APA 6th Reference Guide - JCU Library

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association. (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Do I include page numbers in my in-text citation?

For direct quotes you must include page numbers. If it is not a direct quote i.e. paraphrasing, you do
not have to include page numbers but you are encouraged to do so (APA, 2010, p. 171).
Note: some lecturers, for example JCU School of Nursing, require you to omit page numbers unless it
is for a direct quote. Check your subject outline or with your lecturer if you are not sure.

Single page: (Collins, 2012, p. 171) Multiple pages: (Collins, 2012, pp. 111-112)
Do the page numbers go in the in-text citation? or after the quote?
If you have mentioned the authors name in the sentence, put the page numbers after the quote:

According to Clayton (2000), Several rivers aside from the Thames once intersected
London, although those rivers have since been covered over by development (p. 28).
If you have not mentioned the authors name in the sentence, put the page numbers with the in-text
citation after the quote like this:

He said, Several rivers aside from the Thames once intersected London, although those
rivers have since been covered over by development (Clayton, 2000, p. 28).
Quote with more than 40 words block quote

(APA, 2010, p. 171)

Start quote on a new line, indented 1.27 cm from the left margin, omit the quotations marks. Cite
the source in parentheses after the final punctuation mark:

A recent study has found that:

It can be seen that students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when
it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact
that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for
help. (Jones, 1998, p. 199)

No author ........................................................................................................................ 2
Long author ..................................................................................................................... 2
Publishers location ......................................................................................................... 2
Multiple authors .............................................................................................................. 3
Two authors .............................................................................................................................. 3
Three to five authors ................................................................................................................ 3
Six or seven authors.................................................................................................................. 3
Eight or more authors ............................................................................................................... 3

Books .............................................................................................................................. 4
Book single author .................................................................................................................... 4
Book with multiple authors, see page 3.................................................................................... 4
Book with editor(s) ................................................................................................................... 4
Book, author not known ........................................................................................................... 4
Book, author and editor............................................................................................................ 4
Book other than first edition .................................................................................................... 4
Book with more than one volume ............................................................................................ 4
Electronic-only book ................................................................................................................. 4
Electronic version of print book ................................................................................................ 4
Book, corporate author ............................................................................................................ 5
Chapter or article in a book ...................................................................................................... 5
Book Review ............................................................................................................................. 5
Dictionary or encyclopedia ....................................................................................................... 5
Dictionary or encyclopedia entry .............................................................................................. 5

Journal Articles ................................................................................................................ 6

Web ................................................................................................................................ 8
Web site.................................................................................................................................... 8
Web page.................................................................................................................................. 8
Document from a web page i.e. PDF etc................................................................................... 8
Facebook .................................................................................................................................. 8
Podcast ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Blog ........................................................................................................................................... 9
YouTube.................................................................................................................................. 10
Image, online .......................................................................................................................... 10
Image, online, no author ........................................................................................................ 10

Audio Visual .................................................................................................................. 10

CD ........................................................................................................................................... 10
TV episode .............................................................................................................................. 10
Movie...................................................................................................................................... 10

Newspaper articles ........................................................................................................ 11

Newspaper article, online ....................................................................................................... 11
Newspaper article, paper ....................................................................................................... 11
Newspaper article, no author ................................................................................................. 11

Academic ....................................................................................................................... 11

Quote with less than 40 words.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when
it was their first time" (p. 199).
Jones (2012) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what
implications does this have for teachers?

Last updated by MC 8 August 2013

Lecture notes .......................................................................................................................... 11

Thesis ...................................................................................................................................... 11
ABS ......................................................................................................................................... 11

Conference Papers......................................................................................................... 12
Conference paper, unpublished.............................................................................................. 12
Conference paper, published in conference proceedings....................................................... 12

Personal communication ............................................................................................... 12

Reference something that you read about in another source ......................................... 13

No author

In-text citation

Reference List

Use the first few words of the reference list entry for your in-text citation

If there is no author listed, place the title in the author position.

(APA, 2010, p. 176)

No author
article,
chapter or
web page.

Use double quote marks. Do not italicize.

No author
periodical,
book,
brochure or
report.

Use italics.

was shown to be false ("New Child Vaccine," 2010, p. 99).

(APA, 2010, p. 184)

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2010). Retrieved from

as argued in "New Child Vaccine" (2010, p. 99), it can be.

was shown to be false (College Bound Seniors, 2011).

http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13178.asp

College Bound Seniors. (2011). Retrieved from http://prof-college/

as shown in College Bound Seniors (2011), it can be.

board.com/data-reports/sat/cb-seniors-2011

Long author
The first time you
cite this work

(Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2008, p. 99).

All subsequent
in-text citations

(ABS, 2008, pp. 5-7).

... by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008 p. 99)

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Mental health and wellbeing (cat.

... described by the ABS (2008, pp. 5-7)

Publishers location

no. 4326.5). Retrieved from AusStats: http://www.abs.gov.au

/ausstats

Lots of publisher locations listed? If one is the obviously the head office, use that one. If not, use the first one in the list.

US publishers: give the city and the two letter abbreviation for the STATE (Google it)

Publisher in the US

Publisher outside of
the the USA

Reynolds, H. (2010). Black pioneers. Springfield, MA: Penguin.

Non-US publishers: give the city and the COUNTRY

Reynolds, H. (2010). Black pioneers. London, England: Penguin.

Last updated by MC 8 August 2013

Multiple
authors

In-text citation

Reference List

If a work has two authors, cite both names every time

Two authors

Gilbert, R., & Collins, M. (2012). Masculinity. Cairns, Australia: Allen &

(Gilbert & Collins, 2012, p. 99).

Gilbert and Collins (2012, p. 99) argued that
The first time you cite this work

Unwin.

(APA, 2010, p. 177)

(Muspratt, Luke, & Freebody, 2009, pp. 111-112).

Three to five authors

Muspratt, Luke, and Freebody (2009, pp. 111-112) found

The second and subsequent citations

Muspratt, M., Luke, J., & Freebody, F. (2009). Anthropology. London,

England: Pluto Press.

(Muspratt et al., 1997, pp. 111-112).

Muspratt et al. (1997, pp. 111-112) found that
Every time you cite this work, only give the surname of the first author
followed by et al.
(APA, 2010, p. 177)

Six or seven authors

(Collins et al., 2012).

Collins et al. (2012) disputed this
Every time you cite this work, only give the surname of the first author
followed by et al.
(APA, 2010, p. 177)

Include up to seven authors

(APA, 2010, p. 184)

Collins, M., Kenedy, B., Forster, B., Morris, M., Cheer, K., Hooper, H.,
Fowler, K. (2012). Modern Liberia. Cairns, Australia: Allen &
Unwin.
Include the first six authors names, then 3 dots with spaces, then the last authors
name.
(APA, 2010, p. 184)

Eight or more
authors

(Collins et al., 2012, p. 99).

Collins et al. (2012, p. 99) disputed this

Last updated by MC 8 August 2013

Collins, M., Kenedy, B., Forster, B., Morris, M., Cheer, K., Hooper, H., . . .
Jones, J. (2012). Modern Liberia. Cairns, Australia: Allen & Unwin.

Books
Book
single author

For books with more than one author, also see the Multiple Authors section above.

In-text citation

(Reynolds, 2000, p. 99).

Reynolds (2000, p. 99) described this as

Reference List

Reynolds, H. (2000). Black pioneers. Ringwood, Australia: Penguin.

Book with multiple

authors, see page 3

(Broinowski, 2008).
Book with editor(s)

(Nugent & Shore, 2011)

Nugent and Shore (2011) dispute this.

Book,
author not known

Book other than first

edition
Book with more than
one volume

Electronic version of
print book

Nugent, S. L., & Shore, C. (Eds.). (2011). Anthropology. London, England:

Pluto Press.
The title moves to the authors position

Longman dictionary of the English language (2009) defines

Longman dictionary of the English language. (2009). Harlow, England:

(Austen, 2005, p. 99).

this was described by Austen (2005, p. 99) as
(Goudie, 2010).
this was described by Goudie (2010) as
(Corsini, 2002, pp. 22-30).
this was described by Corsini (2002, pp. 22-30) as
(OKeefe, 2010).

Electronic-only book

Macmillan.

(Longman dictionary of the English language, 2009).

this as
Book,
author and editor

Broinowski, A. (Ed.). (2008). ASEAN into the 1990s. London, England:

It has been argued by OKeefe (2010) that this .

(Shotton, 1989)
Shotton (1989) says computers will soon force mankind

Last updated by MC 8 August 2013

(APA, 2010, p. 184)

Longman.
Austen, J. (2005). Mansfield Park (J. Wiltshire, Ed.). Cambridge, England:
Cambridge University Press.
Goudie, A. (2010). The human impact on the natural environment (5th
ed.). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
Corsini, R.J. (Ed.). (2002). Encyclopaedia of psychology (Vol 4). New York,
NY: J. Wiley.
(APA, 2010, p. 185)

OKeefe, E. (2010). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from
www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem/225
(APA, 2010, p. 203)

Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer

dependency [DX Reader version]. Retrieved from http://
www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp
4

Books

In-text citation

Reference List

When the author and publisher are identical, use the word "Author" as the name of the publisher

Book,
corporate author

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the

(American Psychological Association, 2010).

the American Psychological Association (2010) states

Fontana and Frey (2012, p. 99) described this as

(Schatz, 2000).

(APA, 2010, p. 209)

described by Schatz (2000) as

Dictionary or
encyclopedia
Dictionary or
encyclopedia entry
Dictionary or
encyclopedia entry,
no author given

Dictionary or
encyclopedia entry,
no author,
no title

Author.
Fontana, A., & Frey, J. (2012). The art of science. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln

(Fontana & Frey, 2012, p. 99).

Book Review

American Psychological Association. (6th ed.). Washington, DC :

The title of the book goes in italics, not the title of the chapter

Cite the author of the chapter, not the book

Chapter or article in a
book

(APA, 2010, p.203)

(Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 361-376). Thousand

Oaks, CA: Sage.
Schatz, B. R. (2000, November 17). Learning by text of context? [Review
of the book Managing change in schools, by J. S. Brown & P.
Duguid]. Science, 290, 1304, doi:10.1126/science.290.5495.1304

(Smith, 2000, p. 101).

Smith, A. D. (Ed.). (2000). Oxford dictionary of biochemistry (1st. ed.).

New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Smith (2000, p. 101) defines this as

If an entry has no author listed, place the title in the author position.
( APA, 2010, p. 184)

(Oxford dictionary of biochemistry, 2000).

Oxford dictionary of biochemistry (2000) defines this...

Oxford dictionary of biochemistry. (2000). New York, NY: Oxford

University Press.

If there is no author or title, use the heading or first few significant

words of the entry in the place or the author
(APA, 2010, p. 200, 205)

(Heuristic, 2012, p. 99).

Heuristic (2012, p. 99) can be seen to be

Last updated by MC 8 August 2013

Heuristic. (2012). In Merriam-Websters online dictionary. Retrieved from

http://www.m-.com/dictionary/heuristic

Journal
Articles
(APA, 2010, pp. 198199)

A digital object identifier (doi) is a series of numbers and characters that identify online (and some paper) journal articles. It is often found on the on the title page
along with the author, title etc. A doi could look like this : doi:10.1037/1065- 9293.59.4.286
Include the doi in your reference if you can find one, like this...

Author, A. A. (year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume(issue if applicable), pages. doi:xxxxx
If you cannot find the doi, use the URL of the home page of the journal that the article appeared in (Google it), like this...

What is a doi?
What if I dont have a
doi?

Author, A. A. (year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume(issue if applicable), pages. Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxxx
If you cannot find the doi or URL of the home page of the journal, you can write the reference without a doi or a URL, like this...

Author, A. A. (year of publication). Title of work. Title of Journal, volume(issue if applicable), pages.

Pagination by issue

Pagination by issue means the page numbers start from 1 at the beginning of each issue (there will be no issue number after the volume number)

Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17, 30-32.

vs.
Pagination by volume

Pagination by volume means the page numbers start from 1 at the beginning of each volume (there will an issue number after the volume number)

Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17(4), 30-32.

Last updated by MC 8 August 2013

Journal articles

In-text citation

Reference list
The title of the journal goes in italics. The title of the article, does not.

(Williams, 2008, p. 31).

with doi,
with issue number
(pagination by issue)

Williams (2008, p. 31) argues that

(Williams, 2008).
with doi,
without issue number
(pagination by volume)

Williams (2008) argues that

(Williams, 2008).
without doi,
with issue number
(pagination by issue)

Williams (2008) argues that

(Williams, 2008, p. 31).

without doi,
without issue number
(pagination by volume)

Williams (2008, p. 31) argues that

Last updated by MC 8 August 2013

Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17(4), 30-32.

doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10

Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17, 30-32.

doi:10.1177/0269881105058776

Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17(4), 30-32.

Retrieved from www.philipallan.co.uk/sociologyreview/index.htm
Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17(4), 30-32.

Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17, 30-32.

Retrieved from www.philipallan.co.uk/sociologyreview/index.htm
Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17, 30-32.

Web

In-text citation

Reference list

When citing an entire website, it is sufficient to just give the address of the site in the text.

Web site

the Animals Australia website (http://www.animalsaustralia.org) is

(http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/cite-website.aspx)

Do not put anything in the Reference list.

a good example of this

Web page

(National Energy Laboratory, 2008).

Do not use italics for the title of a single web page.

the National Energy Laboratory (2008) argues

National Energy Laboratory. (2008). Biofuels. Retrieved from

http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_biofuels.html

Document from
a web page
i.e. PDF etc

Use italics for the title of a document from a webpage.

(Organization for Economic Development, 2013).

... the Organization for Economic Development (2013) argues

Organization for Economic Development. (2013). Climate change:

Meeting the challenge to 2050. Retrieved from
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/6/21/39762914.pdf

Web page,
no author

Use the first few words of the Reference List entry in double quote marks
(also see No Author section below)

If there is no author listed, place the title in the author position.

was shown to be false ("New Child Vaccine," 2010).

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2010). Retrieved from

as argued in "New Child Vaccine" (2010) it can be.

Web page,
no author,
no year,
no page number
Facebook

(APA, 2010, p. 184)

http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/story_13178.asp
Heuristic. (2012). In Merriam-Websters online dictionary. Retrieved

(Heuristic, 2012).Heuristic (2012) can be seen to be

from http://www.m-.com/dictionary/heuristic

Only include retrieval date for online material that may change over time e.g. Wikis, blogs, fb etc

(APA, 2010, p. 192)

If no date given, use either n.d. (no date) or ca (circa = approx)

(http://blog.apastyle.org/)

Last updated by MC 8 August 2013

(Nonja, n.d.).

Nonja. (n.d.). In Facebook [Fan page]. Retrieved March 17, 2010, from
http://www.facebook.com/pages/Nonja/190010092116

as seen on the fan page Nonja (n.d.).

When I was your age, Pluto was a planet. [ca. 2011]. In Facebook [Group

(When I was your age, Pluto was a planet, 2011)

as seen on When I was your age, Pluto was a planet (2011)

page]. Retrieved December 16, 2009, from www.facebook.com/

group.php?gid=2207893888

Web (cont.)

In-text citation

Podcast

Reference list

Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio [Audio podcast].

(APA, 2010, p. 210)

(Van Nuys, 2007).

argued by Van Nuys (2007)

Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/

Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2007, December 19). Shrink rap radio [Video podcast].
Retrieved from http://www.shrinkrapradio.com/

Blog

(Dean, 2008).

Include the title of the message and the URL.

.. described by Dean (2007)

Dean, J. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges : Is that me in the mirror? [Web log
comment]. Retrieved from http://www.spring.org.uk/2366ty/

Last updated by MC 8 August 2013

YouTube

The author is the person who posted the video. Give their real name (if known) and their screen name
in brackets.

Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved
(Apsolon, 2011).
as Apsolon (2011) says in

from http://xxxxx
Apsolon, M. [markapsolon]. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on Video Tape
14 [Video file]. Retrieved from www.youtube.com/6457324/45654ss

(markapsolon, 2011).
as markapsolon (2011) says in

If you dont know the real name, give the screen name without brackets

markapsolon. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on Video Tape 14 [Video file].
Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/wat632465

(http://blog.apastyle.org)

Image,
online

(Duveneck, 1872).
as seen in Duveneck (1872)

Cincinnati Art Museum. Retrieved from http://www.artstor.org

Image,
online,
no author

(The Queen signing, 1970).

The Queen signing the visitors book in library [Image]. (1970). Retrieved from

as seen in The Queen signing (1970)

Audio Visual
CD

(lang, 2008, track 10).

TV episode

http://www.flickr.com/photos/jcuniversity587/in/photostream/

Reference list

In-text citation
Include track number

(APA, 2010, p. 210)

Duveneck, Frank (Artist). (1872). Whistling boy [Image of painting]. Cincinnati, OH;

lang, k.d. (2008). Shadow and the frame. On Watershed [CD]. New York, NY: Nonesuch
Records.

as sung by lang (2008, track 10)

(Egan & Alexander, 2005).
shown by Egan and Alexander (2005)

Movie

(Vasile & Fellini, 2001).

(APA, 2010, p. 209)

shown by Vasile and Fellini (2001)

Last updated by MC 8 August 2013

Egan, D. (Writer), & Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate [Television

series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House. New York, NY: Fox.
Give the primary contributors i.e. director or producer or both, but not presenters. Use (brackets) to
identify their contribution. Give the movies country of origin and the name of the studio.

Vasile, T. (Producer), & Fellini F. (Director). (2001). Roma [Motion picture]. United
States: MGM Home Entertainment.
10

Newspaper
articles
Newspaper article,
online

Newspaper article,
paper
Newspaper article,
no author

Reference list

In-text citation

Online newspapers, use URL of the homepage of the newspaper

reported by Heinlein (2007)

Heinlein, G. (2007, July 24). Michigan smoking ban takes big step. Detroit News.
Retrieved from http://www.detnews.com

Lawlor (2010, p. 10).

Lawlor, A. (2010, July 20). Phoenician 'find' makes textbooks ancient history. The
Courier Mail, pp. 3,7,10-11.

Use short title, or full title if it is short (APA, 2010, p. 200) If this is no author listed, place the title in the author position

("Six Sites Meet", 2006).

Six sites meet for comprehensive anti-gang initiative conference. (2006, July.) OJJDP

the article "Six Sites Meet" (2006) describes

Academic

In-text citation

Lecture notes

(APA, 2010, p. 184)

News @ a Glance. Retrieved from www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/news

Reference list

Bond, T. (2012). ED1401: Childhood and adolescence, week 12 notes. [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved
(Bond, 2012).
was shown by Bond (2012).

from http://learnjcu2004.jcu.edu.au
Bond, T. (2012). PY1011: Exploring psychology, Psychopaths. [Class handout]. Department of
Psychology, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.

Thesis

(Ward, 2010).

(APA, 2010, p. 207)

as shown by Ward (2010).

ABS

Australian Bureau of Statistics

(2008).

Ward, I. (2010). Sedimentary history of the Pandora wreck and surrounds (Unpublished master's
thesis). James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Mental health and wellbeing: Profile of adults, Western
Australia (cat. no. 4326.5). Retrieved from: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats

shown by Australian Bureau of

Statistics (2008).
Last updated by MC 8 August 2013

11

Conference
Papers
Conference paper,
unpublished

Proceedings of meetings/symposia published in a book format to be formatted as a book citation.

Proceedings of meetings/symposia published in journals to be formatted as journal article citations.

In-text citation

(APA, 2010, p. 207)

Reference list

(Martins, 2011).

Author, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of paper. In E. E. Chairperson (Chair), Title of symposium.

Symposium conducted at the meeting of Organization Name, Location.

as shown by Martins (2011)

Martins, J. R. (2011, April). Working with the terminally ill: An integrated theoretical model. In J. R.
Tunon (Chair), Cooperative health care in the 21st century. Symposium conducted at the
meeting of the American Counselling Association Conference, San Diego, CA.
Conference paper,
published in
conference
proceedings

Gibson (2012).

Author. (Year). Title of paper. In Editor (first initial, last name) (Ed.) Title of conference proceedings
(page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher. doi:xxx.xxxxxxx

as shown by Gibson (2012).

Gibson, C. C. (2012). In S. Allsop (Ed.) Impact of the larger social context on the distance learner.
International Council for Distance Education: One world many voices: Quality in open and
distance learning (pp. 279-282). Chicago: Milton Keynes, England.

Personal
communication
(interviews, letters,
email, telephone
conversations etc)

In-text citation
For interviews, give the name of the person interviewed, followed by the words personal
communication (not in speech marks) and the date.

(R. Brown, personal communication, July 23, 2000).

Reference list
Because they don't provide recoverable information, personal
communications are not included in the reference list.
Cite in-text only.

in conversation with R. Brown (personal communication, April 4, 2002).

Last updated by MC 8 August 2013

12

Reference something that you read about in another source

Academically, it is better to find the original source and reference that.
But if you want to do this... you only reference what YOU have actually seen so if you are reading Starks book and Stark quotes Shakespeare, you only reference Stark...

In-text citation

Reference List

described by Shakespeare (as cited in Stark, 2012, p. 99)

Only the source that you have actually seen goes in the reference list.

or not to be (Shakespeare, 1998 cited in Stark, 2012, p. 99).

Stark, E. (2012). Winter woollies. London, England: Firewall

Press.

Last updated by MC 8 August 2013

13