A Century of Conspiracies

Training Course & Workshop in
Process Piping in Accordance with

ASME B31.3 B31.3
Design, Construction, and Mechanical Integrity
May 25 -26, 2006 Singapore
Don Frikken
Becht Engineering Company 5515 HWY 50 Gerald, MO 63037 573-764-6744 (dfrikken@be
cht.com)
Introduction to Process Piping in Accordance with ASME B31.3 Design, Constructio

n, and Mechanical Integrity
May 25 -26, 2006 Singapore
Don Frikken Becht Engineering Company 5515 HWY 50 Gerald, MO 63037 573-764-6744
(dfrikken@becht.com)
i
Workshop Objectives
The aim of this workshop is to provide the participants with an overview of the
area of Piping Technology with an emphasis on process piping. The workshop cover
s design, fabrication, examination and testing requirements of ASME B31.3. It co
vers Code requirements from design through start-up of new piping systems, as we
ll as standards for inspection and repair of piping systems that have been in se
rvice, as provided in API 570, Piping Inspection Code. This workshop provides a
foundation of knowledge necessary for those responsible for assuring the mechani
cal integrity of existing piping systems, as well as those responsible for desig
ning and constructing new piping systems.
Who Should Attend
Engineers, senior designers, maintenance, quality assurance, inspection and manu
facturing personnel who work with process piping (e.g., in the chemical, petrole
um, plastic processing, pulp and paper fields) will find it a time-saving means
to broaden and update their knowledge of piping.
Workshop Contents
The workshop will review the basic requirements of the ASME B31 Code for Pressur
e Piping with emphasis on B31.3, Process Piping. General topics in the workshop
include Code organization and intent, pressure design, design for sustained load
s including support design, flexibility analysis, equipment loads, flanges, expa
nsion joints, supports and restraints, materials, fabrication, examination, test
ing, and, for existing piping systems, mechanical integrity. Applications of the
se concepts, including simple hand analysis methods and computerbased analysis m
ethods, will be demonstrated. Included will be comparisons between ASME B31.3 an
d ASME B31.1, Power Piping. Inspection and maintenance (mechanical integrity) of
existing piping systems will be covered, as provided in API 570, Piping Inspect
ion Code. Each session will be conducted in a lecture/discussion/problem solving
format designed to provide intensive instruction and guidance on understanding
Code requirements. The instructors will be available following each days session
to provide participants with further opportunity for discussion and consideratio
n of specific problems.
ABOUT THE INSTRUCTOR
Don Frikken is an internationally recognized authority in piping design. Now emp
loyed by Becht Engineering, Don had been with Solutia, Inc. and Monsanto Company
for 34 years; working on a wide range of activities including piping and mechan
ical design, project engineering, and engineering standards. However, Dons princi
pal specialty is piping design, including design of complex piping systems, pipi
ng flexibility analysis, selection of piping components including valves, develo
pment of piping standards and specifications, and developing and teaching numero
us piping seminars and workshops. He is an ASME Fellow and has been active on va
rious ASME standards committees. He is past Chair of the ASME B31.3 Process Pipi
ng Code committee, Chair of the B31 Standards Committee, which oversees all B31
Piping Code committees, member of the B16 Standards Committee, member of the Boa
rd on Pressure Technology Codes and Standards, member of the Codes and Standards
Board of Directors, which oversees the development and
ii
maintenance of six hundred ASME codes and standards, and recently completed a th
ree year term as an ASME Senior Vice President. Don has received a number of awa
rds, and recently was awarded the ASME Melvin R. Green Codes and Standards Medal
, which recognizes outstanding contributions to the development of documents use
d in ASME programs of technical codification, standardization and certification.
Don graduated with a B.S.M.E. from Kansas State University and has a masters deg
ree in civil engineering from the University of Missouri-Rolla.
B31.3 Workshop Outline
Section Title 1 Introduction Topics Covered General Definitions Piping Developme
nt Process Piping System Standards B31.3 Scope Organization of the Code Fluid Se
rvice Definitions Piping System Failure Bases for Selection Listed versus Unlist
ed Piping Components Fluid Service Requirements Pipe Fittings Branch Connections
Flanges Gaskets Bolting Flanged Joints Strength of Materials Bases for Design S
tresses B31.3 Material Requirements
Listed and Unlisted Materials
Temperature Li
mits Toughness Requirements
Deterioration in Service Design Pressure & Temperatu
re Quality Factors Weld Joint Strength Factor Pressure Design of Components
Four
Methods Straight Pipe
Fittings
Fabricated Branch Connections
Flanges and Blanks
Other Components Piping Material Specifications
2
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
3
Materials
4
Pressure Design (metallic)
iii
Section Title 5 Valve Selection

6 7
Introduction to Flexibility Analysis Layout and Support
8
Flexibility
9
Reactions
10 11
Flexibility Analysis Designing with Expansion Joints
12
Fabrication and Installation
13
Inspection, Examination and Testing
Topics Covered Code Requirements Selection by Valve Type

Gate
Globe
Check
Butter
fly Ball
Plug What are we trying to achieve? Flexibility Analysis Example Genera
l Considerations Support Spacing Support Locations Support Elements General Cons
iderations Friction Stress Intensification Thermal Expansion Spring Hangers The
Displacement Load Analysis General Considerations Fabricated Equipment Rotating
Equipment Supports Cold Spring When to Perform a Detailed Analysis Consideration
s Types of Expansion Joints Pressure Thrust Installation of Expansion Joints Met
al Bellows Expansion Joints Welder/Brazer Qualification Welding Processes Weld P
reparation Typical Welds Preheating & Heat Treatment Typical Owner Added Require
ments Installation Flange Joints Inspection Examination
Methods
Requirements Ac
eptance Criteria Leak Testing
Methods
Requirements
iv
Section Title 15 Nonmetallic Piping Systems

16
Category M Fluid Service
17
High Pressure Piping
18
In-service Piping Inspection, Repair, Alteration and Rerating
19
Whats Different in B31.1
Topics Covered General Design, Fabrication and Installation for o Thermoplastics

o Reinforced thermosetting resins o Reinforced concrete o Vitrified clay o Boro
silicate glass o Piping lined with nonmetals Limitations General B31.3 Requireme
nts o Design o Fabrication o Examination o Testing Typical Owner Added Requireme
nts General Materials Pressure Design Limitations Fabrication Examination Testi
g API 570 Piping Inspection Code Responsibilities What to Inspect Types of Inspe
ction Inspection Practices Frequency and Extent of Inspection Remaining Life Cal
culation Repairs and Alterations Rerating Scope Organization of the Code Fluid S
ervice Requirements Bases for Allowable Stresses Material Requirements Pressure
Design Requirements Valve Requirements Fabrication and Installation Inspection,
Examination and Testing
v
ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

1. Introduction
ASME B31.3 Process Piping
Charles Becht IV, PhD, PE Don Frikken, PE Instructors
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Introduction 1
Scope of B31.3 Course
This course covers piping as typically used in process plants. Not covered:
Pipelines
Plumbing Nuclear plant piping
Introduction 2

1. Introduction
Topics Covered
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Introduction Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection Ma
terials Pressure Design Valve Selection Flexibility Analysis Layout and Support
Flexibility Support and Equipment Load Limits Flexibility Analysis Methods
Introduction BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
3
More Topics Covered
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Designing with Expansion Joints Fabrication and
Installation Inspection, Examination and Testing Category M Fluid Service Nonmet
allic Piping Systems High Pressure Piping Inspection, Repair, Alteration and Rer
ating Whats Different in B31.1
Introduction 4

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
General Definitions Piping Development Process Piping System Standards B31.3 Sco
pe Organization of the Code Fluid Service Definitions
Introduction 5
Definitions: (300.2)
piping: assemblies of piping components used[for] fluid flows. Piping also includ
es pipe supporting elements, but does not include support structuresor equipment p
iping system: interconnected piping subject to the same design conditions
Introduction 6

1. Introduction
More Definitions:
piping components: mechanical elements suitable for joining or assembly into pre
ssure-tight fluid-containing piping systemspipe, tubing, fittings, flanges, gaske
ts, bolting, valves and devices such as expansion joints, flexible joints, press
ure hoses, traps, strainers, inline portions of instruments and separators.
Introduction 7
& More Definitions:
design pressure: the pressure at the most severe condition of internal or extern
al pressure and temperature expected during service design temperature: the temp
erature at which, under the coincident pressure, the greatest thickness or highe
st component rating is required
Introduction 8

1. Introduction
Piping Development Process
1. Establish applicable system standard(s) 2. Establish design conditions 3. Mak
e overall piping material decisions
Pressure Class Reliability Materials of construction Materials Determine wall th
icknesses Valves
4. Fine tune piping material decisions
5. Establish preliminary piping system layout & support configuration 6. Perform
flexibility analysis 7. Finalize layout and bill of materials 8. Fabricate and
install 9. Examine and test
Introduction 9
Piping System Standards
Provide a set of requirements for obtaining a safe, reliable and economical inst
allation. Are frequently called Codes; for example, B31 piping system standards
are called Codes.
Introduction 10

1. Introduction
ASME Piping System Standards
B31.1 B31.3 B31.4 B31.5 B31.8 B31.9 B31.11 Power Piping Process Piping Liquid Tr
ansportation Pipelines Refrigeration Piping Gas Transportation Pipelines Buildin
g Services Piping Slurry Transportation Pipelines
Introduction 11
More ASME Piping System Standards
BPE-1 Bioprocessing Equipment PVHO-1 Pressure Vessels for Human Occupancy HPS Hi
gh Pressure Systems B&PV Code, Section III for Nuclear Power Plants
Introduction 12

1. Introduction
Other Piping System Standards
NFPA 13 Installation of Sprinkler Systems NFPA 24 Installation of Private Mains
NFPA 50 Bulk Oxygen Systems NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code CGA Handling of Anhyd
rous Ammonia (K61.1) Chlorine Institute #6 Piping Systems for Chlorine
See the longer list, pages 2-3 in the supplement.
Introduction 13
B31.3 Scope
Rules for the Process Piping Code Section B31.3 have been developed considering
piping typically found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textil
e, paper semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and
terminals. (300.1)
Introduction 14

1. Introduction
This Code prescribes requirements for

materials and components design fabrication assembly erection examination ins
tion testing
B31.3 Scope
of piping [300.1.1(a)]
Introduction 15
B31.3 Scope
This Code applies for all fluids, including:
(1)raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2)petroleum products; (3)gas, ste
am, air, and water; (4)fluidized solids; (5)refrigerants; and (6)cryogenic fluid
s.
[300.1.1(b)] BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Introduction 16

1. Introduction
B31.3 Scope
Exclusions: (300.1.3) Piping systems designed for
pressure >0 and <15 psig (105 kPa) nonflammable nontoxic not damaging to human t
issue, and temperature -20 to 366F (-29 to 186C)
Introduction 17
B31.3 Scope
More Exclusions: (300.1.3) boilers and piping required to conform to B31.1 tubes
and manifolds of fired heaters pressure equipment such as pressure vessels and
pumps, including internal piping
Introduction 18

1. Introduction
B31.3 Scope
Intent of the Code [300(c)] 1) set forth engineering requirements deemed necessar
y for safe design and construction 2) not intended to apply topiping that has been
placed in service.
Introduction 19
B31.3 Scope
More Intent of the Code [300(c)] 3) requirements, while considered necessary and a
dequate for safe design, generally employ a simplified approach A designer capabl
e of applying a more rigorous analysis shall have the latitude to do sothe approa
ch must beaccepted by the owner
Introduction 20

1. Introduction
B31.3 Scope
More Intent of the Code [300(c)] 4) Piping elements neither specifically approved
nor specifically prohibitedmay be used provided they are qualified 5) The enginee
ring design shall specify any unusual requirements
Introduction 21
B31.3 Scope
More Intent of the Code [300(c)] 6) Compatibility of materials with the service
and hazards from instability of contained fluids are not within the scope of thi
s Code.
Introduction 22

1. Introduction
B31.3 Scope
Responsibilities [300(b)]
(1) Owner. for compliance with this Code, and for establishing the requirements f
or design, construction, examination, inspection, and testing which will govern
the entire fluid handling or process installation of which the piping is a part.
The owner is also responsible for designating piping in certain fluid services
and for determining if a specific Quality System is to be employed
Introduction 23
B31.3 Scope
(2) Designer. The designer is responsible to the owner for assurance that the en
gineering design of piping complies with the requirements of this Code and with
any additional requirements established by the owner.
Introduction 24

1. Introduction
B31.3 Scope
(3) Manufacturer, Fabricator, and Erector. The manufacturer, fabricator, and ere
ctor of piping are responsible for providing materials, components, and workmans
hip in compliance with the requirements of this Code and of the engineering desi
gn.
Introduction 25
B31.3 Scope
(4) Owner s Inspector. The owner s Inspector (see para. 340) is responsible to t
he owner for ensuring that the requirements of this Code for inspection, examina
tion, and testing are met. If a Quality System is specified by the owner to be e
mployed, the owner s inspector is responsible for verifying that it is implement
ed.
Introduction 26

1. Introduction
Organization of the Code
Base Code Chapters: I Scope and Definitions II Design III Materials IV Standards f
or Piping Components V Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection VI Inspection, Examin
ation and Testing
Introduction 27
VII Nonmetallic Piping and Piping Lined with Nonmetals (A) VIII Piping for Categ
ory M Fluid Service (M) & (MA) IX High Pressure Piping (K)
These chapters follow the same format as the base Code, and refer to the base Code
requirements whenever applicable.
Introduction 28

1. Introduction
Appendices
A Allowable Stresses & Quality Factors Metals B Stresses and Allowable Pressures
Nonmetals C Physical Properties of Piping Materials D Flexibility & Stress Inte
nsification Factors E Reference Standards F Precautionary Considerations G Safeg
uarding H Sample Calculations J Nomenclatures
Introduction 29
More Appendices
K Allowable Stresses for High Pressure Piping L Aluminum Alloy Pipe Flanges M Gu
ide to Classifying Fluid Services Q Quality System Program V Allowable Variation
s in Elevated Temperature Service X Metallic Bellows Expansion Joints Z Preparat
ion of Technical Inquiries
Introduction 30

1. Introduction
B31.3 Fluid Service Definitions
Fluid Service Category D Category M High Pressure Normal
Introduction 31
Fluid Service: a general term concerning the application of a piping system, con
sidering the combination of fluid properties, operating conditions and other fac
tors which establish the basis for design What fluid properties are important? What
operating conditions are important? What other factors are important?
Introduction 32

1. Introduction
Category D: The fluid handled is nonflammable, nontoxic and not damaging to huma
n tissue. The design pressure does not exceed 150 psig (1035 kPa). The design te
mperature is greater than -20F (-29C) and does not exceed 366 F (186C). Often charac
terized as utility
Introduction 33
Category M: A fluid service in which the potential for personnel exposure is jud
ged to be significant and in which a single exposure to a very small quantity of
a toxic fluid, caused by leakage, can produce serious irreversible harm to pers
ons upon breathing or on bodily contact, even when prompt restorative measures a
re taken. Often characterized as lethal
Introduction 34

1. Introduction
High Pressure: A service for which the owner specifies the use of Chapter IX [of
B31.3] for piping design and construction considered to be in excess of Class 25
00 (PN 420). Characterized as high pressure Normal: Everything else. Often charact
erized as process
Introduction 35
B31.3 Definitions
Severe Cyclic Conditions: Conditions applying to specific piping components or j
oints in which SE exceeds 0.8 SA, and the equivalent number of cycles exceeds 70
00; or conditions which the designer determines will produce and equivalent effe
ct. Flammable: A fluid which under ambient or expected operating conditions is a
vapor or produces a vapor that can be ignited and continue to burn in air.
Introduction 36

1. Introduction
Fluid Service Selection
Workshop: What B31.3 fluid service definition is most nearly applicable for the
following services: Steam condensate 650 psig (45 bar) Steam Chlorine Heat trans
fer oil Sulfuric acid Styrene monomer Gasoline Lime-water slurry See Supplement
page 7 for details.
Introduction 37

2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection 1
icknesses Valves


Piping System Failure Bases for Selection Listed versus Unlisted Piping
ts Fluid Service Requirements Pipe Fittings Branch Connections Flanges Gaskets B
olting Flanged Joints
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
3
The Material in This Section is Addressed by B31.3 in:
Chapter II - Design Chapter IV - Standards for Piping Components Appendix G - Sa
feguarding

Piping System Failure
How can you recognize a failure in a piping system?
Bases for Selection
Pressure Class Reliability
Robustness Fire Resistance Blow-out Resistance Tendencies to leak Corrosion Resi
stance Material Toughness
Material of Construction Cost

Pressure Class
Ratings for above ground metallic systems are generally governed by their joints
. Frequently these are flanged joints manufactured in accordance with ASME B16.1
(iron flanges) and ASME B16.5 (other metallic flanges). Ratings for flanges (an
d some other piping components) are designated by pressure class.
Flange P-T Ratings Gray Iron (psi)
(Class Rated in accordance with ASME B16.1)

Flange P-T Ratings Gray Iron (bar)
40
Class 125, NPS 1-12
Pressure (barg)
30
Class 125, NPS 14-24 Class 125, NPS 30-48 Class 250, NPS 1-12
20
10
Class 250, NPS 14-24 Class 250, NPS 30-48 0 50 100 150 200
0 Temperature (C)
Flange P-T Ratings Carbon Steel (psi)
7000 6000
Pressure (psig)
5000
Class 150 Class 300
4000
Class 600 Class 900 Class 1500 Class 2500
3000
2000
1000
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Temperature (F)

Flange P-T Ratings Carbon Steel (bar)
450 400 350
Pressure (barg)
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 300 400 500
Class 150 Class 300 Class 600 Class 900 Class 1500 Class 2500
Temperature (C)
(PN Rated in accordance with EN 1092-1)
100 80 Pressure (bar) 60 40 20 0 0 100 200 Temperature (C) 300 400 PN 2.5 PN 6 P
N 10 PN 16 PN 25 PN 40 PN 63 PN 100

(K Rated in accordance with JIS B2220)
60 50 Pressure (bar) 40 30 20 10 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 Temperature (C) 5K 10K
16K 20K 30K
Cl 300 Flange Ratings Several Materials (psi)
(Class Rated in accordance with ASME B16.5, B16.24 and B31.3)
800 700 600
Carbon Steel (B16.5) 316 Stainless Steel (B16.5) Nickel Alloy 400 (B16.5) Copper
Alloy B61 (B16.24) 6061-T6 Aluminum (B31.3)
Pressure (psig)
500 400 300 200 100 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Temperature (F)

Cl 300 Flange Ratings Several Materials (bar)
(Class Rated in accordance with ASME B16.5, B16.24 and B31.3)
60.0
50.0
Carbon Steel (B16.5) 316 Stainless Steel (B16.5) Nickel Alloy 400 (B16.5) Coper
Alloy B61 (B16.24) Aluminum Alloy 6061T6 (B31.3)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Pressure (barg)
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Temperature (C)
Reliability
Robustness Fire Resistance Blow-out Resistance Tendencies to Leak

Robustness
Able to withstand exposure to loads such as:
Being stepped on
ed tool box
Forklift traffic Truck traffic
Crane booms
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection -
Dropped tool
Dropp
17
Fire Resistance
Usual Definition: Components able to maintain piping system integrity if subject
ed to approximately 1200F (650C) for 30 minutes. BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

Fire Resistance
Fire resistant components are used where there is a sufficient probability of a
fire, and where there is a significant consequence as a result of piping system
failure such as
adding fuel to the fire
exposure of fire fighters to danger due to leaking fluid
s
Being able to continue operation after a fire is usually not a consideration.
Blow-out Resistance
Gaskets and seals able to withstand high pressure without failing by extrusion o
r fracture. A short-term leak could be resealed by tightening the bolting. The i
ntent is to avoid large leaks when a flanged joint is not tightened properly whe
n the piping system is subjected to pressures much higher than design when large
bending moments are applied to the flanged joint 20

Blow-out Resistance
Failure by Extrusion
Failure by Fracture
21
Tendencies to Leak
Some joints are more leak prone than others. These are usually a strong function
of the construction and maintenance practices at a particular site. Examples:
T
hreaded joints Unions
Elastomeric seals such as o-rings

Corrosion Resistance
Where corrosion is more or less uniform, extra pipe wall material can be provide
d in the form of a corrosion allowance. Where material degradation is localized, e
ither preventive measures must be used or a more resistant material must be prov
ided. Examples of localized material problems: - Erosion - Intergranular - Stres
s-Corrosion Cracking - Microbiological - Hydrogen Embrittlement 23
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection Material Toughness
Measured by energy necessary to suddenly propagate a crack to failure Mostly of
concern for carbon steels Generally decreases as temperature decreases Factors a
ffecting fracture toughness include:
Chemical composition or alloying elements
H
eat treatment
Grain size

Example of Brittle Fracture
Example of Ductile Deformation

Cost
CPVC, Sch 80 Carbon Steel, Sch 40 Stainless Steel, 304, Sch 10S Stainless Steel,
316, Sch 10S Aluminum, 6061 T6, Sch 40 Fiberglass - Vinyl Ester Polypropylene L
ined Steel Fluoropolymer Lined Steel Alloy 20, Sch 10S Alloy 400, Sch 10S Alloy
C276, Sch 10 Zirconium, Sch 10
0
2
4
6
8
10
Relative Installed Cost - NPS 4 Complex System
Piping Component Standards
Provide consistent dimensions and ratings so that components will fit together a
nd can be used interchangeably
Listed Components: Those listed by standard numbe
r in Table 326.1 and Appendix A
Unlisted Components: Those not so listed.
BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. 28

Some Listed Components - ASME
B16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges B16.3 Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings B16.5 Pipe F
langes and Flanged Fittings B16.9 Wrought Steel Buttweld Fittings B16.11 Forged
Fittings, Socket Welding & Threaded B16.20 Metallic Gaskets B16.22 Wrought Coppe
r Solder Joint Fittings B16.34 Valves Flanged, Threaded and Welded See page 8 of
the supplement. BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Some Listed Components - Other
MSS SP-80 Bronze Valves MSS SP-97 Branch Outlet Fittings API 602 Compact Steel G
ate Valves API 608 Metal Ball Valves ASTM A53 Steel Pipe ASTM A312 Stainless Ste
el Pipe AWWA C110 Ductile & Gray Iron Fittings AWWA C151 Ductile Iron Pipe See t
he pages 9 - 11 in the supplement. BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. 30

Listed Components
Can be used within their pressuretemperature ratings and any additional limitati
ons described in the Code.
Some Unlisted Components
ASME B16.33 Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves or Use in Gas Piping Systems A
SME B16.50 Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Braze-Joint Pressure Fittings MSS SP68 High Pressure-Offset Seat Butterfly Valves MSS SP-108 Resilient-Seated Cast I
ron-Eccentric Plug Valves API 6D Pipeline Valves (Gate, Plug, Ball, and Check) A
WWA C153 Ductile-Iron Compact Fittings for Water Service BECHT ENGINEERING COMPA
NY, INC.

Unlisted Components [302.2.3, 326.2.1]
Can be used within Code limitations if they: have dimensions that conform to thos
e of comparable listed components insofar as practicable provide strength and perf
ormance equivalent to standard components, and satisfy one of the following:
composition, mechanical properties, method of manufacture, and quality control ar
e comparable to listed components; and have pressure-temperature ratings that con
form with para. 304, or
are qualified for pressure design as required by para. 30
4.7.2.
Fluid Service Requirements
Specific requirements for components and joints are described in paras. 305-318.
Some components are permitted for certain fluid services only when safeguarded.
Safeguarding is the provision of protective measures to minimize the risk of acc
idental damage to the piping or to minimize the harmful consequences of possible
piping failure. Para. G300

Fluid Service Requirements
Safeguarding examples: Brazed or soldered copper water tube is not inherently fi
re resistant, but may be protected against fire exposure by insulation or by wat
er sprays. Thermoplastic piping is not inherently blowout resistant and is sensi
tive to abuse, but may be protected from both hazards by routing the piping in a
secondary containment.
Piping Components
Pipe Fittings Branch Connections Flanges Gaskets Bolting Flanged Joints

Pipe
Pipe includes components designated as tube or tubing in the material specification,
when intended for pressure service. Para. 305
Pipe - seamless
Strand Caster
Billet Heating
Rotary Piercing Mill
Elongator
Reheat
Pug Rolling Mill
38

Pipe - seamless
Reheat
Sizing Mill
Finishing
NDT
Facing & Beveling
Hydrotesting
Pipe ERW
Coil Feed
First Forming
Fin Pass
Welding
NDT
Seam Normalizer
40

Pipe - ERW
Sizing Mill
Flying Cut-Off
Hydrotesting
Straightening
NDT
Facing & Beveling
41
Weld Joint Quality Factor Ej
Type of Weld None (seamless) Electric Resistance Weld Furnace Butt Weld Single F
usion Weld Double Fusion Weld API 5L SAW, GMAW
*Depending on level of examination
Factor (Table 302.2.4) 1.00 0.85 0.60 0.80 to 1.00* 0.85 to 1.00* 0.95
42

Pipe Fluid Service Requirements
Some specifications, including all furnace butt welded, are limited to Category
D Fluid Service Some specifications may be used only in Category D Fluid Service
unless safeguarded Only pipe listed in para. 305.2.3 may be used for Severe Cyc
lic Conditions
43
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection Fittings
Fittings are selected primarily by the way they are joined to the pipe. Threadin
g Socket Welding Buttwelding OD Tubing (Compression fitting, Flare) Water Tubing
(Solder, Braze) Others

Fittings: Threaded
Common materials
Gray iron (ASME B16.4)
Malleable iron (ASME B16.3) Steel (ASME B16.11)
Size usually limited to ~NPS 2

Potential injury for installers Ability to get a good seal
Generally not used where leaks cannot be tolerated
Threaded Joint Fluid Service Requirements
Straight threaded coupling mating to taper thread permitted only for Category D

Threaded Joint Fluid Service Requirements
NPS 1-1/2 and smaller tapered joints must be Sch 80 for notch sensitive material
in Normal Service May be used for Severe Cyclic Conditions only if:
For taper t
hreads must be, non-moment bearing such as for a thermowell
For straight threads
with seating surface, must be safeguarded
Fittings: Socket Welding
Common materials (ASME B16.11)
Carbon Steel
Stainless Steel
Size usually limited to ~NPS 1-1/2 Not used in services where
Corrosion is accelerated in crevices
Severe erosion may occur BECHT ENGINEERING
COMPANY, INC.

Fittings: Buttwelding
Common materials (ASME B16.9)
Carbon Steel
Stainless Steel
Nickel alloys
Used in most piping systems ~NPS 2 and larger Use generally not restricted Weldi
ng is difficult in small sizes, especially for thin wall
Fittings: OD Tubing
Common materials
Copper
Steel
Nickel alloys
Compression Fittings Flared Fittings (ASME B16.26) Generally not used in most se
vere services because of leak potential
Must be safeguarded for Severe Cyclic Service BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

Fittings: Water Tube
Common material: copper Solder joint (ASME B16.18 & B16.22) Braze joint (ASME B1
6.50) Not fire resistant
Solder & Brazed Joint Fluid Service Requirements
Solder joints are permitted only for Category D Fluid Service Brazed joints are
:
permitted for Normal Fluid Service
permitted for fluids that are flammable, toxi
c or damaging to human tissue if safeguarded
prohibited for Severe Cyclic Condit
ions

Fittings: Grooved
Fittings that use grooves in pipe elastomeric seal required
Fittings: Compression for Pipe
Pressfit by Victaullic (B16.51 draft for copper)
Lokring (metal-to-metal seal)

Miter Bend Fluid Service Requirements
A bend with greter thn 45 my be used only in Ctegory D Fluid Service For Seve
re Cyclic Conditions, must be less thn or equl to 22.5.
Metllic Pipe & Fitting Selection 55
Brnches
Generlly mny choices NPS 3 nd lrger Choices include:
Tee
Unreinforced Fbricted Tee
Reinforced Fbricted Tee
ing
Brnch Connection Fitt

2. Metllic Pipe & Fitting Selection
Brnches
Tee
Unreinforced Fbricted Tee
(Cpble of less thn full pressure)
Reinforced Fbricted Tee
Fbricted Brnches
Unreinforced Reinforced
Stub in
Stub on
Metllic Pipe & Fitting Selection -

Brnches - Brnch Connection Fittings
Brnches
Bsis for selection: Cost: depends on mteril, sizes & fbrictor Resistnce to
externl moment Ability to exmine fbriction See tble on pge 19 in the supp
lement.

Flnges (ASME B16.5)
Flnge types designted by joining method
Threded
Socket welding
Welding Neck (buttweld)
These flnges hve the sme dvntges nd restrictions s fittings with the sm
e joining method. (Note tht welding neck flnges re required for Severe Cyclic
Conditions.) BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Flnges (ASME B16.5)
Other types of flnges - Slip-on Hs no crevice if instlled with two welds Esi
er to get good lignment Unble to set metl gskets s well s WN & LJ

Slip-on Flnge Fluid Service Requirements
Required to be double welded for:
Severe erosion, crevice corrosion or cyclic loding
Flmmble, toxic, or dmgin
g to humn tissue
Under Severe Cyclic Conditions
At tempertures below -101C (-15
0F)
Should be voided where mny lrge temperture cycles re expected
Flnges (ASME B16.5)
Other types of flnges - Lpped joint Flnge cn be mde from cheper mteril E
sier to fbricte nd instll thn WN

Flnges Fcings (ASME B16.5)
Rised norml choice Flt
Stndrd for gry iron flnges More gsket hs to be compressed, so only softer ga
skets can be used Less likely to break flange when bolting (applicable to brittl
e materials like gray iron)
Gaskets
Important Gasket Characteristics Resists deterioration in normal service
Chemical resistance
Temperature resistance
Low enough leak rate Blowout resistance Fire resistance

Gaskets Rubber
Chemical Resistant Approximate Max. Temp. Leak Performance Blowout Resistant Fir
e Resistant Bolt Strength Needed OK for most 200F (95C) Best No No Low
(Thermoseal)
Gaskets Reinforced Rubber
e Resistant Bolt Strength Needed OK for most 325F (160C) Fair No No Low
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection (Garlock)
68

Gaskets Fluoropolymer
e Resistant Bolt Strength Needed OK for almost all 350F (180C) Good No No Low
(Garlock)
Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection (Gore)
(Teadit)
69
Gaskets Flexible Graphite
e Resistant Bolt Strength Needed OK for almost all 900 or 625F (480 or 330C) Good
Not without heavier insert Yes Medium
Natural Graphite Flake Thermally Decomposed (Worms)
Worms Compressed Into Foils (SGL Carbon Group)
70

Foil Inserted Insert is usually 0.002 (0.05 mm) type 316 stainless steel Adhesive
bonded
(Teadit)
Tang Inserted Insert is usually 0.004 (0.10 mm) type 316 stainless steel Mechanic
ally bonded
(Teadit)
Corrugated Insert Insert is usually 0.018 (0.46 mm) type 316 stainless steel Adhe
sive bonded Blowout resistant Lower hand cutting potential Lower sealing stress
Cannot be cut from sheet
72

Flexible graphite tends to stick to flanges, but special coatings can help.
Gaskets Spiral Wound
e Resistant Bolt Strength Needed
Both metal winding & filler must be OK
1500F (820C) Good Yes Depends on Filler High
(Flexitallic)
74

(NE Seal)
Winding Material 304 SS 316L SS Nickel 200 Alloy C276 Alloy 400 Ring Edge Color
Code Yellow Green Red Beige Orange

Filler Material Asbestos Flexible Graphite Mica Graphite PTFE Vermiculite Ring S
tripe Color Code None Gray Pink White No standard Fire Resistant Yes Yes No No Y
es Maximum Temp F/ C 1500 / 820 900 / 480 325 / 160 350 / 180 1500 / 820
Internal buckling is a concern to some, especially in higher pressure classes an
d larger sizes. BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

Gaskets - Kammprofile
e Resistant Bolt Strength Needed
Both metal & sealing material must be OK
1500F (820C) Good Yes Depends on sealing material Medium
79
Gaskets Ring Joint
e Resistant Bolt Strength Needed Metal must be OK 1500F (820C) Very Good Yes Yes H
igh
Oval
Octagonal
(NE Seal)

Bolting
Has to be strong enough to seat the gasket Consider need to be corrosion resista
nt to process fluid Studs versus bolts
1st and 2nd degree burns
after being sprayed with hot water. The bonnet of the valve had separated from t
he valve body due to corroded bonnet bolts. BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

Bolting Fluid Service Requirements
Low strength bolting [SMYS not greater than 207 MPa (30 ksi)] may not be used wi
th
Pressure classes higher than 300
Metal gaskets
Carbon steel bolting may not be used with
Pressure classes higher than 300
Temperatures outside -29C to 204C (-20F to 400F) ra
nge
Galvanized carbon steel bolting must be to heavy hex dimensions
More Bolting Fluid Service Requirements
Low strength bolting shall be used for weaker and more brittle flanged joints un
less
Both flanges are flat faced and a full face gasket is used, or
A careful bolt-up
procedure is used
Low strength bolting may not be used for Severe Cyclic Conditions

Flanged Joints
A flanged joint is composed of three separate and independent, although interrela
ted components: the flanges, the gasket, and the bolting, which are assembled by
yet another influence, the assembler. Proper controls must be exercised in the
selection and application for all these elements to attain a joint which has acc
eptable leak tightness. [B16.5]
Flanged Joints
Flange A Flange B Fire Blow-out Resist? Resist? No No Facing Gaskets Bolting Str
ength Class 125 Class 125 gray iron gray iron Class 125 Class 150 gray iron carb
on stl Class 150 Class 150 carbon stl carbon stl Class 150 Class 150 stainless s
tainless Class 150 Class 125 carbon stl gray iron
No Yes
No Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No

Pipe & Fitting Selection
Workshop: What basic piping system characteristics would you provide for the fol
lowing services: Steam condensate 650 psig (45 bar) Steam Chlorine Heat transfer
oil Sulfuric acid Styrene monomer Gasoline Lime-water slurry See Supplement pag
e 7 for details. BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

3. Materials
Materials 1
icknesses Valves
Materials 2

3. Materials
3. Materials
Strength of Materials Bases for Design Stresses B31.3 Material Requirements
Listed and Unlisted Materials Temperature Limits Toughness Requirements Deterior
ation in Service
Materials 3
Chapter II - Design Chapter III - Materials Appendix A - Allowable Stresses & Qu
ality Factors Metals Appendix F - Precautionary Considerations
Materials 4

3. Materials
Strength of Materials
Stress Strain Stress-Strain Diagram
Elastic Modulus
Yield Strength Ultimate Strength
Creep Fatigue Brittle versus Ductile Behavior
Materials 5
Strength of Materials
Stress (S): force (F) divided by area (A) over which force acts, pounds force/in
ch2 (psi), Pascals (Newtons/meter2) Strain (): chang in lngth (L) dividd by th
original lngth (L) F L
L
Matrials 6
ASME B31.3 Procss Piping Cours

3. Matrials
Strngth of Matrials
Strss
ST = Tnsil Strngth
SY = Yild Strngth E = Elastic Modulus = Strss/Strain
Typical Carbon Stl
Strain
Matrials BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
7
Strngth of Matrials
Strss
ST = Tnsil Strngth SY = Yild Strngth Proportional Limit 0.2% offst
Typical Stainlss Stl
Strain
8

3. Matrials
Strngth of Matrials
Crp: progrssiv prmannt dformation of matrial subjctd to constant strs
s, AKA tim dpndnt bhavior. Crp is of concrn for
Carbon stls abov ~700F (~370C)
Stainlss stls abov ~950F (~510C)
Aluminum all
ys abov ~300F (~150C)
Matrials 9
Strngth of Matrials
Strain
Primary Scondary Trtiary
Ruptur Crp Rat (strain/unit tim)
Typical Crp Curv
Tim
Matrials 10

3. Matrials
Strngth of Matrials
Minimum Strss to Ruptur, 316 SS
Fig I-14.6B, ASME B&PV Cod, Sction III, Division 1 - NH
Matrials 11
Strngth of Matrials
Fatigu failur: a failur which rsults from a rptitiv load lowr than that
rquird to caus failur on a singl application
Strss
Numbr of Cycls
Matrials 12

3. Matrials
Strngth of Matrials
Brittl failur:
Ductil dformation:
Matrials 13
Strngth of Matrials
Strss
Brittl failur:
Toughnss
Strain Strss
Ductil failur:
Toughnss
Strain
Matrials 14

3. Matrials
Strngth of Matrials
Masuring Toughnss using a Charpy impact tst
W H1 -H2 H2
Pndulum
H1
Charpy Impact Tst Cv = W(H1 - H2)
Spcimns tstd at 40, 100 and 212F (4, 38 and 100C)
= Enrgy Absorbd
Matrials 15
Strngth of Matrials
Ductil to Brittl Transition for a Carbon Stl BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Matrials 16

3. Matrials
Bass for Dsign Strsss
Most Matrials (matrials othr than gray iron, mallabl iron and bolting) blo
w th crp rang, th lowst of (302.3.2)
1/3 of spcifid minimum tnsil strngth (ST) 1/3 of tnsil strngth at tmpr
atur 2/3 of spcifid minimum yild strngth (SY) 2/3 of yild strngth at tmp
ratur; xcpt for austnitic stainlss stls and nickl alloys with similar b
havior, 90% of yild strngth at tmpratur
17
Most Matrials additional bass in th crp rang, th lowst of (302.3.2)
100% of th avrag strss for a crp rat of 0.01% pr 1000 hours
67% of th a
vrag strss for ruptur at th nd of 100,000 hours 80% of th minimum strss
for ruptur at th nd of 100,000 hours
Matrials 18

3. Matrials
ASTM A106 Grad B Carbon Stl (US Customary Units)
25.00 20.00 Strss, ksi 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Tmpratur
, F 2/3 of Yild 1/3 of Tnsil Allowabl
Matrials 19
ASTM A106 Grad B Carbon Stl (Mtric Units)
180.0 160.0 140.0 Strss, MPa 120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 0 100 200 300
400 500 Tmpratur, C 2/3 Yild 1/3 Tnsil Allowabl
Matrials 20

3. Matrials
Additional Nots
For structural grad matrials, dsign strsss ar 0.92 tims th valu dtrmi
nd for most matrials (302.3.2) Strss valus abov 2/3 SY ar not rcommndd
for flangd joints and othr componnts in which slight dformation can caus l
akag or malfunction (302.3.2)
Dsign strsss for tmpraturs blow th minimu
m ar th sam as at th minimum BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Matrials 21
B31.3 Matrial Rquirmnts
Listd and Unlistd Matrials Tmpratur Limits Impact Tst Mthods & Accptanc
Toughnss Rquirmnts Dtrioration in Srvic
Matrials 22

3. Matrials
Listd and Unlistd Matrials
Listd Matrial: a matrial that conforms to a spcification in Appndix A or to
a standard in Tabl 326.1 may b usd
(323.1.1)
Unlistd Matrial: a matrial that is not so listd may b usd undr crtain co
nditions (323.1.2) Unknown Matrial: may not b usd
(323.1.3)
Matrials 23
Listd and Unlistd Matrials
An unlistd matrial may b usd if (323.1.2) It conforms to a publishd spcifi
cation covring chmistry, mchanical proprtis, mthod of manufactur, hat tr
atmnt, and quality control Othrwis mts th rquirmnts of th Cod Allowa
bl strsss ar dtrmind in accordanc with Cod bass, and Qualifid for sr
vicall tmpraturs (323.2.3)
Matrials 24

3. Matrials
Tmpratur Limits
Listd matrials may b usd abov th maximum dscribd in th Cod if (323.2.1
)
Thr is no prohibition in th Cod
Th dsignr vrifis srvicability of th
matrial, considring th quality of mchanical proprty data usd to dtrmin
allowabl strsss and rsistanc of th matrial to dltrious ffcts in th
plannd fluid srvic
(323.2.4)
Matrials 25
Tmpratur Limits
Listd matrials may b usd within th tmpratur rang dscribd in th Cod
if
(323.2.2)
Th bas mtal, wld dposits and hat affctd zon (HAZ) ar qualifid in acco
rdanc with Column A of Tabl 323.2.2.
Matrials 26

3. Matrials
Tabl 323.2.2
Rquirmnts for Low Tmpratur Toughnss Tsts
g 2 a p S
0
nt. m ppl u s of th
Matrials 27
Tmpratur Limits
Listd matrials may b usd blow th minimum dscribd in th Cod if (323.2.2
)
Thr is no prohibition in th Cod
Th bas mtal, wld dposits and hat affc
td zon (HAZ) ar qualifid in accordanc with Column B of Tabl 323.2.2.
Matrials 28

3. Matrials
Carbon Stl Lowr Tmpratur Limits
Most carbon stls hav a lttr dsignation in th column for minimum tmpratu
r in Appndix A S pag 25 of th supplmnt For thos that do, th minimum t
mpratur is dfind by Figur 323.2.2A
Matrials 29
Figur 323.2.2A
Minimum Tmpraturs without Impact Tsting for Carbon Stl
S
22 g pa
nt. m pl p u s h t f o
Matrials 30

3. Matrials
Impact tsting is not rquird down to -55F (-48C) if strss ratio dos not xcd
th valu dfind by Figur 323.2.2B Impact tsting is not rquird down to -15
5F (-104C) if strss ratio dos not xcd 0.3
Matrials 31
Fig.323.2.2B
Rduction in Minimum Dsign Tmpratur w/o Impact Tsting
S pag 23 of th supplmnt.
Matrials -

3. Matrials
Fig.323.2.2B provids a furthr basis for us of carbon stl without impact ts
ting. If usd:
Hydrotsting is rquird
Safguarding is rquird for componnts with wall thick
nsss gratr than in. (13 mm)
Strss Ratio is th largst of
Nominal prssur strss / S
Prssur / prssur rating
ss / S BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Matrials -
Combind longitudinal str
33
650 psig (45 bar) stam suprhatd to 735F (390C). Rlif prssur is 725 psig (5
0 bar). Pip matrial is ASTM A53 Gr B samlss. What options ar availabl to d
al with xpctd ambint tmpraturs down to -30F (-34C)? BECHT ENGINEERING COMP
ANY, INC. NPS Nominal Strss WT Ratio
in (mm)
1 4 12 30
0.178 (4.52) 0.237 (6.02) 0.500 (12.70) 1.000 (25.40)
0.71 0.74 0.86 0.97
Matrials 34

3. Matrials
Dtrioration in Srvic
Slction of matrial to rsist dtrioration in srvic is not within th scop
of th Cod. (323.5) Rcommndations for matrial slction ar prsntd in Ap
pndix F.
Gnral considrations
Spcific matrial considrations
Matrials 35
Gnral considrations
Fir rsistanc Possibility of brittl fractur Suscptibility to crvic corros
ion Possibility of galvanic corrosion Chilling ffct of th loss of prssur Co
mpatibility of matrials such as
Packing Gaskts Thrad salants
Matrials 36

3. Matrials
Spcific matrial considrations
Carbon and low alloy stl High alloy stl Nickl and nickl alloys Aluminum an
d aluminum alloys Coppr and coppr alloys And mor
Matrials 37

4. Prssur Dsign of Mtals
ASME B31.3 Procss Piping
Charls Bcht IV, PhD, PE Don Frikkn, PE Instructors
Prssur Dsign of Mtals 1
Piping Dvlopmnt Procss
1. Establish applicabl systm standard(s) 2. Establish dsign conditions 3. Mak
ovrall piping matrial dcisions
Prssur Class Rliability Matrials of construction Matrials Dtrmin wall th
icknsss Valvs
4. Fin tun piping matrial dcisions
5. Establish prliminary piping systm layout & support configuration 6. Prform
flxibility analysis 7. Finaliz layout and bill of matrials 8. Fabricat and
install 9. Examin and tst

Dsign Prssur & Tmpratur Quality Factors Wld Joint Strngth Factor Prssur
Dsign of Componnts
Four Mthods Straight Pip Fittings Fabricatd Branch Connctions Flangs and Bl
anks Othr Componnts
Piping Matrial Spcifications BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Th Matrial in This Sction is Addrssd by B31.3 in:
Chaptr II - Dsign Appndix V - Allowabl Variations in Elvatd Tmpratur S
rvic

Dsign Prssur & Tmpratur
dsign prssur: th prssur at th most svr condition of intrnal or xtrn
al prssur and tmpratur xpctd during srvic (301.2)
Th most svr condition is that which rsults in th gratst rquird compon
nt thicknss and th highst componnt rating.
Th insid pip in jacktd pipin
g shall b dsignd for th most svr combination of conditions xpctd durin
g srvic. Short-trm variations may b considrd sparatly. (302.2.4) BECHT E
NGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
dsign prssur:
Provisions shall b mad to safly contain or rliv any prssur to which th
piping may b subjctd.
Sourcs of prssur to b considrd includ Ambint in
fluncs Prssur oscillations Impropr opration Dcomposition of fluids Static
had Failur of control dvics BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

dsign tmpratur: th tmpratur at which, undr th coincidnt prssur, th
gratst thicknss or highst componnt rating is rquird (301.3). For insulat
d piping:
May b takn as fluid tmpratur
May b basd on calculatd avrag wall tmpr
atur, or May b basd on masurmnts or tsts
Considr hat tracing and othr
sourcs of hat BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
dsign tmpratur: Uninsulatd piping
fluid tmpraturs blow 150F (65C): Shall b takn as fluid tmpratur, unlss s
olar radiation or othr ffcts mak th tmpratur highr
fluid tmpraturs 1
50F (65C) and abov: May b takn as fluid tmpratur May b basd on calculatd
avrag wall tmpratur, or Prsumptiv rductions dscribd in para. 301.3.3 m
ay b usd BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

dsign minimum tmpratur: th lowst componnt tmpratur xpctd in srvic
May b takn as fluid tmpratur
May b basd on calculatd avrag wall tmpr
atur, or May b basd on masurmnts or tsts
allowanc for prssur and tmpratur variation: Th Cod allows th dsign pr
ssur to b st blow th most svr coincidnt prssur and tmpratur undr
crtain conditions:
No cast iron or othr non-ductil componnts
Nominal prssur strsss dont xc
d yild strngth at tmpratur
Longitudinal strsss ar within th allowabl B
ECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

allowanc for prssur and tmpratur variation: mor conditions:
not xcd 1000
Th incrasd prssur dos not xcd th tst prssur
With th
ownrs prmission can xcd allowabl by 33% for no mor than 10 hr/vnt and
no mor than 100 hr/yar
With th ownrs prmission can xcd allowabl by 20%
for no mor than 50 hr/vnt and nor mor than 500 hr/yar BECHT ENGINEERING CO
MPANY, INC.
Prssur Dsign of Mtals Th numbr of xcursions byond dsign dos
11
allowanc for prssur and tmpratur variation: mor conditions:
Without th ownrs prmission, can xcd allowabl by 20% for no mor than 50 h
r/vnt and nor mor than 500 hr/yar for slf-limiting vnts such as prssur
rliving
Effcts of th variations must b valuatd, .g. by ruls dscribd i
n Appndix V
Diffrntial prssur on valv closurs should not xcd maximum
stablishd by valv manufacturr BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Prssur Dsign
of Mtals - 12

Workshop Problm 1: Styrn monomr at ambint tmpratur.
Prssur switch shuts off positiv displacmnt pump at 630 psi (43 bar)
PSH
Dtrmin dsign prssur, dsign tmpratur and rlif valv st prssur.
S Pag 24 of th supplmnt.
Workshop Problm 2: If th lin in problm 1 is stam cland with 50 psi (3.5 b
ar) stam suprhatd to 735F (390C)
What should th dsign prssur b?
What should th dsign tmpratur b?
What
should th rlif valv stting b?

Quality Factors
Casting quality factor Ec (302.3.3) Usd for cast componnts not having ratings
Ec = 1.00 for gray and mallabl iron Ec = varis from 0.80 to 1.00 dpnding on
th lvl of xamination Tabl A-1A lists Ec for spcific products Wld joint q
uality factor Ej (302.3.4) Tabl 322.3.4 lists factors usd for pip Som factor
s may b incrasd whn additional xamination is prformd Tabl A-1B lists Ej
for spcific products BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Wld Joint Quality Factor Ej
Typ of Wld Non (samlss) Elctric Rsistanc Wld Furnac Butt Wld Singl F
usion Wld Doubl Fusion Wld API 5L SAW, GMAW
*Dpnding on lvl of xamination
Factor (Tabl 302.2.4) 1.00 0.85 0.60 0.80 to 1.00* 0.85 to 1.00* 0.95
Prssur Dsign of Mtals BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
16

Wld Joint Strngth Factor
Wld joint strngth rduction factor W (302.3.5) Usd to account for th long-t
rm (crp) strngth of wlds that may b lowr than th bas matrial In th abs
nc of mor applicabl data, W shall b
1.00 for all matrials 950F (510C) and b
low
0.50 for all matrials at 1500F (815C)
Linarly intrpolatd for intrmdiat
tmpraturs
W valus ar basd on tsting of slctd low alloys, stainlss stls, and nick
l alloys
Prssur Dsign of Componnts
Four Mthods for Prssur Dsign Straight Pip Fittings
Pip Bnds Mitr Bnds Rducrs
Fabricatd Branch Connctions Flangs and Blanks Othr Componnts

Four Mthods for Prssur Dsign
Calculations in accordanc with Cod formula Ratings givn in a componnt standa
rd Ratings sam as straight samlss pip Qualification by calculation plus xp
rinc, analysis or tst
Straight Pip
Total thicknss rquird is th sum of
1. Prssur dsign thicknss 2. Manufacturing tolranc (usually 12.5% of th no
minal wall thicknss) 3. Corrosion (or rosion) allowanc 4. Mchanical allowanc
s, .g. thrading

Straight Pip
Thrading allowanc nominal thrad
dpth dscribd in ASME B1.20.1 NPS & 1 thru 2 Dpth (in.) 0.057 0.069 Dpth (mm)
1.45 1.77
Straight Pip
t = PD / [2 (SEW + PY)]
Whr: t = prssur dsign thicknss P = dsign prssur D = outsid diamtr of
pip S = strss valu for matrial from Appndix A E = quality factor W = wld
joint strngth rduction factor Y = cofficint (function of matrial and tmpr
atur), usually 0.4

Cofficint Y
900F 482C 950F 510C 1000F 1050F 1100F 538C 566C 593C 1150F 621C
Frritic Stls Austnitic Stls Othr Ductil Mtals Cast Iron
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0
0.5 0.4 0.4 --0.7 0.4 0.4 --0.7 0.4 0.4 --0.7 0.5 0.4 --0.7 0.7 0.4 --BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Straight Pip Wall Thicknss
Workshop: What is th rquird nominal pip wall thicknss for th following cas
: Styrn monomr srvic
ASTM A53 Gr B ERW carbon stl pip Dsign prssur and tmpratur from Problm
s 1 and 2, pag 24 of th supplmnt. S = 20,000 psi (138 MPa) - vrify Corrosio
n allowanc = 1/8 (3.2 mm) Socket welding thru NPS 1 Buttwelding NPS 2 and larger
See Supplement starting on page 31. BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Pressure Des
ign of Metals - 24

4. Pressure Design of Metals
Pipe Wall Thicknesses
Carbon Steel STD WT XS WT XXS WT Also for Carbon Steel Sch 10 Sch 20 Sch 30 Sch
40 Sch 60 Sch 80 Sch 160 Stainless Steel Sch 5S Sch 10S Sch 40S Sch 80S
Pressure Design of Metals 25
Pipe Wall Thickness
STD WT and Sch 40 are the same NPS 1/8 through 10 STD WT is 3/8 (9.52 mm) NPS 12
and larger XS WT and Sch 80 are the same NPS 1/8 through 8 XS WT is 1/2 (12.70 mm
) NPS 8 and larger Sch 40S is the same as STD WT Sch 80S is the same as XS WT

Fittings
Listed Fittings Can be used within their pressure-temperature ratings Unlisted F
ittings Must have pressuretemperature ratings that conform with para. 304
Rules for specific geometries in paras. 304.2 through 304.6
Rules for other geom
etries in para. 304.7
Fittings - Listed Fitting Example
1600 1400 Pressure Rating (psi) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 100 200 300 400 50
0
Class 150 Class 300 up to NPS 2
Temperature (F)
B16.3 Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
(US Customary Units)

100.0 Pressure Rating (bar) 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 0 50 100 150 200 250
Class 150 Class 300 up to NPS 2
Temperature (C)
B16.3 Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
(Metric Units)
B16.9 Wrought Steel Buttweld Fittings The allowable pressure ratings for fitting
s designed in accordance with this standard may be calculated as for straight se
amless pipe of equivalent materialin accordance with the rules established in the
applicable sections of ASME B31Pipe size, wall thicknessand material identity on
the fittings are in lieu of pressure rating markings.

B16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket Welding & Threaded Design temperature and other s
ervice conditions shall be limited as provided by the applicable piping code or
regulation for the material of construction of the fittings. Within these limits
the maximum allowable pressure of a fitting shall be that computed for straight
seamless pipe of equivalent material
B16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket Welding & Threaded The schedule of pipe correspon
ding to each Class of fitting for rating purposes is shown Class 2000 3000 6000 3
000 6000 9000 Thd/SW Thd Thd Thd SW SW SW Sch No. 80 160 --80 160 --Wall XS --XX
S XS --XXS 32
Pressure Design of Metals -

Pipe Bends
t = PD / [2 (SEW/I + PY)]
Where: I = [4(R1/D) 1] / [4(R1/D) 2] at the intrados I = [4(R1/D) + 1] / [4(R1/D
) + 2] at the extrados I = 1.0 at the side centerline R1 = Bend radius BECHT ENG
INEERING COMPANY, INC.
Miter Bends
Pm = [SEW(T-c)/r2] * GF
Where: r2 = mean radius of pipe GF = factor based on the miter angle () nd bend
rdius
Pressure Design of Metls 34

4. Pressure Design of Metls
Reducers
My be designed in ccordnce with rules in ASME B&PV Code, Section VIII, Divisi
on 1 for conicl or toriconicl sections.
Fbricted Brnch Connections
Typicl Welded Brnch Connections [Fig.328.5.4]
Unreinforced
Reinforced
Lterl (ngulr brnch)

Fbricted Brnch Connections
Flnges nd Blnks
Listed Flnges & Blnks Cn be used within their pressure-temperture rtings Un
listed Flnges & Blnks Must hve pressure-temperture rtings tht conform with
Rules for specific geometries in prs. 304.5
Rules for other geometries in pr
. 304.7

Flnges nd Blnks
Listed Flnge Exmple: B16.5 Pipe Flnges nd Flnged Fittings
7000 6000
Pressure (psig)
5000
Clss 150 Clss 300
4000
Clss 600 Clss 900 Clss 1500 Clss 2500
3000
2000
1000
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Temperture (F)
Flnges nd Blnks
Listed Blnk Exmple: B16.48 Steel Line Blnks
Rtings the sme s for flnges o
f corresponding mteril Blnk thicknesses were determined in ccordnce with B3
1.3 rules

Flnges nd Blnks
Unlisted Flnges & Bnks:
Flnges my be designed in ccordnce with ASME B&PV C
ode, Section VIII, Division 1, Appendix 2 with B31.3 llowble stresses
Blnks m
y be designed in ccordnce with pr. 304.5.3
Other Components [304.7.2]
Components for which there re no specific rules require:
Clcultions consistent with the design criteri of B31.3, nd
Substntition of
the clcultions by
Extensive successful experience Experimentl stress nlysis Proof test, or Fini
te element stress nlysis
Documenttion vilble for owners pprovl
sses llowed BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Interpoltion between sizes & thickne

Piping Mteril Specifictions
Descriptions of components in piping mteril specifiction should include s
pplicble:
Generic description of the component
Mteril specifiction, usully ASTM (inclu
de mteril grde)
Rting or wll thickness
Product specifiction, usully B16 o
r MSS
Ends (buttweld, socket weld, threded)
Type nd fcing for flnges BECHT E

5. Vlve Selection
Chrles Becht IV, PhD, PE Don Frikken, PE Instructors
Vlve Selection 1
1. Estblish pplicble system stndrd(s) 2. Estblish design conditions 3. Mk
e overll piping mteril decisions
Pressure Clss Relibility Mterils of construction Mterils Determine wll th
icknesses Vlves
4. Fine tune piping mteril decisions
5. Estblish preliminry piping system lyout & support configurtion 6. Perform
flexibility nlysis 7. Finlize lyout nd bill of mterils 8. Fbricte nd
instll 9. Exmine nd test
Vlve Selection 2

5. Vlve Selection
5. Vlve Selection
Code Requirements Selection by Vlve Type
Gte Globe Check Butterfly Bll Plug
Vlve Selection 3
The Mteril in This Section is Addressed by B31.3 in:
Chpter IV - Stndrds for Piping Components
Vlve Selection 4

5. Vlve Selection
Code Requirements
Listed Vlves Cn be used within their pressuretemperture rtings nd ny ddit
ionl limittions described in the Code Except tht bolted bonnets secured by fe
wer thn 4 bolts or U-bolt my only be used in Ctegory D Fluid Service.
[307]
Vlve Selection 5
Code Requirements
Unlisted Vlves cn be used within Code limittions if they:
hve dimensions th
t conform to those of comprble listed components insofr s prcticble
provide s
trength and performance equivalent to standard components, and
satisfy one of the
following:
pressure-temperature ratings established by the method described in Annex F of A
SME B16.34, or are qualified for pressure design as required by para. 304.7.2.
Valve Selection 6

5. Valve Selection
Selection by Valve Type
Gate Globe Check Butterfly Ball Plug
Valve Selection 7
Gate Valve
From API 603
Valve Selection 8

5. Valve Selection
Gate Valve Bonnets
Bolted Welded
From Bonney Stockham Milwaukee
Screwed
Union
Valve Selection 9
Gate Valve Bonnets
Pressure Seal Body to Bonnet Joint
Valve Selection 10

5. Valve Selection
Gate Valve Stems
From Stockham Outside Screw and Yoke (OS&Y) Inside Screw Non-rising Stem
Valve Selection BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
11
Gate Valve Attributes
On-off applications (Not considered suitable for throttling) Works as well with
flow from either direction Suitable for use in wide range of conditions Can be m
ade fire resistant and blow-out resistant Available in any size Blocked-in volum
e when the valve is closed Almost always leaks through the seat
Valve Selection 12

5. Valve Selection
Globe Valve
From Vogt
Valve Selection 13
Globe Valve
Angle Globe (Vogt) Straight-pattern Globe with Pressure-seal Bonnet (Ramondi)
Y-Pattern Globe (Vogt)
Valve Selection 14

5. Valve Selection
Needle Instrument Valve
MSS-SP-105
From Vogt
Valve Selection 15
Globe Valve Attributes
Suitable for on-off applications and throttling Works best with flow from one di
rection Suitable for use in wide range of conditions Can be made fire resistant
and blow-out resistant Available in sizes up to about NPS 14 No blocked-in volum
e when the valve is closed Almost always leaks through the seat, but less than a
gate valve
Valve Selection 16

5. Valve Selection
Check Valve
Swing (Ramondi) Tilting Disk (ORBINOX)
Lift (Vogt) Centerline Guided Disk (Durabla)
Valve Selection 17
Dual-Plate Wafer Check Valves
Lug Body Wafer (API 594)
Wafer & Lug Bodies (Mueller)
Valve Selection 18

5. Valve Selection
Check Valve Attributes
Works only with flow from one direction Suitable for use in wide range of condit
ions Can be made fire resistant and blow-out resistant Available in any size No
blocked-in volume when the valve is closed Almost always leaks through the seat,
but much more than a gate valve
Valve Selection 19
Check Valve Attributes
Check valves check about 95% of the time Check valves can close suddenly when th
e flow is reversed, causing severe water hammer Valve Type Swing Lift Wafer Tilt
ing Disk C/L Disk Slam Characteristics Severe (improved with weight or spring) S
evere (improved with spring return) Good Excellent Excellent
20

5. Valve Selection
Butterfly Valve Low Pressure
From API 609 Category A
Valve Selection 21
Wafer Body, PTFE Lined (Durco)
Lug Body (Contromatics)
Valve Selection 22

5. Valve Selection
Suitable for on-off applications and throttling Works as well with flow from eit
her direction Suitable for use up to ~200F (95C), 150 psig (10 bar) Cannot be made
fire resistant or blow-out resistant Generally available NPS 3 and larger No bl
ocked-in volume when the valve is closed Usually does not leak through the seat
Can be PTFE Lined BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. 23
Valve Selection Butterfly Valve High Pressure
From API 609 - Category B
Double offset
Valve Selection 24

5. Valve Selection
Butterfly Valve High Pressure
Valve Seats
Double offset PTFE Seat (Xomox) Fire Resistant Seat (Contromatics) Fire Resistan
t Seat (Xomox)
Valve Selection 25
Butterfly Valve High Pressure
Suitable for on-off applications and throttling Generally works as well with flo
w from either direction Suitable for use in wide range of conditions, but PTFE s
eats limited to ~400F (200C) Can be made fire resistant and blow-out resistant Gen
erally available NPS 3 and larger No blocked-in volume when the valve is closed
Usually does not leak through the seat BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Valve Selection 26

5. Valve Selection
Ball Valve
From API 608 Floating Ball, End Entry BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. 27
Valve Selection Ball Valve
From API 608
Trunnion Mounted, Two Piece BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Valve Selection 28

5. Valve Selection
Ball Valve
End Entry Oval Handle (Contromatics)
Two Piece Lever Handle (Contromatics)
29
Ball Valve
Top Entry
Three Piece (Swing-out) (Contromatics)
30

5. Valve Selection
Ball Valve
Two Piece, Fully Lined (Xomox)
Valve Selection 31
Ball Valve Attributes
On-off applications (not considered suitable for throttling) Works as well with
flow from either direction Suitable for use in wide range of conditions, but PTF
E seats limited to ~400 F (200C) Can be made fire resistant and blow-out resistant
Available in any size Blocked-in volume when the valve is closed Usually does n
ot leak through the seat BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Valve Selection 32

5. Valve Selection
Plug Valve
From API 599 Lubricated
Sleeve Lined
Valve Selection 33
Plug Valve
Fully Lined
(Durco)
API 599
34

5. Valve Selection
Plug Valve Attributes
On-off applications and non-severe throttling Works as well with flow from eithe
r direction Suitable for use in wide range of conditions, but PTFE seats limited
to ~400 F (200C) Can be made fire resistant (only lubricated type) and blow-out r
esistant Generally available up to ~NPS 12 Blocked-in volume when the valve is c
losed Usually does not leak through the seat BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Valve Selection 35
Valve Selection Workshop

What valve attributes and block, throttle and check valve types would you select
for the following services:
Steam condensate Dry chlorine liquid Sulfuric acid Gasoline 650 psig (45 bar)
eam Heat transfer oil Styrene monomer Lime/water slurry
36

6. Flexibility Analysis
Flexibility Analysis 1
icknesses Valves

What are we trying to achieve? Flexibility Analysis Example
Chapter II - Design

What are we trying to achieve?
1. Provide adequate support; 2. Provide sufficient flexibility; and 3. Prevent t
he piping from exerting excessive reactions
1. Provide adequate support to resist loads such as pressure, weight, earthquake
and wind
January 17 1994 Northridge Earthquake

2. Provide sufficient flexibility to safely accommodate changes in length result
ing from temperature variations
3. Provide sufficient support and flexibility to prevent the piping from exertin
g excessive reactions on equipment and restraints

And we do that in order to
make the piping look well supported to the facility engineers and operators prev
ent collapse of the piping prevent leaks due to fatigue cracks prevent joint lea
kage caused by excessive forces , and prevent failure or malfunction of attached
equipment caused by excessive reactions 9
Flexibility Analysis Flexibility Analysis Example
A two step analysis is shown. 1. Weight and Pressure Loads verify proper support
and check reactions 2. Thermal Expansion Load verify adequate flexibility and c
heck reactions

Proposed System
NPS 4 Carbon Steel Ambient to 600F (315C) SG contents = 1.0
Sustained Load Analysis
Check Deflections
Deflected 0.4 (10 mm)
Marginal: > 0.3 (8 mm) Normal Maximum
Flexibility Analysis BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
12

Check Reactions
60% = 1020# (4500 N) 5%
Reactions Poorly Distributed 5% 30%
13
Check Stresses
Max. is 66% of allowable
Stresses OK

Displacement Load Analysis
Revised System (Added Support) Max. Displacement 0.4 to 0.1 (10 to 2 mm) Max. Str
ess 66% to 34% of allowable Displacements Stresses & Reactions All OK 60 to 35%
5 to 5%
5 to 10%
30 to 20%
0 to 30%
0.4 (10 mm)
Check Deflections
Deflections OK
0.9 (23 mm)

Check Reactions
40% 5%
0%
10%
45% = 1240# (5520 N)
Reactions High, Poorly Distributed
17
Check Stresses
Max. is 79% of allowable
Stresses OK

Revised System (Added Spring Support) Max. Displacement 0.9 to 1.5 (23 to 38 mm)
Max. Stress 79% to 48% of allowable 40 to 0% 5 to 5%
100% = 1240# (5520 N)
0 to 0%
10 to 0%
45 to 5%
Displacements Stresses & Reactions All OK
Flexibility Analysis
Is the process of calculating the strains, and resultant stresses and forces in
a piping system to determine if the system has adequate support has sufficient f
lexibility to safely accommodate changes in length resulting from temperature va
riations exerts sufficiently low reaction forces at restraints and equipment

7. Layout and Support
Layout and Support 1
icknesses Valves

General Considerations Support Spacing Support Locations Support Elements
Chapter II - Design

General Considerations
Access for operation (valves) Access for maintenance of in-line devices
instrumentation
Traps
strainers, etc.
Avoiding interference with other activities
Removing heat exchanger bundles
Clearance for pump maintenance, etc.
Appearance
General Considerations
Drainage (slope) requirements Pressure drop Cost of piping, including maximizing
use of existing supports Avoiding interference with other piping
Clearance for application of insulation
Clearance for piping displacement, etc.
Provisions for future additions

Support Spacing
Loads to consider Dead Weight
Pipe
Insulation
Valves, specialty items and instruments
Live loads
Pipe contents
Ice, snow
People

Support Spacing
Two principal sources: 1. Recognized codes & standards
ASME B31.1 MSS SP-69: Pipe Hangers and Supports Selection and Application
2. Owner or designer calculated values

Support Spacing
NPS 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 MSS SP-69 ft m 7 10 14 17 19 22 23 2.1 3.0 4.3 5.2 5.8 6.1 7
.0 Typical Calculated m ft 14 20 26 30 32 34 36 4.3 6.1 7.9 9.1 9.8 10.4 11.0
Layout and Support BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
9
Support Spacing
Usually based on simplifying assumptions Combination of pipe material and wall t
hickness used in the facility that gives the shortest spans Contents specific gr
avity, usually 1.0 Typical insulation thickness and density Person walking on pi
pe for larger sizes

Support Spacing
Two Models Frequently Used
w L
w L
Support Spacing
w H
L
SL = stresses caused by bending moment and pressure = M/Z + PD/4t = (wL2 + 2HL)
/ (8Z) + PD/4t

Support Spacing
SL = (wL2 + 2HL) / (8Z) + PD/4t Where
pipe outside diameter concentrated load (people) trial length for support spacin
g bending moment design pressure pipe wall thickness nominal wall thickness less
mechanical, corrosion and erosion allowances w = uniform load due to pipe, cont
ents & insulation Z = pipe section modulus D H L M P t = = = = = =
Support Spacing
Some designers limit support spacing using an arbitrary deflection criterion. 0.
5 in. (12 mm) is frequently used.
w H
L
max = (5wL4 / 384EI) + (HL3 / 48EI)
Whr
E = pip matrial lastic modulus I = pip momnt of inrtia

Support Spacing
This calculation mthod is only applicabl to straight pip with mor-or-lss un
iformly spacd supports. Using th simply supportd bam modl vrsus th fixd
bam supportd modl adds som consrvatism to th calculation. Othr modls tha
t can b usd ar shown on succding slids.
Support Spacing
Assuming simply supportd nds
Concntratd load
H L w M = HL/4 max = HL3/48EI
Uniform load
L
M = wL2/8 max = 5wL4/384EI

Support Spacing
Assuming Fixd nds
Concntratd load
H L w M = HL/8 max = HL3/192EI M = wL2/12 max = wL4/384EI
Uniform load
L
Support Locations
Supports must b locatd such that SL Sh. Following ths ruls of thumb will h
lp:
Piping running up th sid of vssls should b supportd from th vssl, gnr
ally nar th top of th run. Locat concntratd loads (.g. valvs) nar suppo
rts.
Us rigid supports (i.. not spring supports) at safty valvs. 18
Layout and Support -

Support Locations
Following ths ruls of thumb will hlp whn doing th flxibility analysis:
As much as possibl, attach supports to straight pip rathr than lbows or oth
r fittings.
Provid spac for adding loops to piping nar load snsitiv quipm
nt, .g. in pump suction lins.
Considr th nd to add friction rducing slid
s btwn th piping and support stl. BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Support Locations
Following ths ruls of thumb will hlp opration and maintnanc:
Attach supports to pip, not valvs, flangs or instrumnts.
Provid supports n
ar instrumnts, and othr dvics that ar likly to b rmovd for maintnanc.
Support piping such that spools to b rmovd for quipmnt maintnanc can b
rmovd without adding tmporary supports.
Minimiz th us of spring hangrs. B
ECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

Support lmnts ar classifid by th dgr of rstraint providd to th pipin
g
Support Elmnts
Simpl Support
Only provids vrtical rstraint
Rstrains latral movmnt Guid (and somtims vrtical movmnt as wll) Rstr
ains axial movmnt Longitudinal (and somtims vrtical Pip Rstraint movmnt
as wll) Rstrains movmnt in all Anchor dirctions (wldd to support stl)
Simpl Support
(from Piping Tchnology & Products)
(from Anvil Intrnational)

Simpl Support
(from Piping Tchnology & Products)
23
Guid

Spring Hangrs
Constant Typ
Variabl Typ
Spcial Purpos Supports
Sway strut usd to prvnt horizontal movmnt.
Hydraulic snubbr usd to prvnt suddn horizontal movmnt but allow slowly ap
plid displacmnt.

Support Elmnt Slction
Rsting pip dirctly on structural stl should b avoidd whn:
Carbon stl pip is in a wt nvironmnt and failur by corrosion is not tolra
bl
Stainlss stl pip would b in contact with galvanizd stl and failur b
y liquid mtal mbrittlmnt during a fir is not tolrabl BECHT ENGINEERING CO
MPANY, INC.
Support lmnts on outdoor insulatd piping should pntrat th insulation on
th bottom of th pip.

Som solutions:
Us pip shos
Support outsid th insulation
29
In aggrssiv xtrnal corrosion nvironmnts, support should b via structural
stl undr th pip rathr than hangr rods with multipl thradd connctions
that may fail in a fw yars.

8. Flxibility
ASME B31.3 Procss Piping
Charls Bcht IV, PhD, PE Don Frikkn, PE Instructors
Flxibility 1
Piping Dvlopmnt Procss
1. Establish applicabl systm standard(s) 2. Establish dsign conditions 3. Mak
ovrall piping matrial dcisions
Prssur Class Rliability Matrials of construction Matrials Dtrmin wall th
icknsss Valvs
4. Fin tun piping matrial dcisions
5. Establish prliminary piping systm layout & support configuration 6. Prform
flxibility analysis 7. Finaliz layout and bill of matrials 8. Fabricat and
install 9. Examin and tst
Flxibility 2

8. Flxibility
8. Flxibility
Gnral Considrations Friction Strss Intnsification Thrmal Expansion Spring
Hangrs Th Displacmnt Load Analysis
Flxibility 3
Th Matrial in This Sction is Addrssd by B31.3 in:
Chaptr II - Dsign Appndix D - Flxibility & Strss Intnsification Factors
Flxibility 4

8. Flxibility
Gnral Considrations
Main purpos is to provid sufficint flxibility to safly accommodat changs
in lngth rsulting from tmpratur variations, avoiding failur causd by
Fatigu
Crp-fatigu
Ratcht
Anothr purpos is to kp movmnt of piping within a managabl rang
Avoiding intrfrnc with othr stuff Supports dsignd to handl displacmnts
Flxibility 5
Gnral Considrations
Loads ar actions that caus on nd of a pip sgmnt to mov rlativ to th o
thr nd and actions that hav an quivalnt ffct
Thrmal xpansion of attachd quipmnt
Tmpratur changs in th piping
Pak strsss ar accountd for using strss intnsification factors Accptanc
critrion is basd on th strss rang
Flxibility 6

8. Flxibility
Friction
Displacmnt causs piping to mov ovr sliding supports Friction forcs ar in
on dirction whn th pip is hating and in th opposit dirction whn coolin
g Th cofficint of friction usd for stl on stl rangs from 0.3 to 0.5. N
F = N
F
7
Flxibility Friction
Th cofficint of friction can b rducd to 0.1 by using PTFE or graphit impr
gnatd plats Using rollr supports can furthr rduc th cofficint of frict
ion to 0.02
8
Flxibility -

8. Flxibility
Friction Workshop
Calculat th ast-wst ractions at th anchors causd by friction.
Assum stl on stl
Lin is NPS 6, std WT stl, uninsulatd and full of watr
Flxibility 9
Strss Intnsification
Strss intnsification factors (SIFs) ar usd to account for highr strsss tha
t may xist at discontinuitis in th piping at fittings and joints Th calculat
d strsss at a fitting or joint ar takn as th strss calculatd for a prf
ct circular cylindr tims th SIF SIFs ar givn in Appndix D of B31.3
10
Flxibility -

8. Flxibility
SIFs ar basd on Markl tsting of piping componnts
Primarily A106 Gr B pip, with som typs 316 and 347 stainlss stl
40 Fully rvrsd bnding
Displacmnt controlld tsts
NPS 4 Sch
Markl startd with a fatigu curv gnratd by fatigu tsts on pip with circu
mfrntial wlds
Flxibility 11
Pip with Circumfrntial Wlds
1,000,000 Avrag Fatigu Failur
Strss Rang
100,000
10,000
Dsign Fatigu Curv (1/2 Avrag)
1,000 1000
10000 100000 1000000 10000000 Numbr of Cycls
Flxibility 12

8. Flxibility
Componnts such as ts and lbows wr similarly fatigu tstd Th SIF for a c
omponnt is th ratio of th nominal strss in th circumfrntially wldd pip
dividd by th nominal strss in th componnt at failur for th sam numbr o
f cycls Evn though th componnt may hav thickr walls, th valuation is bas
d on th dimnsions of th pip
Flxibility 13
NPS 4 STD WT Fittings
100,000 Buttwldd Pip Strss Rang
Elbow = 1.1 T = 1.5
Elbow
10,000 T
1,000 1000
10000
100000
1000000 10000000
Numbr of Cycls
Flxibility 14

8. Flxibility
Thrmal Expansion
Thrmal Expansion of mtals can b calculatd by L = T L Whr:
L L T = = = = Cofficint of thrmal xpansion Lngth of piping Chang in lngth o
f piping Chang in tmpratur, usually tmpratur rang
Flxibility BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
15
Thrmal Expansion
Thrmal Expansion of mtals can also b calculatd by L = Exp L Whr:
Exp = Total thrmal xpansion, in/100 ft (mm/m) L = Lngth of piping, 100 ft (m)
L = Chang in lngth of piping, in (mm) 16
Flxibility -

8. Flxibility
Thrmal Expansion
What is th chang in lngth of a carbon stl lin that has
An original lngth of 60 ft (18.3 m)
Has a minimum xpctd tmpratur of -29F (
-34C), and
Has a maximum xpctd tmpratur of 300F (150C)
S pags 41-44 of th supplmnt.
Flxibility 17
Spring Hangrs
Spring hangrs ar usd to provid support for piping whil allowing vrtical mo
vmnt of th piping causd by displacmnt loads.
Variabl Typ BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Flxibility 18

8. Flxibility
Spring Hangrs
Forc
Displacmnt
Flxibility 19
Spring Hangrs
Slction Procss Calculat wight to b supportd Calculat movmnt of th lin
at th support location Slct hangr siz basd on th load Dcid allowabl
load variation
Usually lss than 25% Lss if ndd to mt strss or raction rquirmnts
Slct hangr from manufacturrs tabl BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Flxibility 20

8. Flxibility
Spring Hangr Workshop
Slct a spring hangr that will minimiz th wight raction on th pump.
Flxibility 21
Spring Hangrs
Variabl Spring Hangr Installation (Anvil Intrnational) [Not that springs ar
always in comprssion.]
Flxibility 22

8. Flxibility
Spring Hangrs
Constant typ spring hangrs ar usd whn th load variation on a variabl typ
spring hangr would b too high.
Constant Typ BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Flxibility 23
Spring Hangrs
Constant Support Hangr Installation (Anvil Intrnational)
Flxibility 24

8. Flxibility
Th Displacmnt Load Analysis
Tmpratur Rang Displacmnt Strss Calculation Calculation Mthods
Flxibility 25
Tmpratur Rang
B31.3 rquirs that w considr th algbraic diffrnc btwn strains in th x
trm displacmnt condition and th original (as-installd) condition (or any a
nticipatd condition with a gratr diffrntial ffct)(319.2.3(b)) The minimum a
nd maximum temperatures used dont necessarily correspond to the design temperatur
e and the design minimum temperature
Flexibility 26

8. Flexibility
Temperature Range
design temperature: the temperature at which, under the coincident pressure, the
greatest thickness or highest component rating is required (301.3). design mini
mum temperature: the lowest component temperature expected in service (301.3.1)
Flexibility 27
Temperature Range
Minimum temperature may be due to
Normal operation
Excursion operation
Expected winter temperature
Maximum temperature may be due to

Normal operation
Excursion operation
Piping exposed to hot summer sun [120F, 50C]
Empty piping exposed to heat tracing Steam cleaning BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, I
NC.
Flexibility 28

8. Flexibility
Temperature Range Examples

Outdoor cooling tower water line:
Minimum water temperature is 45F (7C)
Maximum water temperature is 90F (32C)
The pi
ing is installed during February, which has an average daily temperature of 53F (
12C) Minimum average daily temperature is 30F (-1C)
Temperature range is _______ to
________ BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Flexibility 29
Outdoor compressed air piping
Minimum compressed air temperature is ambient
Maximum compressed air temperature
is 150F (65C)
The piping is installed during July, which has an average daily tem
perature of 64F (18C)
Minimum average daily temperature is -30F (-35C)
Temperature r
ange is _______ to ________ BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Flexibility 30

8. Flexibility

Outdoor steam traced water line:
The pi
ing is installed during September, which has an average daily temperature of 76F
(24C)
Minimum average daily temperature is 30F (-1C)
Calculated maximum temperature
for no flow condition with steam tracing on is 280F (140C)
Temperature range is _
______ to ________ BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Flexibility 31
Displacement Stress Calculation
L
= EL / L L = TL = E T
1. What is for crbon teel nd T = 330F (185C)? E for carbon stl = 29E6 psi (200
GPa) 2. What is for tinle teel under the me condition? E for tinle
teel = 28.3E6 pi (195 GP)
Flexibility 32
ASME B31.3 Proce Piping Coure

8. Flexibility
Clcultion Method
The Code decribe four cceptble method to demontrte dequte flexibility
1. Forml nlyi 2. Duplicte of ucceful ytem 3. Sytem tht cn be jud
ged dequte by comprion 4. Empiricl eqution for piping tht meet certin r
equirement
Flexibility 33
Clcultion Method
The empiricl eqution i: Dy/(L U)2 30SA/E (in/ft)2 Dy/(L U)2 208,000SA/E (mm
/m)2
Where:
Pipe outide dimeter (in) (mm) Developed length of piping between nchor (ft)
(m) Ditnce between nchor (ft) (m) Totl diplcement trin to be borbed b
y the piping (in) (mm) SA = Allowble tre rnge E = Eltic modulu t room
temperture D L U Y = = = =
Flexibility 34
ASME B31.3 Proce Piping Coure

8. Flexibility
Clcultion Method
L1
L2 L = L1 + L2 y = UT U
Flxibility 35
Calculation Mthods
Th mpirical quation can b usd if th piping systm:
Is of uniform siz
Has no mor than two points of fixation
straints
Has no intrmdiat r
Th quation is not applicabl to systms subjct to svr cyclic conditions. T

h quation may not b accurat for crtain gomtris.
Flxibility 36

8. Flxibility
Calculation Mthods
Th Cod dscribs four accptabl mthods to dmonstrat adquat flxibility
1. Formal analysis 2. Duplicat of a succssful systm 3. Systm that can b jud
gd adquat by comparison 4. Empirical quation for piping that mts crtain r
quirmnts
Flxibility 37
Calculation Mthods
Formal analyss can b simpl or complx. Th complx analyss ar don using co
mputr programs such as
Autopip, Sibr Tchnology, http://www.sibr.co.uk/rbis/autopip.shtml
CAEPIPE,
SST Systms, Inc., http://www.sstusa.com/
Casar, Coad, Inc., http://www.casa
rii.com/
PipPak, Algor, http://www.pippak.com/products/Profs1504/dfault.asp
SIMFLEX, Png Enginring, http://www.pipstrss.com/
TRIFLEX, Nor-Par a.s, http
://www.norpar.com/triflx.htm
Flxibility 38

8. Flxibility
Calculation Mthods
Th simpl analyss ar don using quations, charts and graphs such as dscrib
d in
Dsign of Piping Systms, Th M.W. Kllogg Company, John Wily & Sons, Inc., Fir
st Edition 1941
Piping Dsign and Enginring, Grinnll Corporation, First Editi
on 1963
On of th simplst mthods is th guidd cantilvr mthod dscribd in th Kl
logg book.
Flxibility 39
Guidd Cantilvr Mthod
= 48L2SA/EaD
Where = maximum permissible isplacement BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Flexibility 40

8. Flexibility
Guie Cantilever Metho
See page 49 of the Supplement.
Flexibility 41
Calculation Methos
The Coe escribes four acceptable methos to emonstrate aequate flexibility
1. Formal analysis 2. Duplicate of a successful system 3. System that can be ju
ge aequate by comparison 4. Empirical equation for piping that meets certain r
equirements
Flexibility 42

8. Flexibility
Calculation Methos
Juging by comparison
20 (6 m) NPS 6 20 (6 m) NPS 4 what can we say about this line, which is in the sam
e flui service? 13 (4 m) 13 (4 m)
Flexibility If this line is OK,
43
Calculation Methos
20 (6 m) NPS 6 20 (6 m) NPS 6 what can we say about this line, which has the same
pipe material at a lower temperature range? 13 (4 m) 13 (4 m)
Flexibility If this line is OK,
44

8. Flexibility
Calculation Methos
20 (6 m) 13 (4 m) 16 (5 m)
Flexibility NPS 6 If this line is OK, 20 (6 m) NPS 6 what can we say about this line, which i
s in the same flui service?
45
Calculation Methos
20 (6 m)
20 (6 m) NPS 6, stainless steel what can we say about this line, which is in the
same flui service? 13 (4 m)
Flexibility 46
13 (4 m)
If this line is OK,
NPS 6, carbon steel

9. Reactions
Reactions 1
1. Establish applicable system stanar(s) 2. Establish esign conitions 3. Mak
e overall piping material ecisions
icknesses Valves
4. Fine tune piping material ecisions
flexibility analysis 7. Finalize layout an bill of materials 8. Fabricate an
install 9. Examine an test
Reactions 2

9. Reactions
9. Reactions
General Consierations Fabricate Equipment Rotating Equipment Supports Col Spr
ing
Reactions 3
The Material in This Section is Aresse by B31.3 in:
Chapter II - Design
Reactions 4

9. Reactions
General Consierations
Main purpose is to provie sufficient support an flexibility to prevent the pip
ing from exerting excessive reactions on equipment an restraints The calculatio
n methos are ifferent for fabricate equipment than for rotating equipment or
supports Reaction limits are etermine ifferently for fabricate equipment tha
n for rotating equipment or supports
Reactions 5
Fabricate Equipment
Calculation Methos Reaction Limits Nozzle Flexibility
Reactions 6

9. Reactions
Calculation Methos
Usually the accuracy of a formal analysis using a computer stress analysis progr
am is require Both sustaine loas an isplacement loas are consiere Failur
e moes for fabricate equipment inclue:
Gross eformation or collapse
Fatigue BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Reactions 7
Calculation Methos
In orer to evaluate fatigue, the entire range of loas must be consiere, so t
he temperature range for this calculation is the same as for calculating the is
placement stress range
Reactions 8

9. Reactions
Reaction Limits
Reaction limits for nozzles are calculate using
Weling Research Council Bulletin 107 Local Stresses in Shells ue to External Loa
ings Finite element analysis
Reactions 9
Reaction Limits
Allowable stresses values use in the calculation are taken from the applicable
Coe, an stress evaluation is usually one using the stress evaluation criteria
escribe in ASME B&PV Coe Section VIII, Division 2, Alternate Rules for Press
ure Vessels Avantages to oing these calculations yourself
Cycle time is reuce
consierably Easier to ecie between reinforcing the nozzle an lowering the
reactions BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Reactions 10

9. Reactions
Rotating Equipment
Calculation Methos Reaction Limits
Reactions 11
Calculation Methos
am is require Failure moes for rotating equipment inclue:
Detrimental misalignment
Rubbing interference
In orer to evaluate failure moes, only the magnitue of the loas uring opera
tion nees to be consiere, so the temperature range from the installe coniti
on to the operating conition is use BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Reactions 12

9. Reactions

Outoor cooling tower water line:
The pi
ing is installe uring February, which has an average aily temperature of 53F (
12C) Minimum average aily temperature is 30F (-1C)
Temperature range is _______ to
________ BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. 13
Reactions Temperature Range Examples
Outoor compresse air piping
Minimum compresse air temperature is ambient Maximum compresse air temperature
is 150F (65C)
The piping is installe uring July, which has an average aily tem
perature of 64F (18C)
Minimum average aily temperature is -30F (-35C)
Temperature r
ange is _______ to ________ BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Reactions 14

9. Reactions

Outoor steam trace water line:
The pi
ing is installe uring September, which has an average aily temperature of 76F
(24C)
Minimum average aily temperature is 30F (-1C)
Calculate maximum temperature
for no flow conition with steam tracing on is 280F (140C)
Temperature range is _
______ to ________ BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Reactions 15
Reaction Limits
Limits are specifie by the equipment manufacturers Manufacturers of certain typ
es of equipment are require to at least meet the allowable reaction requirement
s in applicable inustry stanars, so Many manufacturers refer the users to the
se stanars
Reactions 16

9. Reactions
Reaction Limits
Equipment Centrifugal Pumps Steam Turbines Inustry Stanar ASME B73.1 API 610
NEMA SM-23 API 611 API 612 API 617 API 619
Centrifugal Compressors Positive Displacement Compressors BECHT ENGINEERING COMP
ANY, INC.
Reactions 17
Supports
Calculation Methos Reaction limits
Reactions 18

9. Reactions
Calculation Methos
am is require The failure moes of concern for supports is collapse an excessi
ve eformation The structural coes ont recognize the istinction between ispla
cement an sustaine loas, so only the magnitue of the loaing extremes nees
to be consiere, so The temperature range from the installe conition to the o
perating conition is use Some coes ifferentiate between normal loas an occasi
onal loas BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Reactions 19
Reaction Limits
Reaction limits are etermine by either the maximum stress or the stability lim
it of the structure.
Reactions 20

9. Reactions
Col Spring
Col spring is the intentional eformation of piping uring assembly to prouce
a esire initial isplacement an stress. (319.2.4) Col springing:
Does not change the stress range
Does not change the reaction range
Is not helpf
ul for reucing reaction ranges at fabricate equipment
Can be helpful for reuc
ing reactions rotating equipment an supports Can be use to control isplacemen
ts
Reactions 21
Col Spring
Neutral Neutral
Col
Col
Hot
Hot
Reactions BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
22

9. Reactions
Col Spring
Because col spring is ifficult to achieve accurately in practice, B31.3 permit
s only partial creit in calculating reaction forces
For two anchor systems with no intermeiate restraints, B31.3 gives equations fo
r estimating reactions giving 2/3 creit for col spring (319.5.1) For other sys
tems, B31.3 requires that each case be stuie to estimate reactions (319.5.2)
Reactions 23
Col Spring
Note that unintentional col spring (misalignment) has the same effect as intent
ional col spring.
The Coe says Any istortion of piping to bring it into alignment for joint assem
bly which introuces a etrimental strain in equipment or piping components is p
rohibite. (335.1.1)
Some owners are more restrictive than the Coe on misalignme
nt.
Reactions 24

10. Flexibility Analysis Methos
Detaile Flexibility Analysis 1
icknesses Valves

10. Detaile Flexibility Analysis
When to Perform a Detaile Analysis Consierations
Chapter II - Design

When to Perform a Detaile Analysis
When the other methos the Coe escribes ont give satisfactory results.
1. Formal analysis
Simple Detaile
2. Duplicate of a successful system 3. System that can be juge aequate by com
parison 4. Empirical equation for piping that meets certain requirements BECHT E
Consierations
Temperatures an pressures uring
start-up normal operation steam out/ecoking epressuring (autorefrigeratio
utown (ambient effects) excursion operation no-flow branch regeneration heat tr
acing
Note that frequently only the most severe conition is ocumente at this stage
of esign.

Consierations
Effects ue to
expansion an contraction ifferential settlement relief valve reactions weight
win seismic, an other mechanical loaings
The effect of frictional resistance to thermal movement
Consierations
External bening moments on flanges Forces ue to unsteay operation, such as
two phase flow
pulsating flow
water hammer
Maximum sag eflections of, for example, 1/2 inch (13 mm) Thermal movement of eq
uipment to which the piping is attache

Consierations
Differential movement of support structures uring an earthquake Tank settlement
Nee for control in construction an maintenance when gaps or other unusual tacti
cs are use Supports from which the pipe lifts off when hot Recors that nee to
be kept

11. Designing with Expansion Joints
Designing with Expansion Joints 1
icknesses Valves

Types of Expansion Joints Pressure Thrust Installation of Expansion Joints Metal
Bellows Expansion Joints
(Hanjo)
(General Rubber)
(Hyspan)
Designing with Expansion Joints BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
3
Chapter II - Design Appenix X - Metallic Bellows Expansion Joints

Types of Expansion Joints
Ball
Slip
Rubber Bellows
Metal Bellows
Designing with Expansion Joints BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
5
Pressure Thrust
Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association (EJMA)

Pressure Thrust
(EJMA) Which types of expansion joints have this problem?
Pressure Thrust
For a bellows type expansion joint, the pressure thrust force is the effective t
hrust area recommene by the manufacturer times the pressure. In the absence of
this information: F = P * * d 2 4 Where F = ressure thrust force P = ressure
d = mean diameter of bellows BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Designing with Exansion Joints 8
ASME B31.3 Process Piing Course

11. Designing with Exansion Joints
Pressure Thrust
Net force on nozzle = PAn Net force on vessel = 0
PAn
PAn
Pressure Thrust
Net force on nozzle = F-PAn Net force on vessel = F Net force on anchor = F
PAn
d
PAn

Pressure Thrust Worksho
What is the aarent change in the weight of a vessel caused by increasing the
ressure by 100 si (700 kPa)? See the sulement, age 52.
Weigh Cell (ty) Rigid Suort
Installation of Exansion Joints
Anchors must be designed for full ressure thrust based on maximum oerating re
ssure. (EJMA)

Bellows Movement
Axial (EJMA)
Rotation (EJMA)
Bellows Movement
Lateral (EJMA) Inefficient for bellows
Bellows are not intended to take torsional dislacement.
Efficient use of bellows for Lateral movement (EJMA)
Designing with Exansion Joints BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
14

Universal Exansion Joint
Piing Technology & Products (PTP)
(PTP)
Universal Exansion Joint
In-lane alication (EJMA)
3-dimensional alication (EJMA)

Hinged Exansion Joint
(EJMA)
(Adsco)
(Hae Jo Industrial)
Hinged Exansion Joint
(EJMA)
(EJMA)

Gimbal Exansion Joint
(EJMA)
(Adsco)
(Hae Jo Industrial)
Gimbal Exansion Joint
(EJMA)

Pressure Balanced Exansion Joint
(EJMA)
(Hae Jo Industrial)

(EJMA)
(EJMA)
Bellows Exansion Joint Tyes
Tye Single Universal (tied) Hinged Gimbal Pressure Balanced Tye Axial Lateral
Rotation
Small
Pressure Thrust
Yes
Yes Yes Yes Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Small
Yes 24
Designing with Exansion Joints -

Metal Bellows Exansion Joints
Bellows Shaes Failure Modes
Bellows Shaes (EJMA)

Bellows Shaes (EJMA)
Unreinforced U
Toroidal
Reinforced U
Metal Bellows Failure Modes
In-lane squirm Column squirm Fatigue Cree-fatigue Burst, collase, over stretc
hing
(Design Factor = 3.0 on burst) In-lane squirm
(Design Factor = 2.6 on cycles)
Column squirm
Corrosion

Flixborough Disaster
1974 cyclohexane vaor cloud exlosion (UK) Killed 28, injured 89, damaged 1821
homes Caused by lant ersonnels failure to recognize exansion joint ressure th
rust roblem
Metal Bellows Fatigue
1000000 Total Stress Range
100000
EJMA Unreinforced EJMA Reinforced B31.3 Unreinforced B31.3 Reinforced
10000 100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
Number of Cycles

12. Fabrication and Installation
ASME B31.3 Process Piing
Fabrication and Installation 1
Piing Develoment Process
1. Establish alicable system standard(s) 2. Establish design conditions 3. Mak
e overall iing material decisions
icknesses Valves
4. Fine tune iing material decisions
5. Establish reliminary iing system layout & suort configuration 6. Perform

Welder/Brazer Qualification Welding Processes Weld Prearation Tyical Welds
heating & Heat Treatment Tyical Owner Added Requirements Installation Flange Jo
ints
Fabrication and Installation BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
3
Chater V - Fabrication, Assembly, and Erection

Welder Qualification
Welders are required to use an aroved rocedure in accordance with B&PV Code S
ection IX
Preare the welding rocedure secification (WPS)
Essential variables (P-no., thickness, PWHT, etc.) Nonessential variables (Groov
e design, osition, technique, etc)
Procedure Qualification Test to determine that weldment is caable of having req
uired roerties
Test of rocedure, not welder (normally done by good welders)
M
ust ass tensile test and bend test May be required to ass sulemental tests (
e.g. imact)
The test record is documented as Procedure Qualification Record (PQ
R), which is retained by the emloyer
Welder Qualification
Welders are required to be qualified by test in accordance with B&PV Code Sectio
n IX
Performance Qualifications Test to determine that the welder is caable of deos
iting sound weld metal
Additional essential variables, e.g. osition, ie diame
ter
The test record is documented as Welder Performance Qualification (WPQ), whi
ch is retained by the emloyer
Need to weld with manual (or automatic) rocess
eriodically, if not for 6 months, re-qualification required (could be on roduct
ion weld that is X Rayed)
Procedure and erformance qualifications may be by oth
er than the emloyer under certain conditions if the Insector aroves.

Brazer Qualification
Brazers are required to used an aroved rocedure and be qualified by test, als
o in accordance with B&PV Code Section IX
Preare the brazing rocedure secification (BPS) The rocedure test record is d
ocumented as Procedure Qualification Record (PQR), which is retained by the eml
oyer
The erformance test record is documented as Brazer Performance Qualificati
on (BPQ), which is retained by the emloyer The owner may waive these qualificat
ions for Category D Fluid Service.
Welding Processes Fusion Weld
Characteristics of the fusion weld joint (Manufacturing Engineering and Technolo
gy: 820)

Welding Processes Electric Arc
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), a.k.a. stick welding Gas Metal Arc Welding (G
MAW), a.k.a. MIG Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW),
a.k.a. TIG
Shielded Metal Arc Welding

Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Suitable for windy, outdoor conditions Low cost equiment All osition caabilit
ies Good choice for on-site welding
Gas Metal Arc Welding

Gas Metal Arc Welding
Not suitable for windy, outdoor conditions Moderate cost equiment All osition
caabilities Fast welding seeds ossible No slag to clean
Flux Cored Arc Welding

Flux Cored Arc Welding
Suitable for windy, outdoor conditions Same equiment as for GMAW Out of ositio
n caabilities High metal deosition rate
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding
Not suitable for windy, outdoor conditions Moderate cost equiment All osition
caabilities Low metal deosition rate No slag to clean Highest quality, most r
ecise welds
Welding Processes
Process SMAW GMAW FCAW GTAW Materials Steel, Stainless Steel Steel, Stainless St
eel, Aluminum Steel, Stainless Steel Steel, Stainless Steel, Aluminum, Titanium,
Nickel Alloys Skill Level Required Moderate Low Moderate High 18
Fabrication and Installation -

Welding Processes Acceted
Process SMAW GMAW FCAW GTAW Generally Acceted for Most fluid services with GTAW
root. Sometimes restricted to larger sizes. Like SMAW, but aroval of secific
rocess may be required. Like SMAW, but aroval of secific rocess may be req
uired. Everything 19
Fabrication and Installation Weld Prearation
Surfaces to be welded are required to be clean End rearation required to meet
WPS, ASME B16.25 is acceted ractice

Weld Prearation
Use of backing rings is ermitted Alignment is required to be in accordance with
the WPS
Tyical Welds
Sli-on Flange
Socket Welding
Flange

Tyical Welds
Socket Weld BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Tyical Welds
Unreinforced Stubon
Unreinforced Stubin
Reinforced Stubon
Reinforced Stubin
24

Preheating
Preheating:
Prevents cracking caused by differential thermal exansion in the area of the we
ld Drives off moisture that could contribute to hydrogen in the welds
Slows the
cooling rate for the deosited weld metal
The Code:
Recommends reheat to 50F (10C) for most carbon steels and stainless steels
es reheat to 300F (150C) or more for low alloy steels
Requir
No welding is ermitted if water is resent in the weld area or if there is exce

ssive wind. See Table 330.1.1. BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Heat Treatment
Heat treatment
Relieves residual stresses caused by welding, bending and forming
ffusion of hydrogen out of the weld
The Code requires heat treatment for:
Carbon steels thicker than in. (19 mm)
3 mm)
See Table 331.1.1.
Facilitates di
Most low alloy steels thicker than in. (1

Tyical Owner Added Requirements
Requirements on use of articular welding rocesses Restrictions on the use of r
eairs Requirements for traceability Requirements for marking of iing
Staming not ermitted on certain materials
Inks containing low melting oint me
tals not ermitted on certain materials
Secific end rearation and alignment requirements
(Continued) Requirements for socket welds Prohibition of the use of single welde
d sli-on flanges Prohibition on the use of backing rings Requirements for fabri
cated branches Bolt hole orientation for flanges Dimensional tolerances Addition
al heat treatment requirements

(Continued) Requirements for flow meter runs Cleaning requirements Shiing and
storage requirements Requirements for records
Installation
Code Requirements
Detrimental distortion of iing to bring it into alignment is rohibited Examin
ation of installation for errors rior to cold sring is required. Flange faces
are required to be arallel to design lane within % rior to bolt u.
Flanges ar
e required to be roerly tightened
No more than one gasket can be used
Bolts ca
n be one thread short of a full nut
Thread sealant shall be suitable for the ser
vice BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

Installation
Code Requirements
Threaded joints to be seal welded shall be made u without thread comound
Threa
ded joints that leak during testing may be seal welded rovided comound is remo
ved from exosed threads
Seal welds shall cover all exosed threads
Installation
Maximum distance a bolt can extend through a nut Requirements for connecting
in-service iing Cleanliness requirements Requirements for installation of isol
ation kits Require threads to conform to ASME B1.20.1 Requirements for thread se
alant(s) Prohibition of the use of seal welds Prohibit use of gasket comounds
32

Installation
Tyical Owner Added Requirements (cont.)
Requirements for use of bolt lubricants Requirements for use (or not) of washers
Requirements for flanged joint tightening Requirements for valve orientations R
equirements for alignment by heating (rose budding)
Requirements for bolting to
rotating equiment; e.g., in accordance with API 686 BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY,
INC.
Requirements for suort, including rohibition of suorting iing from other
iing

Clearance from obstructions such as suort steel
Flange Joints
Guidelines for installation are rovided in ASME PCC-1 Guidelines for Pressure B
oundary Bolted Flange Joint Assembly. Toics addressed include:
Qualification of assemblers
Gasket contact surfaces
Correct facing finish Good condition
Flange alignment
Correct gasket tye, size & lacement BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY
, INC.

Flange Joints
More toics addressed:
Lubrication of bolting, back facing
Numbering of bolts Tighten bolting uniformly
in criss-cross attern is small stes Target bolt stress is tyically 50 ksi (3
40 MPa) BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. 37
Fabrication and Installation Flange Joints
Elastic Interaction
(WRC Bulletin 408)

Flange Joints
NPS 16 Class 300 Flange
Bolt Tension after 1, 2 and 3 Passes
(WRC Bulletin 408)
Flange Joints
ASME PCC-1 describes bolt-u rocedure using torque to gage bolt tension
Snug u bolting
Tighten to 20% of target torque using cross attern
Tighten to 5
0 to 70% of target torque using cross attern
Tighten to 100% of target torque u
sing cross attern
Continue tightening to 100% target torque using rotational a
ttern until no movement
Wait 4 hours or longer and reeat rotational attern to
100% target torque until no movement

Flange Joint
Target torque for 50 ksi (345 MPa) bolt stress:
Bolt Size 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-3/8 1-1/2 Non-Coated Bolts in-lb N-m 6
0 80 120 160 210 280 350 470 500 680 750 1000 1050 1400 1400 1900 1800 2450 Coat
ed Bolts in-lb N-m 45 60 90 120 160 220 250 340 400 540 550 750 800 1100 1050 14
00 1400 1900
41

13. Insection, Examination and Testing
ASME B31.3 Process Piing
Insection, Examination and Testing 1
Piing Develoment Process
1. Establish alicable system standard(s) 2. Establish design conditions 3. Mak
e overall iing material decisions
icknesses Valves
4. Fine tune iing material decisions
5. Establish reliminary iing system layout & suort configuration 6. Perform

13. Insection, Examination & Testing
Insection Examination
Methods
Requirements Accetance Criteria
Leak Testing
Methods
Requirements
Chater VI - Insection, Examination and Testing

Insection
(4) Owner s Insector. The owner s Insector (see ara. 340) is resonsible to th
e owner for ensuring that the requirements of this Code for insection, examinat
ion, and testing are met... [300(b)] This Coe istinguishes between examination (
see para. 341) an inspection. Inspection applies to functions performe for the
owner by the owners Inspector or the Inspectors elegates. [340.1]
Inspection, Examination an Testing 5
Inspection
The owners inspector:
Verifies that all require examinations an testing have been complete Has acce
ss to any place where work is being performe Must be inepenent of organizatio
ns performing fabrication, examination, installation or testing
Must have 10 yea
rs experience or 5 years experience plus an engineering egree
Inspection, Examination an Testing BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
6

13. Inspection, Examination an Testing
Examination
Examination applies to quality control functions performe by the manufacturer (f
or components only), fabricator, or erector. Reference in this Coe to an examin
er is to a person who performs quality control examinations. [341.1]
Examination
The examiner:
Examines piping in accorance with Coe requirements
Examines piping is accoran
ce with aitional requirements escribe in the engineering esign
Prepares sui
table examination recors for use by the inspector
Shall have training an exper
ience commensurate with the nees of the specifie examinations BECHT ENGINEERIN
G COMPANY, INC.

Examination
Examination is performe in orer to assure that:
Components conform to the specifications for
Material of construction Design Freeom from efects
Piping is installe with the proper
Support Alignment Joint assembly
Discontinuities are sufficiently small that they ont grow into leaks uring oper
ation BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Typical Wel Imperfections
Lack of Fusion
Incomplete Penetration
Excess Reinforcement Suck Up

Examination Methos
Examination methos inclue
Visual (VT) Positive Material Ientification (PMI) Liqui Dye Penetrant (PT) Ma
netic Particle (MT) Raiography (RT) Ultrasonic (UT) In-Process 11
Inspection, Examination an Testing Examination Methos
Visual Inclues examination of materials, fabrication (wels), supports, an ins
tallation.
Least expensive
Most effective

Examination Methos
Positive Material Ientification Verifies material of construction is as specifi
e. The rupture hose shoul
have ha an Alloy C-276 exterior metal braiing. Instea, the braiing was stain
less steel an was easily corroe by chlorine permeation through the Teflon lin
er. The hose faile after less than 2 months of service. Both the purchase an s
hipping papers inicate that the hose was constructe of the proper materials,
but it was not. (CCPS Beacon, Aug 04)
Examination Methos
e.
X-ray fluorescence Sample is expose to low raioactive or x-rays. Reflecte ene
rgy is ifferent for every element. This energy is measure, thus ientifying th
e alloy elements.
DCI, Inc.

Examination Methos
e.
Spark emission spectrography - A spark is release that vaporizes a small portio
n of the sample. The instrument optically measures the atoms in the vapor to et
ermine the components of the material. BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Spectro
Examination Methos
Liqui Dye Penetrant Employs a ye penetrant applie to the surface an a evelo
per. This metho is use to etect fine cracks.

Examination Methos
Magnetic Particle This metho is also use to etect fine cracks.
Examination Methos
Raiography Use to etect internal efects an efects on the insie of of the
wel for wels which cannot be visually examine on the insie. Will etect some
surface efects.

Examination Methos
Ultrasonic Use to etect internal efects an efects on the insie of of the w
el for wels which cannot be visually examine on the insie. Can be use to ch
aracterize surface efects.
Examination Methos
In-Process Use to verify work is performe in such a way that it is likely to p
rouce an acceptable joint. Visual observation of the following is require
Joint preparation an cleanliness Preheating Fit-up, clearance an alignment For
weling Filler material, position an electroe Conition of root pass after cl
eaning Wel conition between passes Appearance of finishe wel
Inspection, Examination an Testing BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
20

Examination Requirements
Progressive Sampling for Examination [341.3.4]
For examinations that are not 100%
When spot or ranom exam reveals a efect
Two aitional samples of the same kin are examine the same way If the two sam
ples are acceptable, then lot is acceptable If not, then two further samples of
the same kin are examine for each efective sample the same way If all the fur
ther samples examine are acceptable, then lot is acceptable If not, then all it
ems in the lot must be examine
Progressive Sampling for Examination
For wels, the work prouct of each weler or weling operator must be inclue
in the samples being examine Defective items must be repaire or replace an r
eexamine Same kin for wels means joints mae by the same weler or weling oper
ator

Examination Requirements - VT
Normal
Materials & components Fabrication, incluing wels Longituinal wels
Severe Cyclic
Category D
Ranom to extent neee to satisfy the examiner 5% Ranom 100% 100% 100%
Bolte, threae Ranom to extent 100% & other joints neee, except 100% for pne
umatic test Supports, alignment, erecte piping Ranom 100%
Ranom to extent neee to satisfy the examiner
Examination Requirements - Other
Normal
Circumferential groove wels Socket wels an branch connection wels not raiog
raphe Braze joints Soler joints 5% Ranom RT or UT No aitional examination
require
Severe Cyclic
100% RT 100% MT or PT
Category D
No aitional examination require (braze joints not permitte) (soler joints
not permitte)
5% in-process examination (soler joints not permitte)

In-process examination can be substitute for RT or UT in normal service if spec
ifie in the engineering esign UT can be substitute for RT uner severe cyclic
conitions if specifie in the engineering esign
Acceptance Criteria for Wels
Describe in Table 341.3.2
See page 83 of the supplement.

Testing
Testing is performe to assure that there are no unacceptable leaks in the syste
m prior to operation. Leak test methos inclue
Hyrostatic Pneumatic
Initial service
Sensitive
Alternate
Leak Test Methos
Hyrostatic Filling the piping system with liqui, pressurizing an checking for
leaks. Test liqui:
Shall be water unless there are averse effects Other liqui shall be non-toxic
with a flash point at least 120F (49C)
Chlories in test water < 50 ppm Only ea
bugs in water (resiual chlorine)

Leak Test Methos
Hyrostatic Test pressure: PT = 1.5 P (ST / S) Where:
PT= P= ST= S= Minimum test pressure Design pressure Stress value at test tempera
ture Stress value at esign temperature
(ST / S) not to excee 6.5 If PT woul prouce a nominal stress above SY, PT may
be reuce BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Leak Test Methos
Pneumatic Pressurizing the piping system with gas an checking for leaks.
Care must be taken to minimize the chance of brittle failure
A pressure relief
evice is require Gas shall be nonflammable an nontoxic Test pressure shall be
110% of esign pressure
Preliminary leak check is require
Leak check is mae af
ter pressure is lowe to esign pressure BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

Leak Test Methos
Initial Service Pressurizing the piping with the service flui an checking for
leaks.
Pressure increase in steps to operating pressure Preliminary leak check is requ
ire if test flui is a gas
Leak check is mae at operating pressure
Leak Test Methos
Sensitive Pressurizing the piping with a gas an checking for leaks using a meth
o that can etect leaks as small as 10-3 atmml/sec.
Test pressure is at least the lesser of 15 psi (105 kPa) an 25% of the esign p
ressure
Preliminary leak check is require
Leak check is mae at test pressure

Leak Test Methos
Alternative Verifying wel integrity in lieu of pressurizing above esign pressu
re an checking for leaks.
Groove wels shall be 100% RT or UT All other wels shall be MT or PT A formal f
lexibility analysis is require A sensitive leak test is require
Leak Tests Require
A hyrostatic test is require except:
The owner may choose to use the initial service leak test for Category D flui s
ervice The owner may choose a pneumatic leak test if s/he consiers the hyrosta
tic test impractical The owner may use the alternative leak test if s/he consie
rs both the hyrostatic an pneumatic tests impractical, an if
Hyrostatic test woul cause amage or resiual liqui woul be hazarous, or th
ere is anger of brittle fracture; an Pneumatic test woul present an unue haz
ar, or there is anger of brittle fracture

Other Leak Test Provisions
Leak tests shall be maintaine for at least 10 minutes All joints an connection
s shall be checke for leaks Leak tests shall be conucte after heat treatment
Piping may be teste as subassemblies Flange joints with blanks nee not be tes
te Closure wels nee not be teste if subjecte to
In-process examination, an 100% RT or UT examination
Externally pressurize piping shall be teste at the higher of 1.5 times the es
ign pressure or 15 psi (105 kPa) The internal pipe in jackete piping shall leak
teste before the jacket is complete For minor repairs an aitions following
testing, the owner may waive retesting when measures are taken to assure soun
construction All joints, incluing structural attachments, must be left expose
for examination uring the leak test Joints may be painte prior to hyrostatic
or pneumatic leak test BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

Temporary supports may be neee to support piping uring a hyrotest Piping wit
h expansion joints
Joints that epen on external main anchors to restrain pressure shall be teste
in place
Such joints shall be teste at the lesser of 1.5 times the esign pres
sure an the test pressure
When the test pressure is higher than 1.5 times the
esign pressure, temporary restraints may be ae to limit main anchor loas BEC
HT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. Inspection, Examination an Testing - 37
Exam & Test Workshop
What examination an leak test requirements woul you specify for the following
services:
Steam conensate Chlorine Sulfuric aci Gasoline 650 psig (45 bar) Steam Heat tr
ansfer oil Styrene monomer Lime-water slurry

15. Nonmetallic Piping
Nonmetallic Piping 1
icknesses Valves

General Design, Fabrication, an Installation for
Thermoplastics Reinforce thermosetting resins Reinforce concrete Vitrifie cla
y Borosilicate glass Piping line with nonmetals
Limitations
Chapter VII - Nonmetallic Piping an Piping Line with Nonmetals Appenix B - St
ress Tables an Allowable Pressure Tables for Nonmetals

General
Chapter VII has requirements for
Thermoplastics Reinforce thermosetting resins Reinforce concrete Vitrifie cla
y Borosilicate glass Piping line with nonmetals
General
Tren towar the use of nonmetals is increasing Nonmetals are use when the meta
llic alternative is juge to be too expensive Allowances for variations of pres
sure an temperature escribe in Chapter II are not permitte for nonmetallic p
iping Increase allowable stresses for occasional loas escribe in Chapter II
are not permitte

Thermoplastics
Materials that can be repeately softene by heating an harene by cooling Pip
e is extrue Fittings are usually injection mole, but sometimes fabricate Va
lve parts are usually injection mole
(Durapipe)
(Charlotte Pipe)
(Durapipe)
Thermoplastics
Commonly use thermoplastics
ABS CPVC FEP (HD)PE PFA PP PVC PVDF Acrylonitrile-butaiene-styrene Chlorinat
polyvinyl chlorie Perfluoro ethylene propylene (High ensity) polyethylene Poly
perfluoroalkoxy Alkane Polypropylene Polyvinyl chlorie Polyvinyliene fluorie
Nonmetallic Piping BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
8

Thermoplastics
B31.3 recommene temperature limits:
Material ABS CPVC FEP PE PFA PP PVC PVDF Min (F) -40 0 -325 -30 -40 30 0 0 Max (
F) 176 210 400 180 450 210 150 275 Min (C) -40 -18 -198 -34 -40 -1 -18 -18 Max (
C) 80 99 204 82 250 99 66 135 9
Nonmetallic Piping Thermoplastics
Characteristics
High coefficient of thermal expansion
4 in 100 (3 mm/m) of expansion for 50F (25C) temperature change [HDPE] More in some
thermoplastics, less in others
Creep at room temperature
Low elastic moulus
l pressure can be significant
Longituinal strain ue to interna

Thermoplastics
Allowable Stress
Hyrostatic esign stress (HDS) is the hoop stress that when applie continuousl
y, will cause failure of the pipe at 100,000 hours multiplie by a suitable esi
gn factor (usually 0.5)
Material CPVC PE PVC Short-term (ksi) 7.53 2.96 7.53 HDS* (ksi) 2.00 0.80 2.00 S
hort-term (MPa) 51.9 20.4 51.9 HDS* (MPa) 13.8 5.5 13.8
* HDS at 23C (73F)
Thermoplastics
Allowable Stress US Customary Units
2000 Allowable Stress (psi) 1500 CPVC 1000 500 PE
0 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Temperature (F)

Thermoplastics
Allowable Stress Metric Units
15 Allowable Stress (MPa)
10 CPVC PE 5
0 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
Temperature (C)
Thermoplastics
Pressure Design Straight Pipe
t = PD / [2 (S + P)]
Where:
t P D S = = = = pressure esign thickness esign pressure outsie iameter of pi
pe HDS value for material from Appenix B
No specific rules for external pressure esign

Thermoplastics
Support
Because of the low moulus an low allowable stress, thermoplastics require more
support than similar size metallic pipe. For 68F (20C): NPS 1 2 4 6 PP (Asahi) f
t m 3.5 4.5 6.0 7.0 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 Typical Metallic m ft 14 20 26 30 4.3 6.1 7.
9 9.1
15
Thermoplastics
Fabrication Butt fusion fittings are joine to the pipe using a butt fusion wel
ing process. (PE, PP, PVDF, others)
(Asahi) (Asahi)

Thermoplastics
Fabrication Socket fittings can be joine to the pipe using a socket fusion wel
ing process. (PE, PP, PVDF, others)
(Spears)
(Asahi)
17
Thermoplastics
Fabrication Socket fittings can be joine to the pipe using a solvent cementing
process. (ABS, PVC, CPVC)

Thermoplastics
Fabrication Piping can also be joine using a hot gas weling process. (PE, PP,
PVDF, others)
Thermoplastics
Boners are require to use a qualifie boning proceure specification. The BPS
shall specify
Proceure for making the bons Materials, incluing storage requirements To
incluing proper care an hanling Environmental requirements (clean, ry, warm)
Joint preparation Dimensional requirements, incluing tolerances Cure time Prot
ection of work Acceptance criteria
Nonmetallic Piping [A328.2].
20

Thermoplastics
Fabrication
A warm, ry an clean environment is require for fabrication
A leak at an elbow
requires
1. Cutting out the elbow an ajacent pipe 2. Fabricating a piece with an elbow
an two couplings 3. An installing it, hoping none of the six new joints leak
Reinforce Thermosetting Resins
Materials that haren when heate an cannot be re-melte Pipe is filament woun
, contact mole, or centrifugally cast Fittings are mole, filament woun or f
abricate Few RTR valves are available
(Smith Fibercast)

Commonly use resins
Polyester Vinylester Epoxy Furan
Commonly use reinforcements
Glass fiber
Carbon fiber BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Filament woun
(Smith Fibercast)

Contact Mole
Centrifugally Cast

Reinforce plastic mortar pipe
Has aggregate (usually san) in aition to fiber reinforcement to stiffen the w
all of the pipe
Is use mostly unergroun
Usually has bell an spigot joints, b
ut may have socket joints like other RTR piping
Venor recommene temperature limits
Range from 180 to 275F (82 to 135C)
Are somewhat epenent on the resin
But are mo
re epenent on the construction of the pipe an fittingsamount of reinforcement
in the liner an structural layers
Can be significantly lowere epening on the
chemical being hanle

Characteristics
Higher coefficient of thermal expansionabout twice that of steel, but 1/5 of ther
moplastics
Creep at room temperature
Low elastic moulus (3 to 10% of steel), bu
t 3 to 10 times thermoplastics
Allowable Stress Filament Woun an Centrifugally Cast
Hyrostatic esign stress (HDS) is the hoop stress that when applie continuousl
y, will cause failure of the pipe at 100,000 hours multiplie by a esign factor
. The esign factor is:
Not more than 1.0 if stress is etermine using the pressure cycling metho Not
more than 0.5 if stress is etermine using the static pressure metho
Typical HDS values are 8,000 to 13,000 psi (55 to 90 MPa) BECHT ENGINEERING COMP
ANY, INC.

Allowable Stress Contact Mole
Design stress (DS) is 1/10 of the minimum tensile strength
Pressure Design Same as for thermoplastic pipe
Support
Because of the lower moulus an lower allowable stress, RTR pipe requires more
support than similar size metallic pipe. For 75F (24C):
NPS 1 2 4 6
Green Threa (Smith Fibercast) ft m 10.9 14.1 17 20.5 3.3 4.3 5.2 6.2
Typical Metallic m ft 14 20 26 30 4.3 6.1 7.9 9.1
32

Support Support elements must be esigne to provie low concentrate stresses a
n protect the piping from abrasion.
(Typical guie an anchor Conley)
Fabrication - Butt fittings are joine to the pipe using a butt wrapping process
. (Smith Fibercast)

Fabrication Doing it in a warm, clean, ry environment is sometimes a challenge.
Socket fittings are joine to the pipe using an ahesive. (Conley)

Fabrication A leak at an elbow requires
1.Cutting out the elbow an ajacent pipe 2.Fabricating a piece with an elbow an
two couplings 3.An installing it, hoping none of the six new joints leak
BPS an Boner Qualification Tests are require as for thermoplastic piping, exc
ept test pressure is 3 times manufacturers rating

Reinforce Concrete
Typically 15 to 250 psi (1 to 17 bar) ambient temperature water service Mae to
ASTM an AWWA stanars with specific B31.3 pressure ratings
Vitrifie clay
Manufacture from clay fire in furnaces Joine with
Rubber seals
Caulking
Mortar
B31.3 mentions, but has no specific requirements

Borosilicate Glass
Manufacture from molten glass Joine with clamps, rubber seals
(H.S. Martin)
Piping Line with Nonmetals
Common liners inclue
Fluoropolymer Polypropylene PVDF Glass
Glass Line (Estrella)
Polypropylene Line (Resistoflex)

Thermoplastic liners can be locke-in or loose PTFE an FEP line systems require
vent holes Thermoplastic line pipe an fittings are usually uctile iron an st
eel Glass line pipe an fittings are steel Systems usually have many flange jo
ints
Typical Fittings

Untypical Fittings
Common Thermoplastic Liners Fluoropolymer
FEP Perfluoro ethylene propylene
PTFE Polytetrafluorethylene
koxy Alkane
Polypropylene PVDF
PFA Polyperfluoroal

B31.3 recommene temperature limits for liners: Material FEP PTFE PFA PP PVDF G
lass Min (F) -325 -325 -325 0 0 Max (F) Min (C) Max (C) 400 -198 204 500 -198 26
0 500 -198 260 225 -18 107 275 -18 135 Limite by the metal.
The metallic portions of piping line with nonmetals for
Design Fabrication Examination, an Testing
shall conform to the rules of Chapters I through VI Liners must be qualifie for
external pressure in orer to prevent liner collapse

Failures frequently occur at the flange joints. Following the ASME PCC-1 bolt-up
proceure greatly improves the chances of success
Snug up bolting
Tighten to 20% of target torque using cross pattern
Tighten to 5
0 to 70% of target torque using cross pattern Tighten to 100% of target torque u
sing cross pattern Continue tightening to 100% target torque using rotational pa
ttern until no movement
Wait 4 hours or longer an repeat rotational pattern to
100% target torque until no movement
Limitations
Thermoplastic Piping may not be use in above groun flammable flui service unl
ess
NPS 1 an smaller Owner approves The piping is safeguare, an The following ar
e consiere
The possibility of exposure of piping to fire The susceptibility to brittle fail
ure or failure ue to thermal shock when expose to fire The ability of thermal
insulation to protect the piping when expose to fire
shall be safeguare when use in other than Category D flui service BECHT ENGI
NEERING COMPANY, INC.

Limitations
PVC an CPVC may not be use in compresse gas service RPM Piping shall be safeg
uare when use in other than Category D flui service RTR Piping shall be safe
guare when use in toxic or flammable flui services Borosilicate Glass Piping
Shall be safeguare when use in toxic or flammable flui services
Shall be saf
eguare against large, rapi temperature changes

16. Category M Flui Service
Category M Flui Service 1
icknesses Valves

General B31.3 Requirements
Design Fabrication Examination Testing
Typical Owner Ae Requirements
Chapter VIII - Piping for Category M Flui Service

General
Category M: A flui service in which the potential for personnel exposure is ju
ge to be significant an in which a single exposure to a very small quantity of
a toxic flui, cause by leakage, can prouce serious irreversible harm to pers
ons upon breathing or on boily contact, even when prompt restorative measures a
re taken. Often characterize as lethal BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Design Requirements
Consieration of nee for safeguaring is require There are no provisions for p
iping uner severe cyclic conitions Impact, shock an vibration loas must be c
onsiere Allowances for variations in pressure an temperature are not permitte
Maximum relief pressure limite to 110% of esign pressure

Design Requirements
Consieration of valve esign features that prevent stem leakage is require Val
ve boy joints to be
Flange an secure by 4 or more bolts Pressure seal esign Wele , or Union wi
th a seal wel
Instrument tubing to be 5/8 (16 mm) OD or less an have an accessible block valve
to isolate tubing from piping The use of flare laps is restricte BECHT ENGINE
ERING COMPANY, INC.
Design Requirements
Metallic piping, B31.3 prohibits the use of
MSS SP-43 CR fittings Type C stubens Taper threae flanges Taper th
> NPS 1 Socket weling joints > NPS 2 Caulke joints Soler an braze joints A
hesive joints Cast irons except uctile Single joint miters >22.5 Corrugate ben
s
Category M Flui Service BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
8

Design Requirements
Nonmetallic piping, B31.3 prohibits the use of
Thermoplastic piping Nonmetallic valves Nonmetallic specialty components Threa
flanges Threae joints Ahesive bone joints Caulke joints
Fabrication Requirements
Metallic
Fabricate branch construction is permitte only if suitable fittings are not av
ailable
Heat treatment in accorance with base coe requirements is require fol
lowing any rose buing
Slip-on flanges must be ouble wele
Nonmetallic
Fabricate branch construction is prohibite
e
Fabricate laps are prohibite
Fabricate miter bens are prohibit

Metallic Piping
Materials & components
Normal
Category M
Ranom to extent neee to satisfy the examiner 100% 100% 100%, threas to be ex
amine for cleanliness an compliance with ASME B1.20.1 prior to assembly Ranom
Fabrication, incluing 5% Ranom wels Longituinal wels Bolte, threae & oth
er joints 100% Ranom to extent neee, except 100% for pneumatic test Ranom
Supports, alignment, erecte piping
Metallic Piping
Circumferential groove wels Braze joints Soler joints
Normal
5% Ranom RT or UT 5% in-process examination (soler joints not permitte)
Category M
20% Ranom RT or UT (braze joints not permitte) (soler joints not permitte)

Metallic Leak Test Requirements
A hyrostatic test is require except:
The owner may choose a pneumatic leak test if s/he consiers the hyrostatic tes
t impractical
The owner may use the alternative leak test if s/he consiers both
the hyrostatic an pneumatic tests impractical, an if
Hyrostatic test woul cause amage or resiual liqui woul be hazarous, or th
ere is anger of brittle fracture; an Pneumatic test woul present an unue haz
ar, or there is anger of brittle fracture
A Sensitive leak test is also require
Nonmetallic Examination an Testing Requirements
Examination an testing requirements are the same as that for nonmetallic piping
in normal service, except
All fabrication shall be visually examine
All mechanical joints shall be visual
ly examine A sensitive leak test is require

Typical Owner Ae Requirements
Fire resistance Blow-out resistance No nonmetallic components All wels to be su
itable for raiography 100% raiographic examination of wels Special examinatio
n proceures for valves

17. High Pressure Piping
High Pressure Piping 1
icknesses Valves

General Materials Pressure Design Limitations Fabrication Examination Testing
(Autoclave Engineers)
Chapter IX - High Pressure Piping Appenix K - Allowable Stresses for High Press
ure Piping

General
High Pressure: A service for which the owner specifies the use of Chapter IX [of
B31.3] for piping esign an construction consiere to be in excess of Class 25
00 (6000 psi, 42 MPa). There are no specifie pressure limitations for applicati
on of these rules.
[K300(a)]
General
Most applications are in the range of 20,000 psi (150 MPa) an higher Nonmetalli
c piping is exclue No provisions are mae for Category M flui service The tem
perature is require to be below the creep range Allowances for variations in pr
essure an temperature are not permitte

Materials
Allowable stress for materials other than bolting
2/3 of specifie minimum yiel strength (SY)
2/3 of yiel strength at temperatur
e; except for austenitic stainless steels an nickel alloys with similar behavio
r, 90% of yiel strength at temperature Material A106 Gr B API 5L X80 Base Coe
(ksi) 20.0 30.0 High Pressure (ksi) 23.3 53.3 Base Coe (MPa) 138 207 High Press
ure (MPa) 161 368
Materials
Castings an wele components are require to be such that the quality factors
are equal to 1.0 Conformance of materials to the prouct analysis chemical requi
rements of the applicable specification shall be verifie. Cast irons are not pe
rmitte Zinc coate materials are not permitte, nor are zinc coate materials p
ermitte to be wele to pressure containing components BECHT ENGINEERING COMPAN
Y, INC.

Materials
Impact Test Requirements
Impact testing is require for all materials from which a suitable test specimen
can be machine The impact test temperature shall be no higher than the lowest
temperature at which the piping is subjecte to a stress greater than 6 ksi (41
MPa)lower if subsize specimens are require
Minimum acceptable impact values are
higher than for the base coe
t = (D/2) [1 - exp(-1.155P/S)]
Where: t= pressure esign thickness D = outsie iameter of pipe P = esign pres
sure S = stress value for material from Appenix K

The equation is base on through thickness yieling pressure as a basis for esi
gn The equation provies a factor of two on through thickness yieling
0.50 0.40 Thickness (in) 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 0 20000 40000 Pressure (psi) 60000
80000
Base Coe, A106 Gr B High Pressure, A106 Gr B Base Coe, API 5L X80 High Pressur
e, API 5L X80
(1 in. OD tubing)

12 Thickness (mm) 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Pressure (bar)
(25 mm OD tubing)
Base Coe, API 5L X80 High Pressure, API 5L X80 Base Coe, A106 Gr B High Pressu
re, A106 Gr B
Pressure Design
Threa epth nee not be subtracte from the pipe wall thickness when
Threa epth oes not excee 20% of the wall thickness
D/ is greater than 1.1
he internally threae attachment provies aequate reinforcement
The threa un
ercut area oes not exten beyon the reinforcement by a istance greater than t
he pipe wall thickness
High Pressure Piping BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
14

Pressure Design [K304.7.2]
Components for which there are no specific rules require:
Calculations consistent with the esign philosophy of Chapter IX, an
Substantia
tion of the calculations by
Extensive successful experience Performance testing, or Finite element stress an
alysis
Interpolation between sizes & thicknesses allowe BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC
.
Pressure Design
Fatigue Analysis
Fatigue analysis in accorance with ASME B&PV Coe, Section VIII, Div. 2 is requ
ire
Pressure is the primary loa, but alternating sustaine loas an isplacem
ent loas must also be inclue
High stresses at the inner surface of the pipe w
all an stress concentrations must be consiere An inelastic analysis is requir
e if the stress on the insie surface of the pipe excees three times the allow
able stress (twice yiel) BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

Pressure Design
Fatigue Analysis
Fatigue life may be emonstrate by estructive testing when the owner approves
Fatigue life beyon that calculate via the Section VIII, Div. 2 metho may be a
pplie when
surface treatments or prestressing methos
are use, an the component is qualifie by
extensive successful service or performance testing
in accorance with K304.7.2 BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Limitations
Not permitte
Miter bens Fabricate branches Corrugate an crease bens Laps other than for
ge Slip-on flanges

Limitations
Joints Not permitte
Orinary threae, except for instrumentation up to NPS
Soler
Compression an flare tubing
Caulke Bell type
G COMPANY, INC.
High Pressure Piping -
Socket weling Expane

Ahesive BECHT ENGINEERIN
19
Fabrication
Weler qualification is like for the base Coe, except
Impact tests are require for all proceure an performance qualifications
More
testing is require for wel proceure an performance qualifications
Performanc
e an proceure qualification by others is not permitte

Fabrication
Seal wels are not permitte Wele branch construction must provie for 100% in
terpretable raiographic examination
Metallic Piping
Materials & components
Normal
High Pressure
100%
Fabrication, incluing 5% Ranom wels Longituinal wels Bolte, threae & oth
er joints 100% Ranom to extent neee, except 100% for pneumatic test Ranom
100% 100% 100%, threas to be examine for finish an fit, an compliance with a
pplicable stanar 100%
Supports, alignment, erecte piping

Metallic Piping
Circumferential groove wels Longituinal wels Branch connection wels
Normal
5% Ranom RT or UT
High Pressure
100% RT 100% RT 100% RT
Neither ultrasonic examination nor in-process examination may be substitute for
raiographic examination.
Acceptance criteria are more stringent than the base
Coe
Testing
A hyrostatic or a pneumatic test at 1.5 times the esign pressure correcte for
temperature is require Protection of people an property from missile fragment
s, shock waves an other consequences of failure must be provie A leak test of
the installe piping at 1.1 times the esign pressure is require unless the ma
in leak test was one on the installe piping For all wele systems, the closin
g wel may be teste at 1.1 times the esign pressure BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY,
INC.

18. In-Service Piping
In-Service Piping 1

API 570 Piping Inspection Coe Responsibilities What to Inspect Types of In
ion Inspection Practices Frequency an Extent of Inspection Remaining Life Calcu
lation Repairs an Alterations Rerating
In-Service Piping BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
2

API 570 Piping Inspection Coe
For inspection, repair, alteration, an rerating of in-service metallic piping s
ystems Applicable to piping systems constructe in accorance with ASME B31.3 Fi
rst Eition, June 1993 Secon Eition, October 1998
Aenum 1, February 2000 Aenum 2, December 2001 BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, I
NC.
In-Service Piping 3
API 570 Piping Inspection Coe
API 570 inclues flammable an toxic services. It exclues specific requirements
for:
Water, steam, steam-conensate, boiler fee water an Category D flui service
P
iping systems that are an integral part or component of rotating or reciprocatin
g mechanical evices
Piping or tubing with an OD NPS 1/2
Nonmetallic piping an
polymeric or glass-line piping Plumbing
fire heater an boiler internals are a
lso exclue
The exclue piping can be inclue at the ownerusers option. BECHT ENGINEERING C
OMPANY, INC.
In-Service Piping 4

Owner-user:
Responsibilities
Has overall responsibility for compliance with API 570 an eveloping, ocumenti
ng, implementing, an executing the inspection, repair, alteration, an rerating
Piping Engineer:
Responsible to the owner-user for esign, engineering review, analysis, an eval
uation of piping systems
Repair Organization:
Responsible to owner-user for proviing materials, equipment, quality control, a
n workmanship to maintain an repair the piping system in accorance with API 5
70
Inspector:
Responsible to owner-user for etermining that the inspection, examination an t
esting requirements of API 570 are met. Qualifications in terms of experience an
eucation are specifie in Appenix A of API 570
In-Service Piping 5
What to Inspect
API 570 irects attention to the following types an areas of eterioration
Injection points Dea legs Corrosion uner insulation (CUI) Soil-to-a
es Service specific an local corrosion Erosion an corrosion/erosion Environmen
tal cracking Corrosion beneath linings an eposits Fatigue cracking Creep crack
ing Brittle fracture Freeze amage
6

What to Inspect
API 570 oesnt cover everything.
In-Service Piping 7
External Inspection Checklist
(API 570 Appenix D)
Leaks
Process
Steam Tracing
Existing Clamps (temporary repairs)
Misalignment
Piping misalignment/restricte movement
Expansion joint misalignment
Vibration
Excessive overhung weight Inaequate support Thin, small-bore, or alloy piping T
hreae connections Loose supports causing metal wear
8


Supports
Shoes off support Hanger istortion or breakage Bottome-out spring
rtion/breakage Loose brackets Slie plates/rollers Counter balance conition Sup
port corrosion Bolting support points uner clamps Coating/painting eterioratio
n Soil-to-air interface Insulation interfaces Biological growth
In-Service Piping Corrosion
9
Insulation
Damage/penetrations Missing jacketing/insulation Sealing eterioration Bulging B
aning (broken/missing)
In-Service Piping 10

Types of Inspection
Internal visual Thickness measurement External visual Vibrating piping Supplemen
tal
Types of Inspection
Internal visual inspection is not normally use for most piping systems But may
be scheule for very large iameter piping Or may be performe using remote vie
wing technique Shoul be performe when given the opportunity like at isconnect
e flange joints

Types of Inspection
Thickness is measure via UT or raiography At least the minimum thickness shoul
be etermine an recore The locations of TMLs shoul be recore on a rawi
ng an marke on the pipe to permit repetitive measurements at the same TMLs Gen
erally shoul inclue measurements in each of the four quarants of pipe an fit
tings Generally shoul inclue insie an outsie raius of elbows an tees wher
e corrosion/erosion coul increase rate of metal loss Also require in areas of
continuing corrosion uner insulation, soil/air interfaces, an other areas of l
ocalize or general corrosion
Types of Inspection
No specific numeric guielines for number of thickness measurement locations (TM
Ls) provie in API 570 More TMLs shoul be provie when there is
Higher potential for creating a safety or environmental emergency in the event o
f a leak
Higher expecte or experience corrosion rates
Higher potential for loc
alize corrosion
More complexity in terms of fittings, branches, ea legs, inje
ction points, an other similar items
Higher potential for CUI
Ultrasonic thickness measurement preferre for pipe larger than NPS 1 Raiograph
y preferre for pipes NPS 1 an smaller In-Service Piping - 14 BECHT ENGINEERING
COMPANY, INC.

Types of Inspection
External visual inspection is performe to etermine the conition of the outsi
e of the piping, insulation system, painting an coating systems, an associate
harware; an to check for signs of misalignment, vibration, an leakage. Some
specific things to check:
Cracke or broken hangers, bottoming out of spring supports, support shoes isplac
e from support members Bellows expansion for unusual eformations, misalignment
, or isplacements that may excee esign Any components in the service that may
be unsuitable for long-term operation
Types of Inspection
Vibrating or swaying piping shoul be reporte to the inspector or piping engine
er for assessment. Supplementary inspection shoul be specifie when neee to a
ssess the conition of piping. Examples are
Thermography to check for hot spots in refractory line systems
Acoustic emissio
n testing
Acoustic leak etection
Ultrasonic or raiographic examination for et
ecting localize corrosion.

Inspection Practices
Pressure testing not normally conucte except for alterations, major repairs, a
n sometimes with rerating. TMLs are not normally require on valves, ue to the
ir greater wall thickness, but valve thicknesses shoul generally be checke whe
n remove for service
Wels are not require to meet the raiographic acceptance criteria for new cons
truction ranom raiography Defects resulting from environmental cracking shall
be assesse by the piping engineer Defects resulting from original wel fabricat
ion shoul be investigate using one or more of the following
Inspector jugment Certifie weling inspector jugment Piping engineer jugment
Engineering fitness-for-service analysis

Potential causes of leaks in a flange joint inclue:
Uneven bolt tightening Improper flange alignment Excessive external momen
piping Improper gasket placement Improper, irty or amage flange facing finis
h Improper gasket type or size Using a gasket that has alreay been compresse T
hermal shock Bolt relaxation Differential expansion between bolts an flange
19
Frequency an Extent of Inspection
An inspection strategy base on
likelihoo an consequence of failure
is referre to as risk-base inspection. For the purposes of efining consequenc
e of failure, API 570 efines 3 service classes. The owner/user may evise a mor
e extensive classification scheme that more accurately assesses consequence

Frequency an Extent of Inspection
Class 1 - greatest hazar (safety or environmental) shoul a leak occur
Hyrofluoric aci, anhyrous hyrogen sulfie, piping over or ajacent to water
an piping over public throughways, pressurize services that rapily vaporize
uring release, that coul result in vapor clou explosions, etc.
Class 2 - inclues services that are not Class 1 or Class 3
Hyrogen, fuel gas, natural gas, hyrocarbons that slowly vaporize uring releas
e, on-site strong acis an caustics
Class 3 - flammable services that o not significantly vaporize when they leak a
n are not locate in highactivity areas. Also, services potentially harmful to
human tissue that are locate in remote areas
Off-site acis an caustics, on-site hyrocarbons that will not significantly va
porize uring release
Inspection Intervals
Consierations in setting inspection intervals
Corrosion rate an remaining life calculations (Interval can affect MAWP) Piping
service classification
Applicable jurisictional requirements
Jugment base on
operating conitions, previous inspection history, current inspection results,
an conitions that may warrant supplemental inspections
Inspection intervals shoul not excee 1/2 the calculate remaining life or that
shown in the following table BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

Inspection Intervals
Recommene Maximum Inspection Intervals (Years) Type of Circuit Class 1 Class 2
Class 3 Injection Points Soil-to-air interfaces
(Table 6-1 from API 570)
Thickness Measure 5 10 10 3
External Visual 5 5 10 By Class By Class
23
Extent of CUI Inspections
API 570 recommens that a percentage of the areas with potential for corrosion u
ner insulation be inspecte Areas with Damage Insulation Class 1 Class 2 Class
3 75% 50% 25%
(Table 6-2 from API 570)
Suspect Areas with Susceptible Temperature Ranges 50% 33% 10%

Remaining Life Calculation
Remaining Life = (tactual treq) / Corrosion Rate
Where: tactual = The actual minimum thickness etermine at the time of inspecti
on treq = The require minimum thickness Corrosion rate is etermine base on
thickness measurements.
Remaining Life Calculation
Corrosion Rate = (tinit tactual) / Time
Where: tinit = Initial thickness (long-term corrosion rate) or thickness measure
in a previous inspection (short-term corrosion rate) tactual = The actual mini
mum thickness
etermine at the time of inspection

Time is between thickness measurements. BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
Calculate in accorance with applicable coe If the material is unknown, use th
e lowest grae of material an joint efficiency in the applicable coe To calcul
ate the MAWP, use the current thickness minus two times the anticipate corrosio
n that will occur between the current time an the next inspection time
The require minimum thickness shall be base on
Pressure
Mechanical, an
Structural consierations
Require Minimum Thickness
using the appropriate esign formulae an coe allowable stress For services wit
h high potential consequences, the piping engineer shoul consier increasing th
e require minimum thickness above the calculate minimum thickness to provie f
or
Unanticipate or unknown loaings
Uniscovere metal loss, or
Resistance to abus
e

Assessment of Inspection Finings
Pressure containing components foun to have egraation that coul affect their
loa carrying capability (pressure loas an other applicable loas incluing w
eight, win an thermal expansion) shall be evaluate for continue service. Fit
ness-for-service techniques, such as those ocumente in API RP 579 an ASME B31
G, may be use for this evaluation. Local wall thinning below the require minim
um thickness might be foun to be acceptable using this approach. BECHT ENGINEER
ING COMPANY, INC.
Repairs an Alterations
Can be mae by the owner or user, or by contractors acceptable
uthorize by the inspector Alterations must also have approval
ineer Repairs of cracks that occurre in-service shoul not be
r consultation with the piping engineer in orer to ientify an
se of the cracking
to them Must be a
of the piping eng
mae without prio
correct the cau

Temporary Repairs
Temporary repairs, incluing on-stream repairs are permitte. These inclue
Full encirclement wele split sleeve
Box-type enclosures esigne by the piping
engineer
Fillet weling a split coupling or plate patch over an area of local c
orrosion
Bolte leak clamps (esign must consier pressure thrust)
Temporary Repairs
Repair of piping with longituinal cracks shoul not be commence unless the pip
ing engineer etermines that the crack will not propagate from uner the sleeve
or enclosure. Temporary repairs shall be replace with permanent repairs at the
next available maintenance opportunity

Fabrication an Examination
The inspector shall verify that the materials are consistent with the selecte o
r specifie construction materials Qualifications an proceures are generally r
equire to be in accorance with ASME B31.3, or the coe to which the piping was
originally constructe Some exceptions are provie for wel preheat an PWHT E
xaminations are require to be in accorance with ASME B31.3, or the coe to whi
ch the piping was originally constructe BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Leak Testing
Normally require after alterations or major repairs The ecision as to whether
or not to pressure test is by the inspector, consiering practicality an necess
ity Final closure joints may be exempte from pressure testing, conitional on
esign, raiographic or ultrasonic examination, an aitional requirements

Rerating
Piping may be rerate. Requirements inclue:
Calculations must be performe by the piping engineer that emonstrate that the
pipe is acceptable for the new conitions
If the prior leak test was not suffici
ent for the new conitions, a new leak test is require
Current inspection recor
s must verify that it is acceptable for the new service Piping flexibility must
be aequate for the new conitions BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

19. Whats Different in B31.1
Whats Different in B31.1 1

Scope Organization of the Coe Flui Service Requirements Bases for Allowab
resses Material Requirements Pressure Design Requirements Valve Requirements Fab
rication an Installation Inspection, Examination an Testing
Whats Different in B31.1 BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
2

B31.1 Scope
Rules for this Coe Section have been evelope consiering the nees for applic
ations which inclue piping typically foun in electric power generating station
s, inustrial an institutional plants, geothermal heating systems an central a
n istrict heating an cooling systems. (100.1)
B31.1 Scope
Power piping systems as covere by this Coe apply to all piping an their compo
nent partsThey inclue but are not limite to

[100.1.2]
steam water oil gas air

Boiler External Piping (BEP)
Generally efine as piping between the boiler an the first block valve.
Boiler External Piping
Technical requirements are in accorance with B31.1 Aministrative requirements
are efine in ASME B&PV Coe Section I an inclue requirements for
B&PV Coe stamp Data reports Quality control Inspection
6

Organization of the Coe
I II III IV V VI Scope an Definitions Design Materials Dimensional Requirements
Fabrication, Assembly, an Erection Inspection, Examination an Testing
Appenices similar to B31.3 except
II Rules for Design of Safety Valve Installations IV Corrosion Control V Recomme
ne Practice for Operation, Maintenance an Moification VII Design of Restrain
e Unergroun Piping

B31.1 provies specific requirements for
Boiler External Piping (Steam, Feewater, Blowoff, Blowown an Drains)
Blowoff
an Blowown Piping (Non-BEP)
Instrument, Control an Sample Piping
Spray Type D
esuperheater Piping
Pressure Reucing Valves
Pressure Relief Piping

B31.1 provies specific requirements for
Piping for Flammable or Combustible Liquis Piping for Flammable Gases an Toxi
Fluis Piping for Corrosive Fluis Temporary Piping Steam Trap Piping Pump Suct
ion an Discharge Piping District Heating an Steam Distribution Systems
10

Flui Service Requirements
B31.1 oes not efine specific flui services, but oes have limitations for pip
ing systems hanling certain fluis Specific requirements for components an joi
nts are escribe in paras. 105-118.
Pipe Flui Service Requirements
Furnace butt wele pipe is not permitte for flammable, combustible or toxic fl
uis

Joint Flui Service Requirements
Socket weling size limite for BEP an toxic fluis Threae joints size limite
by temperature an pressure; example maximum pressure for NPS 3 joint is 400 p
si (2750 kPa) Pipe thinner than STD WT may not be threae Pipe shall be Sch 80
seamless for
Steam over 250 psi (1750 kPa)
Water over 100 psi (700 kPa) an 220F (105C) Whats Di
fferent in B31.1 - 13 BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
More Joint Flui Service Requirements
OD tubing compression an flare tubing limite to 2 in. (50 mm) Braze joint ma
y not be use for flammable or toxic fluis in fire hazar areas Solere joints
may not be use for flammable or toxic fluis Solere joints may not be use i
n piping subject to vibration
14
Whats Different in B31.1 -

Flange Joint Requirements
B31.1 has etaile requirements for flange joints. Requirements inclue:
Class 150 steel flanges bolte to Class 125 cast iron flanges are require to be
flat facegasket require to be full face
Bolting imensions for both US customa
ry an metric bolting Bolt material requirements as a function of flanges an ga
skets BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Bases for Design Stresses
Most Materials (materials other than gray iron, malleable iron an bolting) belo
w the creep range, the lowest of
the specifie minimum tensile strength ivie by 3.5
1/3 of tensile strength at
temperature 2/3 of specifie minimum yiel strength 2/3 of yiel strength at te
mperature; except for austenitic stainless steels an nickel alloys with similar
behavior, 90% of yiel strength at temperature BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

Bases for Design Stresses
ASTM A106 Grae B Carbon Steel (US Customary Units)
25.00
20.00 Allowable Stress (ksi) 2/3 Yiel 15.00 Ultimate / 3 Ultimate / 3.5 B31.3 A
llowable B31.1 Allowable 5.00
10.00
0.00 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Temperature (F)
B31.1 Material Requirements
Materials for BEP must meet ASME B&PV Coe requirements; unliste materials may
not be use Unliste materials may be use for OD tubing compression an flare
tube fittings Use at temperatures above maximum in stress tables generally not p
ermitte No rules for use at temperatures below -20F (-29C)

Pressure Design
The rules for pressure esign are essentially the same as for B31.3, but they ar
e not ientical. The two Section Committees are working to make the requirements
the same.
Design Pressure & Temperature
allowance for pressure an temperature variation: The Coe allows the esign pre
ssure to be set below the most severe coincient pressure an temperature for th
e following variations:
Can excee allowable by 20% for no more than 1 hr/event an no more than 80 hr/y
ear Can excee allowable by 15% for no more than 8 hr/event an nor more than 80
0 hr/year BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. 20
Whats Different in B31.1 -

Design Pressure & Temperature
allowance for pressure an temperature variation - conitions:
Except as limite by component stanars
Except as limite by manufacturers
No l
imitations on cast iron or other non-uctile components No limitations on yiel
strength No limitations on longituinal
No limitations with respect to test pres
sure
No permission from the owner require BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Valve Requirements
Stanar Valves Can be use within their pressure-temperature ratings an any a
itional limitations escribe in the Coe Nonstanar Valves Shall be of a esi
gn which the manufacturer recommens for the service

Valve Requirements
All Valves
must have blow-out proof stems
OS&Y require for NPS 3 an larger above
600 psi (4150 kPa)
screwe bonnets not permitte for steam above 250 psi (1750
kPa)
Fabrication an Installation
Weler & brazer qualification an bening & forming requirements are very simila
r but not ientical Preheating an heat treatment requirements are ifferent
B31.3 requires neither preheating or heat treatment for carbon steel with thickn
ess less than or equal to 3/4 in. (19.0 mm)
B31.1 requires preheating to 200F (95C
) or heat treatment for the same thickness range BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

Fabrication an Installation
Minimum socket wel size is 1.09 times nominal wall thickness versus B31.3 requi
rement for 1.25 time pressure esign thickness Flange faces are require to be f
itte so that gasket contact surfaces bear uniformly on the gasket Bolts must be
threae trough the nut
Inspection, Examination an Testing
Similar istinction between inspection an examination, but no specific owners ins
pector Authorize inspector require for boiler external piping, ASME B&PV Coe,
Section I B31.1 oes not inclue the concept of ranom with progressive examinat
ion either 100% or none

Examination is as require by Table 136.4:
Over 750F (400C) Visual plus For NPS 2, MP or LP For NPS > 2, 100% raiography Ove
r 1025 psig (70 bar) an 350 to 750F (175 to 400C) All Others Visual plus Visual o
nly For wall thickness (19 mm), 100% raiography
Visual examination is require for all wels with para. 136.4.2 acceptance crite
ria
No surface cracks No surface unercut <1/32 in. (1.0 mm) Limits on wel reinforc
ement No surface lack of fusion No incomplete penetrationapplies when insie surf
ace is reaily accessible
28

BEP requires hyrotest in accorance with ASME B&PV Coe, Section I Non BEP requ
ires hyrotest or, at the owners option, pneumatic, sensitive leak or initial ser
vice leak testing Lines open to the atmosphere o not require testing Joints mus
t be expose for examination uring leak testing, except that insulate systems
may be teste by flui loss over time metho BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
Pressure must be hel a minimum of 10 minutes, an then may be reuce to esign
pressure for leak examination perio Stress uring hyrotest is limite to 90%
SY, rather than 100% SY Hyrotest pressure is 1.5 times the esign pressureno tem
perature correction Pneumatic testing requires owners approval Pneumatic test pre
ssure is 1.2 to 1.5 times the esign pressure BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
ASME B31.3 PROCESS PIPING WORKSHOP SUPPLEMENT

CONTENTS PIPING SYSTEM STANDARDS HISTORY OF B31.3 CODE ORGANIZATION FLUID SERVIC
E CONTAINMENT SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS FLUID SERVICE WORKSHOP PIPE AND FITTING SEL
ECTION WORKSHOP PIPING COMPONENT STANDARDS FLANGE PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RATINGS P
IPE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES BRANCH CONNECTIONS CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED GASKE
T TYPES CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED BOLTING REQUIREMENTS FOR TOUGHNESS TESTS DES
IGN PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE WORKSHOP APPENDIX A ALLOWABLE STRESSES AND QUALITY
FACTORS CALCULATING REQUIRED PIPE WALL THICKNESS FOR STRAIGHT PIPE PIPE DIMENSIO
NS AND PROPERTIES PIPING MATERIAL SPECIFICATION WORKSHOP THERMAL EXPANSION COEFF
ICIENTS SPRING HANGER LOAD TABLE GUIDED CANTILEVER METHOD EXPANSION JOINT PRESSU
RE THRUST WORKSHOP TYPES OF EXAMINATION WELD ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 2 4 5 6 7 7 8 1
2 16 19 19 19 20 24 25 31 34 39 41 45 48 52 53 54
Page 1 Rev. 3/10/06

Page 2 Rev. 3/10/06
ASME B31 Piping System Stanars No. B31.1 Title Power Piping Typical Coverage p
iping typically foun in electric power generating stations, in inustrial an i
nstitutional plants, geothermal heating systems, an central an istrict heatin
g an cooling systems piping typically foun in petroleum refineries, chemical,
textile, paper, semiconuctor an cryogenic plants, an relate processing plant
s an terminals piping transporting proucts which are preominately liqui betw
een plants an terminals an within terminals, pumping, regulating an metering
stations piping for refrigerants an seconary coolants piping transporting pro
ucts which are preominately gas between sources an terminals, incluing compre
ssor, regulating, an metering stations; gas gathering pipelines piping typicall
y foun in inustrial, institutional, commercial, an public builings, an in m
ulti-unit resiences which oes not require the range of sizes, pressures, an t
emperatures covere in B31.1 piping transporting aqueous slurries between plants
an terminals an within terminals, pumping an regulating stations piping an
equipment for bioprocess applications, incluing requirements for sterility an
cleanability, surface finish, material joining an seals piping in pressure vess
els occupie by humans such as submersibles, iving bells, ecompression chamber
s, an hyperbaric chambers, in aition to the requirements for the PVHO piping
system requirements for high pressure systems not covere in B31.3 an equipment
requirements not covere the ASME B&PV Coe NB-3600 Class 1 Piping NC/ND-3600 C
lass 2/3 Piping (similar to B31.1) Coe Case N47 Class 1 components in elevate
temperature service
B31.3
Process Piping
B31.4
Liqui transportation Piping Refrigeration Piping Gas Transportation an Distrib
ution Piping Builing Services Piping Slurry Transportation Piping Bioprocessing
Equipment Pressure Vessels for Human Occupancy High Pressure Systems Nuclear Po
wer Plants
B31.5 B31.8
B31. 9
B31.11
BPE-1 PVHO-1
HPS B&PV Coe Section III
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Piping System Stanars (selecte) N
o. 13 14 15 16 24 54 58 59A Title Installation of Sprinkler Systems Installation
of Stanpipe, Private Hyrant, an Hose Systems Water Spray Fixe Systems for F
ire Protection Installation of Foam-Water Sprinkler an Foam-Water Spray Systems
Installation of Private Fire Service Mains an Their Appurtenances National Fue
l Gas Coe Liquefie Petroleum Gas Coe Prouction, Storage, an Hanling of Liq
uefie Natural Gas (LNG)

Page 3 Rev. 3/10/06
Canaian Stanars Association No. Z662 Title Oil an Gas Pipeline Systems
Compresse Gas Association (CGA) Piping System Stanars (selecte) No. G2.1 G4.
4 G5.4 Title Requirements for the Storage an Hanling of Anhyrous Ammonia (ANS
I K61.1) Inustrial Practices for Gaseous Oxygen Transmission an Distribution P
iping Systems Stanar for Hyrogen Piping Systems at Consumer Locations
Chlorine Institute Piping System Stanars (selecte) No. 006 060 094 163 Title
Piping Systems for Dry Chlorine Chlorine Pipelines Soium Hyroxie Solution an
Potassium Hyroxie Solution (Caustic): Storage Equipment an Piping Systems Hy
rochloric Aci Storage an Piping Systems

HISTORY OF B31.3
Page 4 Rev. 3/10/06
In 1926 the American Stanars Institute initiate Project B31 to evelop a pipi
ng coe. ASME was the sole aministrative sponsor. The fIrst publication of this
ocument, American Tentative Stanar coe for Pressure Piping, occurre in 193
5. From 1942 through 1955, the coe was publishe as the American Stanar Coe
for Pressure Piping, ASA B31.1. It was compose of separate sections for iffere
nt inustries. These sections were split off, starting in 1955 with the Gas Tran
smission an Distribution Piping Systems, ASA B31.8. ASA B31.3, Petroleum Refine
ry Piping Coe Section was first publishe in 1959. A number of separate section
s have been prepare, most of which have been publishe. The various section es
ignations follow. B31.1 Power Piping B31.2 Fuel Gas Piping (withrawn in 1988) B
31.3 Process Piping B31.4 Liqui Transportation Systems for Hyrocarbons, Liqui
Petroleum Gas, Anhyrous Ammonia, an Alcohols B31.5 Refrigeration Piping B31.6
Chemical Plant Piping (never publishe) B31.7 Nuclear Piping (move to B&PV Co
e Section III) B31.8 Gas Transmission an Distribution Piping Systems B31.9 Buil
ing Services Piping B31.10 Cryogenic Piping (never publishe) B31.11 Slurry Pip
ing B31.12 Hyrogen Piping (project starte in 2004) A raft of the section for
Chemical Plant Piping, B31.6, was complete in 1974. However, it was ecie to
merge this section into B31.3 because the two coe sections were closely relate
. A joint coe section, Chemical Plant an Petroleum Refinery Piping, was publis
he in 1976. It was at this time that items such as flui service categories suc
h as Category M, nonmetallic piping, an safeguaring were introuce into B31.3
. In 1980 the nonmetals portions of the B31.3 Coe were gathere an combine in
to one chapter, Chapter VII. A raft coe for Cryogenic Piping ha been prepare
by Section Committee B31.10 an was reay for approval in 1981. Again, since th
e coverage overlappe with B31.3, it was ecie to merge the Section Committees
an evelop a single inclusive Coe. This Coe was issue in 1984. In aition,
in 1984 another potentially separate coe was ae as new chapter to B31.3, Hi
gh Pressure Piping, Chapter IX. The resulting ocument is a Coe that is very br
oa in scope. It covers fluis as benign as water an as hazarous as mustar ga
s. It covers temperatures from cryogenic conitions to l500F an beyon. It cover
s pressures from vacuum an atmospheric to 50,000 psi an higher. Part of the ph
ilosophy of the Coe stems from this broa coverage. There is a great eal of re
sponsibility place with the Owner an latitue to use goo engineering. With re
spect to the initials that appear in front of B31.3, these have been ASA, ANSI a
n ASME. It is currently correct to refer to the Coe as ASME B31.3. The initial
esignation ASA referre to the American Stanars Association. This became the
Unite States of America Stanars Institute an then the American National Sta
nars Institute between 1967 an 1969. Thus, ASA was change to ANSI. In 1978,
the Stanars Committee was reorganize as a committee operating uner ASME proc
eures with ANSI accreitation. Therefore, the initials ASME now appear in front
of B31.3. These changes in acronyms have not change the B31.3 committee struct
ure or the Coe.

CODE ORGANIZATION Chapter I Chapter II Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 Part 5 Part 6
Chapter III Chapter IV Chapter V Chapter VI Chapter VII Chapter VIII Chapter IX
Appenices A B C D E F G H J K L M Q V X Z Scope an Definitions Design Coniti
ons an Criteria Pressure Design of Piping Components Flui Service Requirements
for Piping Components Flui Service Requirements for Piping Joints Flexibility
an Support Systems Materials Stanars an Piping Components Fabrication, Assem
bly, an Erection Inspection, Examination an Testing Nonmetallic Piping an Pip
ing Line with Nonmetals Piping for Category M Flui Service High Pressure Pipin
g Allowable Stresses an Quality Factors for Metallic Piping an Bolting Materia
ls Stress Tables an Allowable Pressure Tables for Nonmetals Physical Properties
of Piping Materials Flexibility an Stress Intensification Factors Reference St
anars Precautionary Consierations Safeguaring Sample Calculations for Branch
Reinforcement Nomenclature Allowable Stress for High Pressure Piping Aluminum A
lloy Pipe Flanges Guie to Classifying Flui Services Quality System Program All
owable Variations in Elevate Temperature Service Metallic Bellows Expansion Joi
nts Preparation of Technical Inquiries
Page 5 Rev. 3/10/06

ASME B31.3 FLUID SERVICE CONTAINMENT SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS B31.3 Flui Service
Category D [Utility] B31.3 Definition Category D flui Service: a flui service
in which all of the following apply: 1) the flui hanle is nonflammable, nonto
xic, an not amaging to human tissues 2) the esign gage pressure oes not excee
1035 kPa (150 psi), an 3) the esign temperature is from -29C (-20F) to 186C (36
6F). Normal Flui Service: a flui service pertaining to most piping covere by t
his Coe, i.e., not subject to the rules of Category D, Category M or High Press
ure Flui Service. High Pressure Flui Service: a flui service for which the ow
ner specifies the use of Chapter IX for piping esign an construction. Category
M Flui Service: a flui service in which the potential for personnel exposure
is juge to be significant an in which a single exposure to a very small quant
ity of a toxic flui, cause by leakage, can prouce serious irreversible harm t
o persons on breathing or boily contact, even when prompt restorative measures
are taken.
Page 6 Rev. 3/10/06
Containment System Characteristics Lowest cost Usually not fire resistant Usuall
y not blow-out resistant
Normal [Process]
Moerate cost May be fire resistant or not May be blow-out resistant or not High
cost Usually fire resistant Usually blow-out resistant High cost Usually fire r
esistant Usually blow-out resistant
High Pressure
Category M [Lethal]

ASME B31.3 FLUID SERVICE WORKSHOP For the flui services escribe, what B31.3 f
lui service efinition is most nearly applicable? B31.3 Flui Service Flui Ser
vice Steam conensate piping NPS - 8. Downstream of an atmospheric flash tank, s
o maximum temperature is 212F (100C). Maximum pressure is 90 psig (6 bar). Dry chl
orine liqui, NPS - 4. Chlorine rail car to vaporizer. Relief pressure is 710 ps
ig (49 bar) an temperatures range from -29F to 140F (-34C to 60C). Some stuies in
icate that there may be some human fatalities resulting from a 30-min exposure t
o 50 ppm an higher concentrations. 96% sulfuric aci, NPS - 4. Type 316 stainle
ss steel is require for line velocities greater than 3 ft/sec (1 m/sec), otherw
ise carbon steel is acceptable. Fluoropolymer line steel is acceptable. Tempera
ture is ambient, maximum pressure is 120 psig (8 bar). Gasoline, NPS - 8. Temper
ature is ambient, max. pressure is 60 psig (4 bar). 650 psig (45 bar) steam supe
rheate to 735F (390C), NPS - 16. Relief pressure is 725 psig (50 bar). Therminol
66 heat transfer oil, NPS - 6. Max. temperature is 560F (295C), max. pressure is 1
20 psig (8 bar). Styrene monomer, NPS - 12. Ambient temperature, max. pressure i
s 105 psig (7 bar). Flammable. Polymerizes when left stagnant at ambient tempera
ture for long perios of time. Lime/water slurry, NPS to 4. Ambient temperature,
maximum pressure is 140 psig (9.5 bar).
Page 7 Rev. 3/10/06
PIPE AND FITTING SELECTION WORKSHOP For the flui services escribe, what pipin
g system attributes an components woul you select? Fire Resistant? Blow-out Re
sistant? Material of Construction Pressure Class Th, SW or BW NPS < 2?

ASME B16 Piping Component Stanars No. Title B16.1 B16.3 B16.4 B16.5 B16.9 B16.
10 B16.11 B16.12 B16.14 B16.15 B16.18 B16.20 B16.21 B16.22 *B16.23 B16.24 B16.25
B16.26 *B16.29 *B16.32 *B16.33 B16.34 B16.36 *B16.38 B16.39 *B16.40 *B16.41 B16
.42 *B16.44 *B16.45 B16.47 B16.48 *B16.49 *B16.50 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges an Fla
nge Fittings Malleable Iron Threae Fittings Gray Iron Threae Fittings Pipe
Flanges an Flange Fittings Factory-Mae Wrought Steel Buttweling Fittings Fac
e-to-Face an En-to-En Dimensions of Valves Forge Fittings, Socket Weling an
Threae Cast Iron Threae Drainage Fittings Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings an
Locknuts with Pipe Threas Cast Bronze Threae Fittings Cast Copper Alloy Sol
er Joint Pressure Fittings Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges Ring Joint, Spiral
Woun an Jackete Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges Wrought Copper an
Copper Alloy Soler Joint Pressure Fittings Cast Copper Alloy Soler Joint Drain
age Fittings DWV Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges an Flange Fittings Buttweling
Ens Cast Copper Alloy fittings for Flare Copper Tube Wrought Copper an Wroug
ht Copper Alloy Soler Joint Drainage Fittings DWV Cast Copper Alloy Soler Join
t Fittings for Sovent Drainage Systems Manually Operate Metallic Gas Valves or
Use in Gas Piping Systems up to 125 psig Valves Flange, Threae an Weling En
Orifice Flanges Large Metallic Valves for Gas Distribution Malleable Iron Thre
ae Pipe Unions Manually Operate Thermoplastic Gas Shutoffs an Valves in Gas
Distribution
Page 8 Rev. 3/10/06
Functional Qualification Requirement for Power Operate Active Valve Assemblies
for Nuclear Power Plants Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges an Flange Fittings Manually
Operate Metallic Gas Valves for Use in House Piping Systems Cast Iron Fittings
for Sovent Drainage Systems Large Diameter Steel Flanges Steel Line Blanks Fact
ory-Mae Wrought Steel Buttweling Inuction Bens for Transportation an Distri
bution Systems Wrought Copper an Copper Alloy Braze-Joint Pressure Fittings
*B16.51 Cast an Wrought Copper an Copper Alloy Press-Connect Pressure Fittings
(raft) * Not liste in ASME B31.3

Page 9 Rev. 3/10/06
MSS (Manufacturers Stanarization Society of the Valve an Fittings Inustry) P
iping Component Stanars No. Title SP-42 SP-43 SP-44 SP-51 SP-58 *SP-60 SP-65 *
SP-67 *SP-68 *SP-69 SP-70 SP-71 SP-72 SP-75 *SP-78 SP-79 SP-80 SP-81 SP-83 SP-85
*SP-87 SP-88 SP-95 SP-97 *SP-99 *SP-103 *SP-104 SP-105 *SP-106 *SP-107 *SP-108
*SP-109 *SP-110 *SP-111 *SP-114 *SP-115 *SP-116 *SP-118 Class 150 Corrosion Resi
stant Gate, Globe, Angle, Check Valves with Flange, Butt Wel Ens Wrought Stai
nless Steel Butt-Weling Fittings Steel Pipeline Flanges Class 150LW Corrosion R
esistant Cast Flange Fittings Pipe Hangers an Supports -- Materials, Design an
Manufacture Connecting Flange Joint Between Tapping Sleeves an Tapping Valves
High Pressure Chemical Inustry Flanges an Threae Stubs for Use with Lens Ga
skets Butterfly Valves High Pressure-Offset Seat Butterfly Valves Pipe Hangers a
n Supports -- Selection an Application Cast Iron Gate Valves, Flange an Thre
ae Ens Cast Iron Swing Check valves, Flange an Threae Ens Ball Valves wi
th Flange or Butt-Weling Ens for General Service Specification for High Test
Wrought Butt Weling Fittings Cast Iron Plug Valves, Flange an Threae Ens S
ocket-Weling Reucer Inserts Bronze Gate, Globe, Angle an Check Valves Stainle
ss Steel, Bonnetless, Flange, Knife Gate Valves Class 3000 Steel Pipe Unions, S
ocket-Weling an Threae Cast Iron Globe & Angle Valves, Flange an Threae
Ens Factory-Mae Butt-Weling Fittings for Call 1 Nuclear Piping Applications D
iaphragm Type Valves Swage() Nipples an Bull Plugs Integrally Reinforce Forge
Branch Outley Fittings Instrument Valves Wrought Copper an Copper Alloy Inser
t Fittings for Polybutylene Systems Wrought Copper Soler Joint Pressure Fitting
s Instrument Valves for Coe Applications Cast Copper Alloy Flanges an Flange
Fittings, Class 125, 150 an 300 Transition Union Fittings for Joining Metal an
Plastic Proucts Resilient-Seate Cast Iron-Eccentric Plug Valves Wele Fabric
ate Copper Soler Joint Pressure Fittings Ball Valves Threae, Socket-Weling,
Soler Joint, Groove an Flare Ens Gray-Iron an Ductile-Iron Tapping Sleeve
s Corrosion Resistant Pipe Fittings Threae an Socket Weling, Class 150 an 1
000 Excess Flow Valves for Natural Gas Service Service Line Valves an Fittings
for Drinking Water Systems Compact Steel Globe & Check Valves -- Flange, Flange
less, Threae an Weling Ens

Page 10 Rev. 3/10/06
No. SP-119 *SP-122 *SP-123 *SP-124 *SP-125
Title Belle En Socket Weling Fittings, Stainless Steel an Copper Nickel Plas
tic Inustrial Ball Valves Non-Ferrous Threae an Soler-Joint Unions for Use
With Copper Water Tube Fabricate Tapping Sleeves Gray Iron an Ductile Iron InLine, Spring-Loae, Center-Guie Check Valves
*SP-127 Bracing for Piping Systems Seismic-Win-Dynamic Design, Selection, Appli
cation * Not liste in ASME B31.3 API Piping Component Stanars (selecte) No.
Title 5L *6D 594 599 600 602 603 608 Line Pipe Pipeline Valves (Gate, Plug, Ball
, an Check Valves) Check Valves: Wafer, Wafer-lug an Double Flange Type Metal
Plug Valves Flange an Weling Ens Bolte Bonnet Steel Gate Valves for Petrol
eum an Natural Gas Inustries Moifie National Aoption of ISO 10434 Compact S
teel Gate Valves Flange, Threae, Weling, an Extene Boy Ens Corrosion-Re
sistant, Bolte Bonnet Gate Valves--Flange an Butt-Weling Ens Metal Ball Val
ves Flange, Threae an Butt-Weling Ens
609 Butterfly Valves: Double Flange, Lug- an Wafer-Type * Not liste in ASME B
31.3 ASTM Piping Component Stanars (selecte) No. Title A53 A106 A234 A312 A33
3 A403 B75 B88 B165 B167 B241 B280 B337 B361 B366 B658 C599 D1785 Pipe, Steel, B
lack an Hot-Dippe, Zinc Coate, Wele an Seamless Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe
for High-Temperature Service Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel an Alloy
Steel for Moerate an Elevate Temperature Seamless an Wele Austenitic Stain
less Steel Pipe Seamless an Wele Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature Service Wroug
ht Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings Seamless Copper Tube Seamless Copp
er Water Tube Nickel-Copper Alloy (UNS N04400) Seamless Pipe an Tube Nickel-Chr
omium-Iron Alloy (UNS N06600-N06690) Seamless Pipe an Tube Aluminum-Alloy Seaml
ess Pipe an Seamless Extrue Tube Seamless Copper Tube for Air Conitioning an
Refrigeration Flui Service Seamless an Wele Titanium an Titanium Alloy Pi
pe Factory-Mae Wrought Aluminum an Aluminum-Alloy Weling Fittings Factory-Ma
e Wrought Nickel an Nickel-Alloy Weling Fittings Zirconium an Zirconium Alloy
Seamless an Wele Pipe Process Glass Pipe an Fittings PVC Plastic Pipe

Page 11 Rev. 3/10/06
No. D2282 D2464 D2468 D2517 D2846 D3261 D5421 F423 F492
Title ABS Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR) Threae PVC Plastic Pipe Fittings, Sch 80 Socke
t-Type ABS Plastic Pipe Fittings, Sch 40 Reinforce Epoxy Resin Gas Pressure Pip
e an Fittings CPVC Plastic Hot an Col Water Distribution Systems Butt Heat Fu
sion PE Plastic Fittings for PE Plastic Pipe an Tubing Contact Mole Fiberglas
s RTR Flanges PTFE Plastic-Line Ferrous Metal Pipe an Fittings Polypropylene a
n PP Plastic-Line Ferrous Metal Pipe an Fittings
AWWA Piping Component Stanars (selecte) No. Title *C104 C110 C115 C151 *C153
C300 C302 *C501 *C502 *C503 C504 *C507 *C508 *C509 *C510 *C511 C900 Cement-Morta
r Lining for Ductile-Iron Pipe an Fittings for Water Ductile-Iron an Gray-Iron
Fittings, 3 In.-48 In. (76 mm-1,219 mm), for Water Flange Ductile-Iron Pipe wi
th Ductile-Iron or Gray-Iron Threae Flanges Ductile-Iron Pipe, Centrifugally C
ast, for Water Ductile-Iron Compact Fittings for Water Service Reinforce Concre
te Pressure Pipe, Steel Cyliner Type, for Water an Other Liquis Reinforce Co
ncrete Pressure Pipe, Noncyliner Type, for Water an Other Liquis Cast-Iron Sl
uice Gates Dry-Barrel Fire Hyrants Wet-Barrel Fire Hyrants Rubber-Seate Butte
rfly Valves Ball Valves, 6 In. Through 48 In. (150 mm Through 1,200 mm) Swing-Ch
eck Valves for Waterworks Service, 2 In. (50 mm) Through 24 In.( 600 mm) NPS Res
ilient-Seate Gate Valves for Water Supply Service Double Check Valve Backflow P
revention Assembly Reuce-Pressure Principle Backflow Prevention Assembly PVC P
ressure Pipe, 4-inch through 12-inch, for Water
C950 Glass-Fiber-Reinforce Thermosetting Resin Pressure Pipe * Not liste in AS
ME B31.3 Canaian Stanars Association No. Title *Z245.1 *Z245.6 *Z245.11 *Z245
.12 Steel Pipe Coile Aluminum Line Pipe an Accessories Steel Fittings Steel Fl
anges
*Z245.15 Steel Valves * Not liste in ASME B31.3

ASME B16.5 Flange Ratings - Carbon Steel (US Customary Units - psi)
7000 6000
Page 12 Rev. 3/10/06
Pressure (psig)
5000 4000 3000 2000
1000 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Temperature (F)
Temp (F) min to 100 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
Class 150 285 260 230 200 170 140 125 110 95 80 65 50 35 20
Class 300 740 680 655 635 605 570 550 530 505 410 320 230 135 85
Class 600 1480 1360 1310 1265 1205 1135 1100 1060 1015 825 640 460 275 170
Class 900 2220 2035 1965 1900 1810 1705 1650 1590 1520 1235 955 690 410 255
Class 1500 3705 3395 3270 3170 3015 2840 2745 2655 2535 2055 1595 1150 685 430
Class 2500 6170 5655 5450 5280 5025 4730 4575 4425 4230 3430 2655 1915 1145 715

ASME B16.5 Flange Ratings - Carbon Steel (Metric Units - bar)
Page 13 Rev. 3/10/06
450 400 350
Pressure (barg)
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature (C)
Temp (C) min to 38 50 100 150 200 250 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 538
Class 150 19.6 19.2 17.7 15.8 13.8 12.1 10.2 9.3 8.4 7.4 6.5 5.5 4.6 3.7 2.8 1.4
Class 300 51.1 50.1 46.6 45.1 43.8 41.9 39.8 38.7 37.6 36.4 34.7 28.8 23.0 17.4
11.8 5.9
Class 600 102.1 100.2 93.2 90.2 87.6 83.9 79.6 77.4 75.1 72.7 69.4 57.5 46.0 34.
9 23.5 11.8
Class 900 153.2 150.4 139.8 135.2 131.4 125.8 119.5 116.1 112.7 109.1 104.2 86.3
69.0 52.3 35.3 17.7
Class 1500 255.3 250.6 233.0 225.4 219.0 209.7 199.1 193.6 187.8 181.8 173.6 143
.8 115.0 87.2 58.8 29.5
Class 2500 425.5 417.7 388.3 375.6 365.0 349.5 331.8 322.6 313.0 303.1 289.3 239
.7 191.7 145.3 97.9 49.2

Page 14 Rev. 3/10/06
ASME B16.5 Flange Ratings Type 316 Stainless Steel (US Customary Units - psi)
6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Temperature (F)
Temp (F) min to 100 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 11
00 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 Class 150 275 235 215 195 170 140 125
110 95 80 65 50 35 20 Class 300 720 620 560 515 480 450 440 435 425 420 420 415
385 365 360 305 235 185 145 115 95 75 60 40 Class 600 1440 1240 1120 1025 955 9
00 885 870 855 845 835 830 775 725 720 610 475 370 295 235 190 150 115 85 Class
900 2160 1860 1680 1540 1435 1355 1325 1305 1280 1265 1255 1245 1160 1090 1080 9
15 710 555 440 350 290 225 175 125 Class 1500 3600 3095 2795 2570 2390 2255 2210
2170 2135 2110 2090 2075 1930 1820 1800 1525 1185 925 735 585 480 380 290 205 C
lass 2500 6000 5160 4660 4280 3980 3760 3680 3620 3560 3520 3480 3460 3220 3030
3000 2545 1970 1545 1230 970 800 630 485 345
Class Class Class Class Class Class
150 300 600 900 1500 2500
Pressure (psig)

ASME B16.5 Flange Ratings Type 316 Stainless Steel (Metric Units - bar)
Page 15 Rev. 3/10/06
450.0 400.0 350.0
Pressure (barg)
300.0 250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0 0 200 400 600 800
Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5 Series6
Temperature (C)
Class 300 49.6 48.1 42.2 38.5 35.7 33.4 31.6 30.9 30.3 29.9 29.4 29.1 28.8 28.7
28.2 25.2 25.0 24.0 19.9 15.8 12.7 10.3 8.4 7.0 5.9 4.6 3.5 2.8 Class 600 99.3 9
6.2 84.4 77.0 71.3 66.8 63.2 61.8 60.7 59.8 58.9 58.3 57.7 57.3 56.5 50.0 49.8 4
7.9 39.8 31.6 25.3 20.6 16.8 14.0 11.7 9.0 7.0 5.9
Temp (C) 38 50 100 150 200 250 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 538 550 575 6
00 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 816
Class 150 19.0 18.4 16.2 14.8 13.7 12.1 10.2 9.3 8.4 7.4 6.5 5.5 4.6 3.7 2.8 1.4
Class 900 148.9 144.3 126.6 115.5 107.0 100.1 94.9 92.7 91.0 89.6 88.3 87.4 86.5
86.0 84.7 75.2 74.8 71.8 59.7 47.4 38.0 31.0 25.1 21.0 17.6 13.7 10.5 8.6
Class 1500 248.2 240.6 211.0 192.5 178.3 166.9 158.1 154.4 151.6 149.4 147.2 145
.7 144.2 143.4 140.9 125.5 124.9 119.7 99.5 79.1 63.3 51.6 41.9 34.9 29.3 22.8 1
7.4 14.1
Class 2500 413.7 400.9 351.6 320.8 297.2 278.1 263.5 257.4 252.7 249.0 245.3 242
.9 240.4 238.9 235.0 208.9 208.0 199.5 165.9 131.8 105.5 86.0 69.8 58.2 48.9 38.
0 29.2 23.8

Page 16 Rev. 3/10/06
SEAMLESS MANUFACTURING PROCESS AT USS TUBULAR #3 MILL - 10.75" TO 26" O.D. (http
://www.usstubular.com/facilities/splplo.htm)
Moern 6-Stran Caster Lorain s 6-stran continuous caster incorporates the late
st steel processing technology. This unit is capable of proucing more than 600.
000 annual tons [550,000 metric tons] of high quality rouns for superior seamle
ss tubular proucts. These rouns are conitione, as require, after visual ins
pection.
Rotary Billet Heating The billets are now brought to the proper temperature for
piercing by heating them in a rotary hearth furnace.
Rotary Piercing Mill (RPM) The billet is grippe by the rolls, which rotate an
avance it over the piercer point, forming a hole through its length. Large size
s go through a secon piercing mill.
Secon Piercer (Elongator) This piercing operation further increases the iamete
r an length an ecreases the wall thickness.
Reheating Furnace Before further working, the pierce billets are again brought
to forging temperature in the reheat furnace.
Plug Rolling Mill In this operation the pierce billet is rolle over a plug to
reuce the iameter an wall thickness an to increase the length.
Reheating Furnace Shells must again be heate to forging temperatures for furthe
r working.
Rotary Expaning Mill For pipe NPS 16 an over, the iameter is enlarge an the
wall thickness reuce to approximate finishe imensions in the rotary mill.
Reeling Mill The rolls of the reeling mill grip the pipe an avance it over a m
anrel, burnishing both the insie an outsie surfaces of the pipe.
Reheating Furnace The purpose of reheating at this stage is to obtain uniformity
of temperature for sizing.
Sizing Mill The pipe, reheate if necessary, passes through a series of rolls wh
ere it is forme into a true roun, an size to the exact require iameter.
Cooling Table After sizing, the pipe is allowe to cool on a slowly moving conve
yer table.

Page 17 Rev. 3/10/06
Rotary Straightener Here the pipe is brought to the require straightness. The "
crop ens" of stanar seamless are then cut off before en beveling.
NDT Inspection At this station pipe is electromagnetically inspecte to etect b
oy wall imperfections.
Facing an Beveling An expaning arbor hols the pipe in line while a revolving
hea faces an bevels the en of the pipe.
Hyrostatic Testing The finishe pipe is visually inspecte an is subjecte to
a hyrostatic test as a strength an leak check before shipping.
Final Inspection A final visual inspection is given the pipe prior to stenciling
, loaing an shipping. ELECTRIC RESISTANCE WELD (ERW) MANUFACTURING PROCESS AT
USS TUBULAR- 8.625" TO 20" O.D. (http://www.usstubular.com/facilities/erw.htm)
Coil Fee Ramp Coils are remove from storage an place on a fee ramp. Here ea
ch coil is positione on the center line of the mill an fe into the uncoiling
unit. The leaing ege fees into the pinch rolls preceing the flattener. An el
ectrically operate shear cuts off the en of each coil so that the coils can be
wele together to form a continuous strip.
First Forming Section The first forming section, compose of breakown strans,
begins the transformation of the strip from flat steel to a roun pipe section.
The roll transition section receives the prouct from the first forming section
an continues the "rouningup" process.
Fin Pass Section The section of the forming rolls finishes the rouning process
an contours the eges of the strip for weling.
High Frequency Weler The High Frequency Weler heats the eges of the strip to
approximately 2600F [1400C] at the fusion point location. Pressure rolls then sque
eze the heate eges together to form a fusion wel.

Page 18 Rev. 3/10/06
In-Process Wel NonDestructive Inspection After weling, the wel is inspecte b
y inepenent non-estructive inspection units.
Seam Normalizer Here the wel area is subjecte to the proper post-wel treatmen
t as metallurgically require to remove weling stresses an prouce a uniform n
ormalize grain structure.
Sizing Mill Here the pipe passes through the sizing mill with iler sie-closing
rolls between the strans. This process sizes the pipe to proper outsie iamet
er an straightens the pipe at the same time.
Flying Cut-Off As the continuous length moves own the mill, the flying cut-off
cuts a esignate length of pipe without interrupting continuous prouct flow of
the mill.
Hyrostatic Testing Each length of pipe is subjecte to a hyrostatic test as a
strength an leak check.
Straightening Any bow in the pipe is now remove by a series of horizontal efle
ction rolls.
Non-Destructive Inspection The pipe now enters the finishing floor where the wel
is ultrasonically inspecte an the pipe boy is examine by electromagnetic m
eans.
Cut-Off Facilities This facility provies test barrels as require an cuts out
efects etecte by nonestructive inspection.
Facing an Beveling Carbie tools cut the esire en finish on the pipe.
Final Inspection A final visual inspection is given the pipe prior to computeriz
e weighing an measuring in preparation for stenciling, loaing an shipping.

BRANCH CONNECTIONS Tee Unreinforce Fabricate Tee Reinforce Fabricate Tee
Page 19 Rev. 3/10/06
Branch Connection Fitting
Stress Intensification Factor (NPS 8 STD WT heaer) Effective examination metho
s
2.3
4.9
2.5
2.2
Raiographic Visual
Visual
Visual
Visual
CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED GASKET TYPES Approximate Max Temp Gasket Chemical Fi
re Type Resistance Resistance F C Rubber Reinforce Rubber PTFE Flexible Graphite
Kammprofile Spiral Woun Ring Joint OK for most OK for most OK for almost all OK
for almost all Both metal & sealing material have to be OK Both metal wining &
filler have to be OK Metal has to be OK 200 325 350 900 (625) 1500 1500 1500 95
160 180 480 (330) 820 820 820 No No No Yes Depens on sealing material Depens
on filler Yes
Blow-out Resistance No No No No, unless thicker metal insert Yes Yes Yes
Leak Performance Best Fair Goo Goo Goo Goo Goo
Strength of Bolting Require Low Low Low Meium Meium Meium to High High
CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED BOLTING Material Low Strength Meium Strength Carbon
Steel Low Alloy Steel Stainless Steel A307 SAE Gr 1 SAE Gr 5 SAE Gr 5 A193 Gr B
8 304 SS A193 Gr B8M 316 SS
High Strength
A193 Gr B7M, harness controlle A193 Gr B8 Cl 2 304 SS A193 Gr B8M Cl2 316 SS
A193 Gr B7 A193 Gr B16, high temperature A320 Gr L7, low temperature

Page 20 Rev. 3/10/06
See notes on the next page.

Page 21 Rev. 3/10/06

Page 22 Rev. 3/10/06

Page 23 Rev. 3/10/06

DESIGN PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE WORKSHOP Problem 1: Ambient temperature styrene
monomer is pumpe from a holing tank to a reactor. The normal ischarge pressur
e is 390 psi (27 bar), an the pressure switch shuts off the positive isplaceme
nt pump when the pressure reaches 630 psi (43 bar). The material of construction
for the line is carbon steel. The piping is capable of 740 psi (51.1 bar). o Wh
at shoul the esign pressure be? o What shoul the esign temperature be? o Wha
t shoul the relief valve setting be?
Page 24 Rev. 3/10/06
Pressure switch shuts off pump at 630 psi (43 bar)
PS
Problem 2: If the line in problem 1 is steam cleane with 50 psi (3.5 bar) steam
superheate to 735F (390C) o What shoul the esign pressure be? o What shoul th
e esign temperature be? o What shoul the relief valve setting be?
Problem 3: Styrene monomer at ambient temperature on outoor pipe rack. The maxi
mum operating pressure is 95 psig. The piping is capable of 275 psi (19.6 bar).
o What shoul the esign pressure be? o What shoul the esign temperature be? o
What shoul the relief valve setting be?

B31.3 Appenix A Allowable Stresses: Carbon Steel Example (1 of 2)
Page 25 Rev. 3/10/06

B31.3 Appenix A Allowable Stresses: Carbon Steel Example (2 of 2)
Page 26 Rev. 3/10/06

B31.3 Appenix A Allowable Stresses: Stainless Steel Example (1 of 2)
Page 27 Rev. 3/10/06

B31.3 Appenix A Allowable Stresses: Stainless Steel Example (2 of 2)
Page 28 Rev. 3/10/06

B31.3 Appenix A Quality Factors Example (1 of 2)
Page 29 Rev. 3/10/06

B31.3 Appenix A Quality Factors Example (2 of 2)
Page 30 Rev. 3/10/06

CALCULATING REQUIRED WALL THICKNESS FOR STRAIGHT PIPE t Where: t = P = D = S = E
= W= PD = 2 (SEW + PY)
Page 31 Rev. 3/10/06
pressure esign thickness internal esign gauge pressure outsie iameter of pip
e allowable stress value for material from piping coe at the esign temperature
longituinal wel joint quality factor from piping coe (next page) wel joint
strength reuction factor = 1.0 for all materials 950F (510C) an cooler Y = coeff
icient. See the next page. The following values generally apply: = 0.4 for ucti
le metals 900F (482C) an cooler = 0.0 for cast iron
The minimum nominal new thickness require is the sum of: pressure esign thickn
ess (t) + manufacturing tolerance (ASTM A53 allows plus or minus 12.5%) + corros
ion (or erosion) allowance + threaing allowance STRAIGHT PIPE WALL THICKNESS WO
RKSHOP 1. What is the require nominal pipe wall thickness for NPS 1 an NPS 8 f
or the following case? Styrene monomer service ASTM A53 Gr B ERW carbon steel pi
pe Design pressure an temperature from Problems 1 an 2, page 25 S = 20,000 psi
(138 MPa) - verify Corrosion allowance = 1/8 (3.2 mm) Socket weling thru NPS 1 B
uttweling NPS 2 an larger
2. If the construction was threaing instea of socket weling NPS through 1, wha
t woul the wall thickness have to be for NPS 1? [See iscussion on Threae Joi
nt Flui Service Requirements in Section 2 an para. 314.]

VALUES OF COEFFICIENT Y
Page 32 Rev. 3/10/06
When the pressure esign thickness is less than 1/6 of the pipe outsie iameter
, the following values apply: 900F 950F 1000F 1050F 1100F 1150F 482C 510C 538C 56
erritic Steels 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Austenitic Steels 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7
Other Ductile Metals0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Cast Iron 0.0 ----------The factor
Y increases with increasing temperature. At elevate temperatures, when creep ef
fects become significant, creep leas to a more even istribution of stress acro
ss the pipe wall thickness. The larger factor Y leas to a ecrease in the calcu
late wall thickness for the same allowable stress. When the pressure esign thi
ckness is greater than or equal to 1/6 of the pipe outsie iameter, the followi
ng equation applies:
Y=
Where: = D= c=
+ 2c D + + 2c
insie iameter of the pipe outsie iameter of the pipe corrosion (or erosion)
allowance plus threaing allowance

Page 33 Rev. 3/10/06

PIPE DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES IN US CUSTOMARY UNITS Weight Wall Insie of Steel
Weight Thickness, Diameter, Pipe, of Water, Scheule lbm/ft in. in. lbm/ft 40 0
.068 0.269 0.244 0.025 80 0.095 0.215 0.314 0.016 40 0.088 0.364 0.424 0.045 80
0.119 0.302 0.534 0.031 40 0.091 0.493 0.567 0.083 80 0.126 0.423 0.738 0.061 10
S 0.083 0.674 0.670 0.155 40 0.109 0.622 0.850 0.132 80 0.147 0.546 1.09 0.101 1
60 0.188 0.464 1.31 0.073 0.294 0.252 1.71 0.022 10S 0.083 0.884 0.856 0.266 40
0.113 0.824 1.13 0.231 80 0.154 0.742 1.47 0.187 160 0.219 0.612 1.94 0.127 0.30
8 0.434 2.44 0.064 10S 0.109 1.097 1.40 0.410 40 0.133 1.049 1.68 0.375 80 0.178
0.959 2.16 0.313 160 0.250 0.815 2.84 0.226 0.358 0.599 3.66 0.122 10S 0.109 1.
442 1.80 0.708 40 0.140 1.380 2.27 0.648 80 0.191 1.278 2.99 0.556 160 0.250 1.1
60 3.76 0.458 0.382 0.896 5.21 0.273 10S 0.109 1.682 2.08 0.963 40 0.145 1.610 2
.71 0.882 80 0.200 1.500 3.63 0.766 160 0.281 1.338 4.85 0.609 0.400 1.100 6.40
0.412 10S 0.109 2.157 2.64 1.58 40 0.154 2.067 3.65 1.45 80 0.218 1.939 5.02 1.2
8 160 0.344 1.687 7.45 0.969 0.436 1.503 9.02 0.769 10S 0.120 2.635 3.53 2.36 40
0.203 2.469 5.79 2.07 80 0.276 2.323 7.65 1.84 160 0.375 2.125 10.0 1.54 0.552
1.771 13.7 1.07 5S 0.083 3.334 3.03 3.78 10S 0.120 3.260 4.33 3.62 40 0.216 3.06
8 7.57 3.20 80 0.300 2.900 10.2 2.86 160 0.438 2.624 14.3 2.34
Page 34 Rev. 3/10/06
NPS 1/8 1/4 3/8
OD, in. 0.405 0.540 0.675
1/2
0.840
3/4
1.050
1
1.315
1-1/4
1.660
1-1/2
1.900
2
2.375
2-1/2
2.875
3
3.500
ID STD XS STD XS STD XS STD XS XXS STD XS XXS STD XS XXS STD XS XXS STD XS XXS S
TD XS XXS STD XS XXS STD XS -
Moment of Section Inertia, Moulus, in4 in3 0.0011 0.0053 0.0012 0.0060 0.0033 0
.0123 0.0038 0.0139 0.0073 0.0216 0.0086 0.0255 0.0143 0.0341 0.0171 0.0407 0.02
01 0.0478 0.0222 0.0528 0.0242 0.0577 0.0297 0.0566 0.0370 0.0705 0.0448 0.0853
0.0528 0.101 0.0579 0.110 0.0757 0.115 0.0873 0.133 0.105 0.160 0.125 0.190 0.14
0 0.214 0.160 0.193 0.195 0.235 0.242 0.291 0.284 0.342 0.341 0.411 0.247 0.260
0.310 0.326 0.391 0.412 0.482 0.508 0.568 0.598 0.499 0.420 0.666 0.561 0.868 0.
731 1.16 0.980 1.31 1.10 0.987 0.687 1.53 1.06 1.92 1.34 2.35 1.64 2.87 2.00 1.3
0 0.744 1.82 1.04 3.02 1.72 3.89 2.23 5.04 2.88

Page 35 Rev. 3/10/06
NPS
OD, in.
4
4.500
6
6.625
8
8.625
10
10.750
12
12.750
14
14.000
16
16.000
18
18.000
20
20.000
22
22.000
ID XXS STD XS STD XS STD XS STD XS STD XS STD XS STD XS STD XS STD XS Weight Moment Wall Insie of Steel Weight of Section Thickness, Diameter, Pipe,
of Water, Inertia, Moulus, Scheule in. in. lbm/ft lbm/ft in4 in3 0.600 2.300 1
8.6 1.80 5.99 3.42 5S 0.083 4.334 3.91 6.39 2.81 1.25 10S 0.120 4.260 5.61 6.18
3.96 1.76 40 0.237 4.026 10.8 5.52 7.23 3.21 80 0.337 3.826 15.0 4.98 9.61 4.27
5S 0.109 6.407 7.58 14.0 11.8 3.58 10S 0.134 6.357 9.28 13.8 14.4 4.35 40 0.280
6.065 19.0 12.5 28.1 8.50 80 0.432 5.761 28.5 11.3 40.5 12.2 5S 0.109 8.407 9.90
24.1 26.4 6.13 10S 0.148 8.329 13.4 23.6 35.4 8.21 40 0.322 7.981 28.5 21.7 72.
5 16.8 80 0.500 7.625 43.3 19.8 105.7 24.5 5S 0.134 10.482 15.2 37.4 63.0 11.7 1
0S 0.165 10.420 18.6 37.0 76.9 14.3 40 0.365 10.020 40.4 34.2 161 29.9 0.500 9.7
50 54.7 32.4 212 39.4 80 0.594 9.562 64.4 31.1 245 45.6 5S 0.156 12.438 21.0 52.
7 122 19.2 10S 0.180 12.390 24.1 52.2 140 22.0 0.375 12.000 49.5 49.0 279 43.8 4
0 0.406 11.938 53.5 48.5 300 47.1 0.500 11.750 65.3 47.0 362 56.7 80 0.688 11.37
4 88.5 44.0 476 74.6 5S 0.156 13.688 23.0 63.8 163 23.2 10S 0.188 13.624 27.7 63
.2 195 27.8 0.375 13.250 54.5 59.8 373 53.3 40 0.438 13.124 63.4 58.6 429 61.4 0
.500 13.000 72.0 57.5 484 69.1 80 0.750 12.500 106 53.2 687 98.2 5S 0.165 15.670
27.9 83.6 257 32.2 10S 0.188 15.624 31.7 83.1 292 36.5 0.375 15.250 62.5 79.2 5
62 70.3 40 0.500 15.000 82.7 76.6 732 91.5 80 0.844 14.312 136 69.7 1157 145 5S
0.165 17.670 31.4 106 368 40.8 10S 0.188 17.624 35.7 106 417 46.4 0.375 17.250 7
0.5 101 807 89.6 0.500 17.000 93.4 98.4 1053 117 40 0.562 16.876 105 96.9 1171 1
30 80 0.938 16.124 171 88.5 1835 204 5S 0.188 19.624 39.7 131 574 57.4 10S 0.218
19.564 46.0 130 663 66.3 0.375 19.250 78.5 126 1113 111 0.500 19.000 104 123 14
57 146 40 0.594 18.812 123 120 1706 171 5S 0.188 21.624 43.7 159 766 69.7

Page 36 Rev. 3/10/06
NPS
OD, in.
24
24.000
26 28
26.000 28.000
30
30.000
ID STD XS STD XS STD XS STD XS STD XS
Weight Moment Wall Insie of Steel Weight of Section Thickness, Diameter, Pipe,
of Water, Inertia, Moulus, Scheule in. in. lbm/ft lbm/ft in4 in3 10S 0.218 21.
564 50.7 158 885 80.4 0.375 21.250 86.5 154 1490 135 0.500 21.000 115 150 1952 1
77 5S 0.218 23.564 55.3 189 1152 96.0 10S 0.250 23.500 63.3 188 1315 110 0.375 2
3.250 94.5 184 1942 162 0.500 23.000 125 180 2549 212 40 0.688 22.624 171 174 34
26 285 0.375 25.250 103 217 2478 191 0.500 25.000 136 213 3257 251 0.375 27.250
111 253 3105 222 0.500 27.000 147 248 4085 292 5S 0.250 29.500 79.3 296 2585 172
10S 0.312 29.376 98.8 294 3206 214 0.375 29.250 119 291 3829 255 0.500 29.000 1
57 286 5042 336
PIPE DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES IN SI METRIC UNITS Weight Wall Insie of Steel We
ight Section Thickness, Diameter, Pipe, of Water, Moment of Moulus, mm mm Kg/m
Inertia, mm4 mm3 OD, mm ID Scheule Kg/m 10.3 STD 40 1.73 6.83 0.365 0.037 443 8
6.1 10.3 XS 80 2.41 5.46 0.469 0.023 506 98.4 13.7 STD 40 2.24 9.25 0.633 0.067
1379 201 13.7 XS 80 3.02 7.67 0.797 0.046 1567 229 17.1 STD 40 2.31 12.52 0.846
0.123 3035 354 17.1 XS 80 3.20 10.74 1.10 0.091 3587 418 21.3 10S 2.11 17.12 1.0
0 0.230 5956 558 21.3 STD 40 2.77 15.80 1.27 0.196 7114 667 21.3 XS 80 3.73 13.8
7 1.62 0.151 8357 783 21.3 160 4.78 11.79 1.95 0.109 9225 865 21.3 XXS 7.47 6.40
2.55 0.032 1.009E+04 946 26.7 10S 2.11 22.45 1.28 0.396 1.236E+04 927 26.7 STD
40 2.87 20.93 1.68 0.344 1.542E+04 1156 26.7 XS 80 3.91 18.85 2.20 0.279 1.864E+
04 1398 26.7 160 5.56 15.54 2.90 0.190 2.197E+04 1647 26.7 XXS 7.82 11.02 3.64 0
.095 2.411E+04 1808 33.4 10S 2.77 27.86 2.09 0.610 3.151E+04 1887 33.4 STD 40 3.
38 26.64 2.50 0.558 3.635E+04 2177 33.4 XS 80 4.52 24.36 3.22 0.466 4.381E+04 26
24 33.4 160 6.35 20.70 4.24 0.337 5.208E+04 3119 33.4 XXS 9.09 15.21 5.45 0.182
5.846E+04 3501 42.2 10S 2.77 36.63 2.69 1.05 6.680E+04 3169 42.2 STD 40 3.56 35.
05 3.39 0.965 8.104E+04 3844
NPS 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2
DN 10 15
3/4
20
1
25
1-1/4
32

Page 37 Rev. 3/10/06
NPS
DN
1-1/2
40
2
50
2-1/2
65
3
80
4
100
6
150
8
200
10
250
12
300
Weight Wall Insie of Steel Weight Thickness, Diameter, Pipe, of Water, Moment o
f mm mm Kg/m Inertia, mm4 OD, mm ID Scheule Kg/m 42.2 XS 80 4.85 32.46 4.46 0.8
28 1.006E+05 42.2 160 6.35 29.46 5.61 0.682 1.182E+05 42.2 XXS 9.70 22.76 7.77 0
.407 1.420E+05 48.3 10S 2.77 42.72 3.11 1.43 1.027E+05 48.3 STD 40 3.68 40.89 4.
05 1.31 1.290E+05 48.3 XS 80 5.08 38.10 5.41 1.14 1.628E+05 48.3 160 7.14 33.99
7.24 0.907 2.008E+05 48.3 XXS 10.16 27.94 9.55 0.613 2.364E+05 60.3 10S 2.77 54.
79 3.93 2.36 2.078E+05 60.3 STD 40 3.91 52.50 5.44 2.16 2.771E+05 60.3 XS 80 5.5
4 49.25 7.48 1.91 3.613E+05 60.3 160 8.74 42.85 11.1 1.44 4.846E+05 60.3 XXS 11.
07 38.18 13.5 1.14 5.458E+05 73.0 10S 3.05 66.93 5.26 3.52 4.109E+05 73.0 STD 40
5.16 62.71 8.63 3.09 6.366E+05 73.0 XS 80 7.01 59.00 11.4 2.73 8.009E+05 73.0 1
60 9.53 53.98 14.9 2.29 9.793E+05 73.0 XXS 14.02 44.98 20.4 1.59 1.195E+06 88.9
5S 2.11 84.68 4.51 5.63 5.416E+05 88.9 10S 3.05 82.80 6.45 5.39 7.584E+05 88.9 S
TD 40 5.49 77.93 11.3 4.77 1.256E+06 88.9 XS 80 7.62 73.66 15.3 4.26 1.621E+06 8
8.9 160 11.13 66.65 21.3 3.49 2.097E+06 88.9 XXS 15.24 58.42 27.7 2.68 2.494E+06
114.3 5S 2.11 110.08 5.83 9.52 1.170E+06 114.3 10S 3.05 108.20 8.36 9.20 1.649E
+06 114.3 STD 40 6.02 102.26 16.1 8.21 3.010E+06 114.3 XS 80 8.56 97.18 22.3 7.4
2 4.000E+06 168.3 5S 2.77 162.74 11.3 20.8 4.930E+06 168.3 10S 3.40 161.47 13.8
20.5 5.993E+06 168.3 STD 40 7.11 154.05 28.3 18.6 1.171E+07 168.3 XS 80 10.97 14
6.33 42.6 16.8 1.685E+07 219.1 5S 2.77 213.54 14.8 35.8 1.101E+07 219.1 10S 3.76
211.56 20.0 35.2 1.474E+07 219.1 STD 40 8.18 202.72 42.5 32.3 3.017E+07 219.1 X
S 80 12.70 193.68 64.6 29.5 4.400E+07 273.1 5S 3.40 266.24 22.6 55.7 2.621E+07 2
73.1 10S 4.19 264.67 27.8 55.0 3.199E+07 273.1 STD 40 9.27 254.51 60.3 50.9 6.69
0E+07 273.1 XS 12.70 247.65 81.5 48.2 8.822E+07 273.1 80 15.09 242.87 96.0 46.3
1.021E+08 323.9 5S 3.96 315.93 31.3 78.4 5.094E+07 323.9 10S 4.57 314.71 36.0 77
.8 5.845E+07 323.9 STD 9.53 304.80 73.8 73.0 1.163E+08 323.9 40 10.31 303.23 79.
7 72.2 1.250E+08 323.9 XS 12.70 298.45 97.5 70.0 1.505E+08 323.9 80 17.48 288.90
132 65.6 1.980E+08
Section Moulus, mm3
1.607E+04 1.810E+04
1.706E+04 2.825E+04
6.999E+04 5.860E+04
4.017E+05 1.920E+05
7.180E+05 7.717E+05
4774 5604
1.125E+04
3.647E+04
7.122E+04
2.343E+05
9.294E+05
6734 4258
1.744E+04
4.719E+04
1.392E+05
4.900E+05
1.223E+06
5346 6748
2.194E+04
5.611E+04
2.003E+05
6.462E+05
8321 9795
2.682E+04
2.046E+04
1.005E+05
7.475E+05
6889 9187
3.273E+04
2.886E+04
1.346E+05
3.146E+05
1.198E+04
1.218E+04
5.268E+04
2.755E+05
3.610E+05

Page 38 Rev. 3/10/06
NPS 14
DN 350
16
400
18
450
20
500
22
550
24
600
26 28 30
650 700 750
Weight Wall Insie of Steel Weight Thickness, Diameter, Pipe, of Water, Moment o
f mm mm Kg/m Inertia, mm4 OD, mm ID Scheule Kg/m 355.6 5S 3.96 347.68 34.4 94.9
6.766E+07 355.6 10S 4.78 346.05 41.3 94.1 8.098E+07 355.6 STD 9.53 336.55 81.3
89.0 1.552E+08 355.6 40 11.13 333.35 94.5 87.3 1.788E+08 355.6 XS 12.70 330.20 1
07 85.6 2.014E+08 355.6 80 19.05 317.50 158 79.2 2.861E+08 406.4 5S 4.19 398.02
41.6 124 1.071E+08 406.4 10S 4.78 396.85 47.3 124 1.215E+08 406.4 STD 9.53 387.3
5 93.2 118 2.340E+08 406.4 XS 40 12.70 381.00 123 114 3.047E+08 406.4 80 21.44 3
63.52 204 104 4.818E+08 457 5S 4.19 448.82 46.8 158 1.530E+08 457 10S 4.78 447.6
5 53.3 157 1.737E+08 457 STD 9.53 438.15 105 151 3.357E+08 457 XS 12.70 431.80 1
39 146 4.384E+08 457 40 14.27 428.65 156 144 4.876E+08 457 80 23.83 409.55 255 1
32 7.638E+08 508 5S 4.78 498.45 59.3 195 2.390E+08 508 10S 5.54 496.93 68.6 194
2.759E+08 508 STD 9.53 488.95 117 188 4.635E+08 508 XS 12.70 482.60 155 183 6.06
4E+08 508 40 15.09 477.82 183 179 7.102E+08 559 5S 4.78 549.25 65.2 237 3.189E+0
8 559 10S 5.54 547.73 75.6 236 3.683E+08 559 STD 9.53 539.75 129 229 6.200E+08 5
59 XS 12.70 533.40 171 223 8.127E+08 610 5S 5.54 598.53 82.5 281 4.793E+08 610 1
0S 6.35 596.90 94.5 280 5.475E+08 610 STD 9.53 590.55 141 274 8.084E+08 610 XS 1
2.70 584.20 187 268 1.061E+09 610 40 17.48 574.65 255 259 1.426E+09 660 STD 9.53
641.35 153 323 1.032E+09 660 XS 12.70 635.00 203 317 1.356E+09 711 STD 9.53 692
.15 165 376 1.292E+09 711 XS 12.70 685.80 219 369 1.700E+09 762 5S 6.35 749.30 1
18 441 1.076E+09 762 10S 7.92 746.15 147 437 1.335E+09 762 STD 9.53 742.95 177 4
34 1.594E+09 762 XS 12.70 736.60 235 426 2.099E+09
Section Moulus, mm3
5.271E+05 5.979E+05
1.918E+06 2.133E+06
1.141E+06 1.318E+06
4.678E+06 3.124E+06
5.508E+06
3.806E+05
1.151E+06
3.341E+06
2.219E+06
4.106E+06
4.555E+05
1.499E+06
9.409E+05
2.909E+06
3.635E+06
8.726E+05
2.371E+06
1.086E+06
1.573E+06
4.781E+06
1.005E+06
6.694E+05
1.825E+06
1.796E+06
2.824E+06
1.132E+06
7.597E+05
2.387E+06
2.652E+06
3.503E+06
1.609E+06
1.469E+06
2.796E+06
3.481E+06
4.184E+06

PIPING MATERIAL SPECIFICATION WORKSHOP Develop a piping material specification f
or styrene monomer. Design conitions are from Problems 1 an 2 on page 25. o Co
nition 1: ____________ psi (bar) at ____________ F (C) o Conition 2: 50 psi (3.5
bar) at 735F (390C) o Pipe wall thicknesses are as etermine from calculations o
n page 32. Pressure Class ____300________ Item Pipe NPS Range 12 3 - 12 Nipples F
ittings 6000 - 1 Sch/Rating 160 XS STD 160
Page 39 Rev. 3/10/06
Description Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A106 Gr B, ASTM A53 Type S Gr B, or
API 5L Gr B Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A106 Gr B, ASTM A53 Type S Gr B, o
r API 5L Gr B Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A106 Gr B, ASTM A53 Type S Gr B,
or API 5L Gr B Seamless carbon steel pipe, ASTM A106 Gr B, ASTM A53 Type S Gr B,
or API 5L Gr B Forge carbon steel, ASTM A105, ASME B16.11, socket wel 90 EL,
45 EL, TEE, PLUG, COUPLING, CAP, AND REDUCER. UNIONS are prohibite. Forge carb
on steel, ASTM A105, ASME B16.11, socket wel 90 EL, 45 EL, TEE, PLUG, COUPLING,
CAP, AND REDUCER. UNIONS are prohibite. Wrought carbon steel, ASTM A234, ASME
B16.9, buttwel 90 LR EL, 45 LR EL, TEE, CAP AND REDUCER Forge carbon steel, AS
TM A105, ASME B16.5 socket weling raise face Forge carbon steel, ASTM A105, A
SME B16.5 weling neck raise face, bore to match pipe Spiral woun ASME B16.20
with 304 SS winings (yellow centering ring), flexible graphite filler (gray str
ipe) an stanar inner ring NPS 10 an larger Low alloy steel bolting, ASTM A19
3 Gr B7 stu with 2 ASTM A194 Gr 2H nuts
1-1
3000
2 12 Flanges -1 2 - 12 Gaskets Bolting - 12 - 12
Match pipe 300 300 300 BECHT ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.

Page 40 Rev. 3/10/06
What shoul be use for branch construction? [Note that the answer will ifferen
t for ifferent size combinations.] Sample from Process Inustry Practices (PIP)
PN03CS1S01
Note that when branch connection fittings (Welolet) are specifie, the requirem
ents for these components shoul be escribe as well, e.g., Forge carbon steel
ASTM A105, MSS SP-97. When orering buttwel branch connection fittings, both the
heaer an branch wall thicknesses shoul be specifie. Sample Notes: NOTES: 01
The pipe an fittings are aequate for the full flange rating. 02 All buttweli
ng component thicknesses shall match pipe thicknesses. 03 Threae joints are pe
rmitte only at outlet of vent an rain valves, at hyrostatic connections, at
outlet of instrument take-off valves, an to match equipment. 05 Integrally rein
force branch connections are permitte outsie the sizes shown in the branch co
nnection table. 13 Weling neck flanges shall be use against buttwel fittings.
19 Sch 160 pipe an pipe nipples shall be use for threae connections for siz
es NPS 1/2 1-1/2. 26 To be use only when inicate on the P&ID. 27 Pipe an pip
e components thicker than 1/2-inch may require impact teste materials when the
minimum esign metal temperature is below 100F (38C) (See ASME B31.3, paragraph
323.2.2). 136 Sch XS pipe shall be use for threae connections for NPS 2.

Page 41 Rev. 3/10/06
MEAN THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT BETWEEN 70F AND THE INDICATED TEMPERATURE (1 x
10-6/F) Temp, F -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350
1400 1450 1500 Carbon Steels 5.07 5.21 5.35 5.50 5.65 5.80 5.90 6.01 6.13 6.25
6.38 6.49 6.60 6.71 6.82 6.92 7.02 7.12 7.23 7.33 7.44 7.54 7.65 7.75 7.84 7.91
7.97 8.05 8.12 8.16 8.19 8.24 8.28 8.32 8.36 Stainless Steels 8.21 8.34 8.47 8.5
4 8.66 8.90 8.98 9.07 9.16 9.25 9.34 9.41 9.47 9.53 9.59 9.65 9.70 9.76 9.82 9.8
7 9.92 9.99 10.05 10.11 10.16 10.23 10.29 10.34 10.39 10.44 10.48 10.51 10.54 10
.57 10.60 10.68 10.77 Copper & its Alloys 7.94 8.26 8.51 8.72 8.89 9.04 9.17 9.2
8 9.39 9.48 9.56 9.64 9.71 9.78 9.84 9.89 9.94 9.99 10.04 Aluminum 10.04 10.33 1
0.61 10.90 11.25 11.60 11.86 12.12 12.39 12.67 12.95 13.12 13.28 13.44 13.60 13.
75 13.90 14.05 14.02 Ni-Fe-Cr Ni-Cr-Fe
7.90 8.01 8.35 8.57 8.80 8.85 8.90 8.95 9.00 9.05 9.10 9.15 9.20 9.25 9.30 9.35
9.40 9.45 9.50 9.55 9.60 9.68 9.75 9.83 9.90 9.98 10.05
7.20 7.30 7.40 7.48 7.56 7.63 7.70 7.75 7.80 7.85 7.90 7.95 8.00 8.05 8.10

Page 42 Rev. 3/10/06
TOTAL THERMAL EXPANSION BETWEEN 70F AND THE INDICATED TEMPERATURE (IN/100 FT) Tem
p, F -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 60
0 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450
1500 Carbon Steels -2.25 -2.00 -1.73 -1.45 -1.15 -0.84 -0.50 -0.14 0.22 0.60 1.0
0 1.40 1.82 2.25 2.70 3.16 3.62 4.10 4.60 5.10 5.62 6.15 6.70 7.25 7.81 8.35 8.8
9 9.47 10.04 10.58 11.11 11.67 12.22 12.78 13.34 Stainless Steels -3.65 -3.20 -2
.74 -2.25 -1.77 -1.28 -0.75 -0.22 0.33 0.89 1.46 2.03 2.61 3.20 3.80 4.40 5.01 5
.62 6.25 6.87 7.50 8.15 8.80 9.46 10.12 10.80 11.48 12.16 12.84 13.53 14.21 14.8
8 15.56 16.24 16.92 17.69 18.48 Copper & its Alloys -3.53 -3.17 -2.76 -2.30 -1.8
1 -1.30 -0.77 -0.22 0.34 0.91 1.49 2.08 2.68 3.29 3.90 4.51 5.13 5.75 6.39 Alumi
num -4.46 -3.97 -3.44 -2.88 -2.30 -1.67 -1.00 -0.29 0.45 1.22 2.02 2.83 3.67 4.5
2 5.39 6.27 7.17 8.09 8.92 Ni-Fe-Cr Ni-Cr-Fe
1.23 1.73 2.30 2.88 3.48 4.04 4.59 5.16 5.72 6.30 6.88 7.47 8.06 8.66 9.26 9.87
10.49 11.11 11.74 12.38 13.02 13.71 14.39 15.10 15.80 16.53 17.25
0.26 0.70 1.15 1.62 2.09 2.56 3.05 3.53 4.02 4.52 5.02 5.53 6.05 6.57 7.10

Page 43 Rev. 3/10/06
MEAN THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT BETWEEN 20C AND THE INDICATED TEMPERATURE (1 x
10-6/C) Temp, C -175 -150 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 22
5 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 72
5 750 775 800 Carbon Steels 2.86 2.89 2.97 3.06 3.14 3.22 3.25 3.31 3.37 3.77 3.
51 3.56 3.61 3.67 3.73 3.79 3.83 3.88 3.93 3.98 4.03 4.09 4.14 4.19 4.25 4.3 4.3
4 4.38 4.41 4.45 4.48 4.52 4.53 4.55 4.58 4.60 4.62 4.63 Stainless Steels 4.58 4
.66 4.71 4.78 4.86 4.94 4.98 5.02 5.06 5.11 5.15 5.19 5.23 5.26 5.29 5.32 5.35 5
.38 5.41 5.44 5.46 5.49 5.51 5.55 5.58 5.61 5.63 5.67 5.70 5.73 5.75 5.78 5.80 5
.82 5.84 5.86 5.87 5.88 5.91 5.96 Copper & its Alloys 4.36 4.63 4.74 4.84 4.94 5
.02 5.08 5.14 5.18 5.24 5.28 5.32 5.36 5.39 5.44 5.46 5.48 5.51 5.54 5.61 Alumin
um 5.62 5.78 5.89 6.06 6.25 6.44 6.56 6.67 6.80 6.96 7.06 7.22 7.29 7.38 7.47 7.
54 7.62 7.69 7.77 7.85 Ni-Fe-Cr Ni-Cr-Fe
4.42 4.51 4.64 4.76 4.88 4.91 4.93 4.96 4.98 5.01 5.03 5.06 5.08 5.11 5.13 5.16
5.18 5.21 5.23 5.26 5.28 5.31 5.33 5.38 5.41 5.45 5.48 5.52 5.56
3.96 4.03 4.07 4.12 4.16 4.20 4.24 4.28 4.29 4.32 4.34 4.38 4.39 4.42 4.44 4.47
4.50

Page 44 Rev. 3/10/06
TOTAL THERMAL EXPANSION BETWEEN 20C AND THE INDICATED TEMPERATURE (mm/m) Temp, C 175 -150 -125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 32
5 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 Ca
rbon Steels -0.56 -0.49 -0.43 -0.37 -0.30 -0.23 -0.15 -0.07 0.02 0.10 0.19 0.28
0.38 0.48 0.58 0.68 0.79 0.89 1.00 1.11 1.23 1.35 1.47 1.59 1.72 1.85 1.97 2.10
2.23 2.36 2.49 2.62 2.74 2.87 3.00 3.13 3.26 3.38 Stainless Steels -0.89 -0.79 0.68 -0.57 -0.46 -0.35 -0.22 -0.10 0.03 0.15 0.28 0.42 0.55 0.68 0.82 0.96 1.10
1.24 1.38 1.52 1.67 1.81 1.96 2.11 2.26 2.41 2.56 2.72 2.88 3.04 3.19 3.35 3.51
3.67 3.83 3.98 4.14 4.29 4.46 4.65 Copper & its Alloys -0.85 -0.79 -0.69 -0.58 0.47 -0.35 -0.23 -0.10 0.03 0.16 0.29 0.43 0.56 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.27 1.41 1.
57 Aluminum -1.10 -0.98 -0.85 -0.73 -0.59 -0.45 -0.30 -0.13 0.03 0.21 0.39 0.58
0.77 0.96 1.16 1.36 1.56 1.77 1.98 2.20 Ni-Fe-Cr Ni-Cr-Fe
0.35 0.47 0.60 0.74 0.88 1.01 1.13 1.26 1.39 1.53 1.66 1.80 1.93 2.07 2.21 2.35
2.49 2.63 2.77 2.92 3.06 3.21 3.36 3.52 3.68 3.84 4.00 4.17 4.34
0.33 0.44 0.55 0.66 0.77 0.88 0.99 1.11 1.23 1.34 1.46 1.58 1.70 1.82

SPRING HANGAR LOAD TABLE FROM ANVIL INTERNATIONAL, INC. (Part 1)
Page 45 Rev. 3/10/06

SPRING HANGAR LOAD TABLE FROM ANVIL INTERNATIONAL, INC. (Part 2)
Page 46 Rev. 3/10/06

Page 47 Rev. 3/10/06

GUIDED CANTILEVER METHOD KELLOGG
Page 48 Rev. 3/10/06
= 48L2SA/EaD Where: D Ea L SA = = = = = maximum permissible isplacement pipe ou
tsie iameter elastic moulus of pipe material length of leg uner consieratio
n allowable stress range

Page 49 Rev. 3/10/06
GUIDED CANTILEVER CHART KELLOGG

GUIDED CANTILEVER CORRECTION FACTORS KELLOGG
Page 50 Rev. 3/10/06
Multiply f times to get the maximum permissible isplacement for the geometry un
er consieration.

THE PIPING FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS PROCESS
Page 51 Rev. 3/10/06
START
REACTION LOAD CASE
Are all supports effective? Yes Are loas an moments within acceptable limits?
Yes WEIGHT + PRESSURE LOAD CASE
No
Remove ineffective supports from moel.
No
Change supports or geometry, or a expansion joints
SL < Sh ? Deflections within acceptable limits?
No
A support
Yes OCCASIONAL LOAD CASE(S) SL < 1.33Sh ? Deflections within acceptable limits?
Yes THERMAL LOAD CASE
No
A restraints
SE < SA ? Yes
END
No
Increase flexibility (a spring supports, loops an/or expansion joints)

EXPANSION JOINT PRESSURE THRUST WORKSHOP
Page 52 Rev. 3/10/06
What is the apparent change in the weight of the vessel cause by increasing the
pressure by 100 psig (700 kPa)?
Rigi Support
Weigh Cell (typical)
The pitch iameter of the bellows is 6.87 in. (175 mm).

TYPES OF EXAMINATION
Page 53 Rev. 3/10/06
Visual examination means using the unaie eye (except for corrective lenses) to
inspect the exterior an reaily accessible internal surface areas of piping as
semblies or components. It oes not inclue nor require remote examination such
as by use of boroscopes. Visual examination is use to check materials an compo
nents for conformance to specifications an freeom from efects; fabrication in
cluing wels, assembly of threae bolte an other joints; piping uring erect
ion; an piping after erection. Further, visual examination can be substitute f
or raiography, as escribe later, which is calle in-process examination. Requ
irements for visual examination are provie in the ASME B&PV Coe, Section V, A
rticle 9. Recors of visual examinations are not require other than those of in
-process examination. Raiographic Examination means using X ray or gamma ray ra
iation to prouce a picture of the subject part, incluing subsurface features,
on raiographic film for subsequent interpretation. It is a volumetric examinat
ion proceure that provies a means of etecting efects that are not observable
on the surface of the material. Raiographic examination is use to inspect wel
s an, in some circumstances, castings. Requirements for raiographic examinati
on of wels are provie in the ASME B&PV Coe, Section V, Article 2. Ultrasonic
Examination means etecting subsurface efects using high-frequency soun impul
ses. The efects are etecte by the reflection of soun waves from them. It is
also a volumetric examination metho that can be use to etect subsurface efec
ts. It can be use as an alternative to raiography for wel examination. The re
quirements for ultrasonic examination of wels are provie in the ASME B&PV Coe
, Section V, Article 5, with an alternative for basic calibration blocks provie
in para. 344.6. In-Process Examination is a visual examination of the entire j
oining process, as escribe in para. 344.7. It is applicable to weling an bra
zing for metals, an boning for non-metals. Since raiographic examination is n
ot consiere to provie useful results in brazing an boning, in-process exami
nation is use for these instea of raiography. For weling, it is permitte as
a substitute for raiographic examination if specifie in the engineering esig
n or specifically authorize by the Inspector. This is not as effective a qualit
y control proceure as ranom raiography an shoul only be consiere for wel
s when special circumstances warrant. Liqui Penetrant Examination means etecti
ng surface efects by spreaing a liqui ye penetrant on the surface, removing
the ye after sufficient time has passe for the ye to penetrate into any surfa
ce iscontinuity, an applying a thin coat of eveloper to the surface which ra
ws the ye from efects. The efects are observable by the contrast between the
color of the ye penetrant an the color of the eveloper. It is use to etect
surface efects, an is use for examination of socket wels an branch connecti
ons in severe cyclic service than cannot be raiographe, an for all wels incl
uing structural attachment wels that are not raiographe when the alternative
leak test (para. 345.9) is use. Further, liqui penetrant examination of metal
lic bellows is require by Appenix X, para. X302.2.2. The requirements for liqu
i penetrant examination of wels an components other than castings are provie
in the ASME B&PV Coe, Section V, Article 6. Magnetic Particle Examination emp
loys either electric coils woun aroun the part or pros to create a magnetic f
iel. A magnetic power is applie to the surface an efects are reveale by pa
tterns the power forms in response to the magnetic fiel isturbances cause by
efects. This technique reveals surface an shallow subsurface efects. As such
, it can provie more information than liqui penetrant examination. However, it
s use is limite to magnetic materials. It is an alternative to liqui penetrant
examination wherever such an examination is require in ASME B31.3 (except in t
he case of metallic bellows). The requirements for magnetic particle examination
of wels an components other than castings are provie in the ASME B&PV Coe,
Section V, Article 7. Harness Testing is require after heat treatment uner s
ome circumstances, as specifie in Table 331.1.1. Harness testing is not requir
e for carbon steel (P-1), ferritic an austenitic stainless steel (P-7 & P-8),
high nickel alloys (P-9A & P-9B), as well as some less commonly use alloys. For
wels, the harness check inclues both the wel an the heat affecte zone.

WELD ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
Page 54 Rev. 3/10/06

Page 55 Rev. 3/10/06
Secon B31.3 Piping Engineering Workshop an Seminar

The Secon Workshop an Seminar was hel in 24 to 26 May 2006 at New Park Hotel,
Singapore. The two events were each attene by about 60 elegates. The events
were very successful in view of the goo participation an interest shown by the
elegates uring the presentation sessions as well as the Q&A session. With the
kin permission from the tutor an speakers, the presentation materials are ava
ilable from the links provie at the frame on the left. http://www.psig.sg/Work
shop2006%20Frame.html
Below are some photos which shown the highlight of the two events.
Workshop by Mr Don Frikken
Group Photograph of elegates of the Workshop

PSIG Committee an organisation committee members
Q an A session
PSIG Chair Mr Leong Yee Hong present memento to Mr Tan Geok Leng, speaker from M
OM
Note. The workshop an training course material was collecte by Eng. Abel Hali
m Galala, Chairman Assistant for Engineering, Cairo Oil Refining Co. (CORC).

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Training Course & Workshop in

Process Piping in Accordance with

Introduction to Process Piping in Accordance with ASME B31.3 Design, Constructio

Section Title 5 Valve Selection

Topics Covered Code Requirements Selection by Valve Type

Section Title 15 Nonmetallic Piping Systems

Topics Covered General Design, Fabrication and Installation for o Thermoplastics

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

This Code prescribes requirements for

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

2. Metallic Pipe & Fitting Selection

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

Malleable iron (ASME B16.3) Steel (ASME B16.11)

Size usually limited to ~NPS 2

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

Brnch Connection Fitt

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course

ASME B31.3 Process Piping Course