LERA

New York | Mumbai | Shanghai

WIND LOAD EFFECTS

ON
SKYSCRAPER
NAYAN TRIVEDI, P.E., M.ASCE
Partner

Wind Load Effects On Skyscraper

Elisha Otis
Crystal Palace Exhibition in 1854

Wind Load Effects On Skyscraper

Why Developer Build Tall Building????

Wind Load Effects On Skyscraper

Gravity and lateral loads resisting system.

Gravity load resisting system need to resist the gravity loads (DL
and LL) only;

Lateral load resisting system need to resist the gravity loads (DL
and LL) plus high winds or earthquake.

The selection of a structural system for a high-rise

building typically is dominated by the need to resist
lateral loads, i.e., high winds or earthquakes.

Wind Load Effects On Skyscraper

Majority tall building design govern by Wind loads except

building located in high seismic.
Significant impact on Architectural design;
Time of construction; and
Cost of the building.

Serviceability Criteria Acceleration

All buildings move.

Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

Major factors effecting wind loads

Geography location

Location of building

Shape

Direction of wind

Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

Major factors effecting wind loads

Geography location

Location of building

Shape

Direction of wind

LERA Skyscrapers

1965 1970 1980

1990

2000

2010

Projects in 5 Continents, 39 Countries

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Projects in Middle East

Museum for Islamic Arts

Doha, Qatar

Emirates Towers
Dubai

Trump Tower
Canal Point Hotel
Icon Hotel
Dubai

Dubai

Doha, Qatar

Nakheel Tower
Doha, Qatar

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Projects in New York

1 World Trade Center

New York, NY
1667 ft (550m)

4 World Trade Center

New York, NY, 72 stories

AOL Time Warner Center

New York, NY
1667 ft (550m)

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Projects in New York

432 Park Avenue | Macklowe Properties

New York, NY

53 West 53 Street
Hines

15 Hudson Yard
Related Properties

New York, NY

New York, NY

111 West 57th Street

JDS Development Group & Property Markets Group

520 Park Avenue

Zeckendorf Development

New York, NY

New York, NY

605 West 42nd Street

The Moinian Group
New York, NY

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Projects in New York and Canada

340 Flatbush Avenue

JDS Development Group
Brooklyn, NY

Queens Plaza Residential Development

Tishman Speyer
Long Island City, NY

AURA Tower
Toronto

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Projects in South East Asia

Ardmore 6 Residential Tower

Singapore
37 story

Daewoo Olympic Heights

KLCC Mixed-Use Development

Manila, Philippines

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

63 story Office Tower &
80 story Raffle Hotel Tower

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Projects in Vietnam

Ben Thanh Towers

Marriott International Hotel

Bitexco Financial Tower

Ho Chi Minh City

Hanoi, Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh City (68 story)

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Projects in Korea

Busan Lotte Town Tower

Jamsil Lotte Super Tower

Busan, Korea

Seoul, Korea
1,821 ft (555 m)

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Projects in India
World 2 Tower
Mumbai, India
1245 ft (380 m) and
870ft (265m)

Commerz 2 Office Towers

Mumbai, India
40 story

Oberoi Garden Towers

Mumbai, India

India Bulls Towers

Mumbai, India

World One Tower

Residential Tower
Mumbai, India
1378 ft (420 m)

40 Years of Experience in China

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Projects in China

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Projects in Central Asia and Russia

Kazkommertsbank
Almaty, Kazahkstan

Esentai Tower and JW Marriott Residences at Esentai Park Paradise Living

Russia Tower
Russia

Almaty, Kazahkstan
530 ft (162 m)

Moscow, Russia
(50-story)

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Projects in Turkey

Aaolu Maslak Complex

Istanbul, Turkey

Sisli Tower
Istanbul, Turkey

Cintemani Tower
Istanbul, Turkey

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Projects in South America

Projects in South America

U.S. Embassy
Caracas, Venezuela

Repsol Headquarters, Puerto Madero

Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Projects in Europe

German Historic Museum Addition

Berlin, Germany

Hermitage Plaza

Puerta de Europa,

La Dfense, France

Madrid, Spain
374 ft (114 m)

1060 ft (323 m)

Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

Major factors effecting wind loads

Geography location

Location of building

Shape

Direction of wind

Building Shape and Wind Loads

Circle

Square

Cruciform

MODELS USED IN AEROELASTIC

COMPARISON STUDY

Triangle

Modified Triangle

Rectangle

PLAN VIEW OF BUILDING SHAPES

Building Shape and Wind Loads

Triangle

.003

Modified
Triangle

Square
Cruciform
.002
Circle

Rectangle

.001
0o

30o

60o

90o

120o

150o

180o

Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

Major Factors Effecting Wind Loads

Geography location We can not Control

Location of building We can not Control

Shape We can not Control some extend

Direction of wind Site Control

Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

How to Reduce Wind Loads
Cut Sharp Edges
Circle

Square

Cruciform

Triangle

Modified Triangle

Rectangle

Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

How to Reduce Wind Loads
Avoid constant shape

Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

How to Reduce Wind Loads
Allow Wind Flow

Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

Wind Tunnel

Predict structure forces;

Serviceability Acceleration;

Faade Loading; and

Pedestrian study.

LERA

Wind Load Effects on Skyscraper

Wind Engineering

Recommended Normal Accepted range of Acceleration

Wind Engineering

Wind Engineering

Structural Systems
Some options for lateral loads resisting system.
Moment-resisting frames (usually expensive compared to
other systems);
Braced frames, including eccentrically braced frames;
Shear walls;
Tubular frames;
Core and perimeter frame interactive structures i.e. Core and
Outrigger truss and/or belt truss;
Megastructures;
Combination of above.

Structural Systems

Monument Centre, Reno Shear Wall + Moment Frame

Structural Systems

Steel Office Tower, India, Steel Braced Frame

Structural Systems

Oberoi Springs
Mumbai, India

Mumbai, India
Three 45-story towers
Residential
1.25 million-sf

Shear Wall

Structural Systems
World Trade Center
New York, NY
North Tower

417-m, 110 Stories

South Tower

415-m, 110 Stories

Tube Structure

Structural Systems
Bitexco Financial Tower
Ho Chi Minh City

68 story

Core and Outrigger truss

and/or belt truss

Structural Systems
Bank Of China Tower
Hong Kong, China

368-m, 70 Stories

First composite
Megastructure

BITEXCO FINANCIAL TOWER | Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Bitexco Financial Tower

BITEXCO FINANCIAL TOWER | Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Carlos Zapata Studio
Floor Area: 1,230,000-sf
(114,000-sm)
Height: 870-ft (265-m)
The project design included a
25 meter long cantilever for the
helipad area

FLOORS PLAN COMPARISION

OUTRIGGER AND BELT TRUSSES

OUTRIGGER TRUSS
BENDING
WIND

COMPOSITE / CONCRETE COLUMN

SHORETNING

OUTRIGGER AND BELT TRUSSES

37% reduction in overturning

moment at base

OUTRIGGER AND BELT TRUSSES

Mechanical Floor Framing - Outrigger truss and belt truss

OUTRIGGER AND BELT TRUSSES

OUTRIGGER AND BELT TRUSSES

OUTRIGGER AND BELT TRUSSES

LONG SPAN GIRDERS AND TRUSSES

Bitexco Financail Tower

Ha Chi Minh City, Vietnam

OBEROI SPRINGS | Mumbai, India

Mumbai, India
Three 45-story towers
Residential
1.25 million-sf

OBEROI EXQUISITE | Mumbai, India

OBEROI EXQUISITE | Mumbai, India

LERA REVISED PLAN

Three sets of beams were added in order to link together adjacent exterior
corners of the building at light wells

increased efficiency of the lateral load resisting system;

reducing thickness of the walls; and

reduction in quantity of reinforcing steel.

revising the floors from slab and beam to flat slab with fewer interior beams
and columns.

provide flexibility of interior partition layout;

higher ceiling height;

added few floors; and

efficient FAR/FSI.

World One Tower | Mumbai, India

 Concrete Shear Wall Core

Walls
Link Beams
Exterior Hybrid Mega-Column
Frame
Columns
Spandrel Beams
Link Walls

World One Tower | Mumbai, India

THANK YOU