Part 1: GRAMMAR

a) When I arrived at the cinema, the film had started.

Meaning
Using two past tense verb action in one sentence, where one of them is a past
perfect tense and the other is past tense, indicates that the past perfect one
happens before the action.

Past Perfect Tense

Simple Present Tense

Past Tense

--------------------x-------------------------------------------x----------------------------------------------x-----------------
Now

the film had started

When I arrived at the cinema

Concept Checking Questions (CCQs)

Did I see the beginning of the film? (No)
Which of the event did happen before? (The film started)
Which action happened last? (When I arrived at the cinema)
Teaching Context
Daily life event; (When I came home, dinner had been cooked).

Pronunciation
...the film had started.

flm hd sttd / (Ref.1)

Form
When I arrived
at
the
started
(past
perfect tense).
Ques.Word
S
Subject
aux.verb
past participle
(Ref.2)

cinema (past tense), the film

past simple

preposition

article

had

noun

When we use the simple past tense with the past perfect tense, the clause order
is interchangeable;
The film had started when I arrived at the cinema (past simple V2 is at the end of
the sentence).

Anticipated Problems and Suggested Solutions

1) Contracted form of the past perfect tense (Id gone there before) can be
confused with would (Id go).
2) Though the verbs dont need to be in an order, Ss may always have a
tendency to use past perfect tense in the first clause.
Solutions
1) Students have to be informed that the infinitive comes after the Would 'I'd go', but past participle comes after the had.
(Ref.2)
2) Ss have to be informed that time order is ensured by the auxiliary verb and
the type of the main verb of the sentence. Very controlled questions may
be a good practice for overcoming this pitfall.
b) I should have studied harder.
Meaning
The Should have refers to a good thing that had to be done in the past but it
had not.
Concept Checking Questions (CCQs)
Did he study hard? (No)
Have a good study was able to done? (Yes)
Does he regret that he didnt study? (Yes)
Why had not he studied harder? (We do not know)
Teaching context
Warning Ss about possible pitfalls and failures of the past can be criticised by
asking the question What should have been done before your last failure?
Form
should have + past participle
adverb

In the Sentence Subject + aux.(modal) verb +

I

should have is a modal verb

Pronunciation:
I should have
/dv/ (ref.3)

studied harder

should have

verb

studied

+
harder

Should and have are read like a one word. H is not being read.
Anticipated problems and solutions
1) Ss can make a mistake of confusing the meanings should and should
have. They may ask the question Wasnt should something like a
suggestion? But this time it refers to regret.
2) May be mistaken with Present Perfect Tense because of the structure
similarity.
I have been to Berlin twice / I should have been to Berlin twice
As we see, the only difference between these two sentences is should
modal verb. As for meaning, the sentences have quite different meanings.
Solutions
1) In practice sessions or HWs should have must be related with personal
regrets by Ss.
2) After the first solution above is achieved the second problem would be the
next to be solved.

PART 2: VOCABULARY
a) I went to our local library yesterday vs. I went to our local bookshop
yesterday.
Meaning
Library means that its a building where you can borrow books or you can find a
quiet place to read or study. Bookshop means that its a place that you can buy
books but usually there is no quiet place to read or study.
Concept Checking Questions (CCQs)
Can you borrow books from a bookshop? (No)
Where can you borrow books? (From the library)
Can you buy books from the library? (No)
Is it okay to speak loudly in the bookshop? (Yes)
Why is not OK to speak loudly in the library? (Because students or people trying
to concentrate for whatever they work on)
Teaching Contexts:
It is great to have a local library and a bookshop at the same time in your
neighbourhood.
Anticipated problems and solutions
1) Bookshop and library can be confused in the sentences which Ss make.
Solution: CCQs can clarify the meanings of the two words with visual examples
and overcomes any confusion before the topic begins.
2) Some students might have never been lived in a city which has a local library
and a bookshop
Solution: Teacher has to depict the big city atmosphere to the students more
detailed.
Pronunciation:
Library
/la.brr.i/

Bookshop
/bk.p/

(Ref.1)

b) He gave up smoking.
Meaning: To stop doing something before you have completed it, usually
because it is too difficult
Teaching contexts:

Some bad habits need to be given up.

Concept Checking Questions (CCQs):
Does he smoke now? No
Did he use to smoke? Yes
Did he stop smoking? Yes
Will he smoke in the future? No
Form:
Give up is an irregular phrasal verb. Gave up is the past tense form of give up.
Pronunciation:
I gave up smoking.
/evp /

Anticipated Problems:
1) If the phrasal verb cannot be detected, a student may understand the
meaning as somebody exhaled the cigarette smoke to somewhere
outside.
2) Gerund may be mistaken with Present Participle.
Solutions
1)

Phrasal verb forms have to be clarifying.

2)

Teacher has to be more clarifying about this distinction.

References
1) http://dictionary.cambridge.org/
2) http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/
3) http://www.learnersdictionary.com/definition/should've