties occupied the same relative

positions on the curve
1

E) Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 1907) Russian chemist

Elements were arranged in ascending order of their atomic

masses

Elements with similar chemical properties were placed in a

group

Gap for undiscovered elements

Prediction: gallium, scandium and germanium (discover

later)

Separate groups for certain elements: transition elements

Meedeleevs Periodic Table was used as a basis for the

formation of the Periodic Table

F) H. J. G. Moseley (1887 1915) British physicist

Elements were arranged horizontally in ascending order

proton numbers

Elements with the same number valence electrons same

group

18 vertical columns Group 1, Group 2, until Group 18

Alkali metal Group 1

Alkaline earth metal Group 2

Transition elements Group 3 to Group 12

Halogen Group 17

Noble gas Group 18

Horizontal row of the elements period

Period 1 2 elements

Period 2 and 3 8 elements

Period 4 and 5 18 elements

Period 6 32 elements

Period 7 27 elements

Elements (Group 1, 2 and 13) metal

3

Transition elements (Group 3 to 12) metal

Elements (Group 15, 16 and 17) non-metal

Carbon and silicon (Group 14) non-metal

Modern Periodic Table of Elements

Relationship between the electron arrangement of the

atom of an element to its group and period
1. Group of an atom can be determined using the number of
__________________ ____________________.
2. Elements with same number of valence electrons are
placed on the same group.
Number of valence

Group

electron
1
2
3-8

1
2
13-18

3. Elements on the same group have same _________________

properties.
4. Period of an element can be determined using the number
of ____________________ filled with electrons.
5. Complete the table below
Element

Proto

Electr

Electron

n. no

on no.

arrangeme

Group

Period

nt
Lithium
Calcium
Aluminiu

3
20
13

m
Carbon
phosphor

6
15

us
Oxygen
Chlorine
Argon

8
17
18

4.2 Group 18 elements

Element Electron arrangement of atom

Helium / He
2
Neon / Ne
2.8
Argon / Ar
2.8.8
Krypton / Kr
2.8.18.8
Xenon / Xe
2.8.18.18.8
Radon / Rn
2.8.18.32.18.8
General Characteristics
Monoatomic gas
Group 18 elements are known as ________________
________________ because they are chemically inert.
Atomic size of the elements ____________________ going
down the group because
____________________________________________________________
__________.
Helium atom has only one shell filled with 2 electrons.
Hence helium is said to have achieved ________________
electron arrangement.
The outermost shell of the atoms (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn)
has 8 electrons. Hence these elements said to have
achieved ________________electron arrangement.
Atoms of noble gases do not release electrons, accept
electrons or share electrons, hence they
________________________________________________

 Physical properties
________________ gases
________________ gas at room temperature
________________ in water
Cannot conduct ________________
Poor conductors of ________________
Melting point and boiling point ________________ going down
the group as the atomic size increases. Hence force of
attraction between atoms of each element becomes
stronger.
Density of element ________________ going down the group
Chemical properties
Chemically ________________ / not reactive / non-flammable
because
____________________________________________________________
___________________.
Uses
Helium
Neon

airships, weather balloons, cool down metals

used in advertising light bulb

Argon

welding, filled light bulbs

Krypton

used in laser, filled photographic flash lamps

Radon

treat cancer

4.3 Group 1 elements

Element

Electron arrangement of

Lithium / Li
Sodium / Na
Potassium / K
Rubidium / Rb
Caesium / Cs

atom
2.1
2.8.1
2.8.8.1
2.8.18.8.1
2.8.18.18.8.1

General Characteristics
Group 1 elements are known as ________________
_________________.
Atomic radius of the elements ________________ going down
the group because
____________________________________________________________
_________.
The outermost shell of the atoms (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Fr)
has _______ valence electron.
Good reducing agents
Very reactive
-

Reactivity of the elements ________________ going down

the group because reactivity depends on
_________________________.

Electropositivity is the ability of an atom to lose

electrons to form a positive ion.

As going down the group, the number of shells filled

with electrons _________________________.

The force of attraction between the nucleus and the

valence electron becomes _________________________.
8

Hence it is __________________ to donate an electron.

Thus Electropositivity ___________________ down the

group.

Physical properties
Grey solids with shiny ________________ surfaces when
freshly cut.
________________ solids at room temperature
Good conductors of ________________ and ________________
________________ melting point and boiling point compared
-

Melting point and boiling point of the elements

________________ going down the group

This is because the atomic size increases and number of

shells filled with electrons increases

Hence the metallic bonding between atoms becomes

weaker.

Thus less heat energy is required to overcome the

weaker metallic bonding.

________________ density (Li, Na and K float on the surface

water / Rb, Cs and Fr sink in the water)
-

Density of element ________________ going down the

group

Chemical properties
Chemically very ________________
-

React rapidly with oxygen and water vapour in the air

Hence must be kept in ________________ oil

React with cold water

-

Producing alkaline metal hydroxide solutions and

hydrogen gas

10

Equation:
_________________________________________________________
________

11

 React with oxygen

-

Producing white solid metal oxides

Equation:
_________________________________________________________
_________

Metal oxides dissolve in water

-

Producing alkaline metal hydroxide solutions

Equation:
_________________________________________________________
___________________

React with halogens

-

Producing white solid metal halides

Equation:
_________________________________________________________
___________________

Safety precautions

Cannot hold the group 1 elements with ________________

hands

Wear safety ________________ and ________________

12

4.4 Group 17 elements

Element

Electron arrangement of

Fluorine / F
Chlorine / Cl
Bromine / Br
Iodine / I
Astatine / At

atom
2.7
2.8.7
2.8.18.7
2.8.18.18.7
2.8.18.32.18.7

General Characteristics
Group 17 elements are known as ________________.
Exist as diatomic molecules (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 and At2)
Atomic radius of the elements _________________ going down
the group as the
____________________________________________________________
____________
The outermost shell of the atoms (F, Cl, Br, I and At) have 7
valence electrons
Good oxidising agents
Very reactive
-

Reactivity of the elements ________________ going down

the group because reactivity depends on
_________________________.

Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to gain

electrons to form a negative ion.

As going down the group, the number of shells filled

with electrons _________________________.

The force of attraction between the nucleus and the

valence electron becomes _________________________.

Hence it is __________________ to receive an electron.

13

Thus electronegativity ___________________ down the

group.

14

 Physical properties
Non-________________
________________of electricity
________________melting point and boiling point
-

Melting point and boiling point increases going down the

group

This is because the atomic size increases and number of

shells filled with electrons increases

Hence the forces of attraction between molecules

become stronger

Thus more heat energy is required to overcome the

stronger forces of attraction

Colour: F2 (________________ gas), Cl2 (________________ gas),

Br2 (________________ liquid), I2 (________________ solid)
Low density
-

Density of element increases going down the group due

to the increase in atomic mass

Chemical properties
React with water
-

Producing two acids

Equation:
_________________________________________________________
__________________

15

 React with hot iron

-

Producing brown solids, iron(III) halides

Equation:
_________________________________________________________
__________________

React with sodium hydroxide NaOH solution

-

Producing water and two types of sodium salts

Equation:
_________________________________________________________
__________________

Safety precautions

Wear safety goggles and gloves when handling the

elements

Handle the elements in the fume cupboard

16

4.5 Elements across a period

The Periodic Table has 7 periods
Number of valence electrons of each element
________________ by one across a period
Across Period 3
Na
G1

Mg
G2

G16

G17

Al

Si
P
G13

S
G14

Cl

Ar
G15

G18

General Characteristics
Atomic size of the elements ________________ across the
period
-

This is because across the period, proton number

increases.

Hence the electrostatic forces of attraction between

the nucleus and the valence electrons increase.

Valence electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus.

Thus the atomic radius decreases.

Electronegativity of the elements _______________

Electropositivity of the elements ________________
Change from ________________ to ________________

Metallic properties ________________

Metals

Na

Mg

Basic oxides

Semi metal

Al
Amphoteric
oxide

Si

Non-metal

Acidic oxides

Cl

Ar
17

 Uses of semi-metals (metalloids)

Semiconductor
Microchip
4.6 Transition elements

General Characteristics
Elements from Group 3 to Group 12
Metals
Solids with shiny surfaces
Very hard
Ductile - ability to be stretched into wires without breaking
Malleable - ability to be bent into new shape
High tensile strength - ability to stay in their shape without
breaking
High melting and boiling points
Good conductors of electricity and heat
18

 Special Characteristics
Form coloured ions or compounds
-

Cu2+: ________________

Fe2+: ________________

Fe3+: ________________

Cobalt chloride crystal: ________________

Different oxidation numbers in their compound

-

Find the oxidation number of the copper in the

following compounds
CuO

CuO

Useful catalysts
-

Nickel hydrogenation of vegetable oil,

Copper(II) sulphate reaction of zinc with dilute

sulphuric acid to liberate hydrogen gas

Manganese(IV) oxide decomposition of hydrogen

peroxide to liberate oxygen gas

Iron Haber process

Vanadium(V) oxide Contact process

Platinum Ostwald process

Form complex ions

-

Hexacyanoferrate (III) ion, [Fe(CN)6]3-

19

 Uses
Iron

used as steel

Chromium

coating corroded metals,

heat-resisting alloys and make stainless

steel
Copper
Titanium

making cables, pipes and electrical wires

metal pipes and tanks, wings of supersonic

aircraft

20