B USBAR

Busbar
Protection
|
Busbar
Differential Protection Scheme
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In early days only conventional over current relays were used for busbar
protection. But it is desired that fault in any feeder or transformer
connected to the busbar should not disturb busbar system. In viewing of
this time setting of busbar protection relays are made lengthy. So when
faults occurs on busbar itself, it takes much time to isolate the bus from
source which may came much damage in the bus system. In recent days,
the second zone distance protection relays on incoming feeder, with
operating time of 0.3 to 0.5 seconds have been applied for busbar
protection. But this scheme has also a main disadvantage. This scheme
of protection can not discriminate the faulty section of the busbar. Now
days, electrical power system deals with huge amount of power. Hence
any interruption in total bus system causes big loss to the company. So it
becomes essential to isolate only faulty section of busbar during bus fault.
Another drawback of second zone distance protection scheme is that,
sometime the clearing time is not short enough to ensure the system
stability. To overcome the above mentioned difficulties, differential busbar
protection scheme with an operating time less than 0.1 sec., is commonly
applied to many SHT bus systems.
Differential Busbar Protection

Current Differential Protection
The scheme of busbar protection, involves, Kirchoffs current law, which
states that, total current entering an electrical node is exactly equal to
total current leaving the node. Hence, total current entering into a bus
section is equal to total current leaving the bus section. The principle of
differential busbar protection is very simple. Here, secondaries of CTs are
connected parallel. That means, S1 terminals of all CTs connected together
and forms a bus wire. Similarly S2 terminals of all CTs connected together
to form another bus wire. A tripping relay is connected across these two
bus
wires.
Here, in the figure above we assume that at normal condition feed, A, B,

C, D, E & F carries current IA, IB, IC, ID, IE and IF. Now, according to
Kirchoffs current law,
Essentially all the CTs used for differential busbar protection are of same
current ratio. Hence, the summation of all secondary currents must also
be equal to zero. Now, say current through the relay connected in parallel
with all CT secondaries, is iR, and iA, iB, iC, iD, iE and iF are secondary
currents. Now, let us apply KCL at node X. As per KCL at node X,
So, it is clear that under normal condition there is no current flows

through the busbar protection tripping relay. This relay is generally
referred as Relay 87. Now, say fault is occurred at any of the feeders,
outside the protected zone. In that case, the faulty current will pass
through primary of the CT of that feeder. This fault current is contributed
by all other feeders connected to the bus. So, contributed part of fault
current flows through the corresponding CT of respective feeder. Hence at
that faulty condition, if we apply KCL at node K, we will still get, i R = 0.
That means, at external faulty condition, there is no current flows through

relay 87. Now consider a situation when fault is occurred on the bus itself.
At this condition, also the faulty current is contributed by all feeders
connected to the bus. Hence, at this condition, sum of all contributed fault
current is equal to total faulty current. Now, at faulty path there is no CT.
(in external fault, both fault current and contributed current to the fault
by
different
feeder
get
CT
in
their
path
of
flowing).
The sum of all secondary currents is no longer zero. It is equal to

secondary equivalent of faulty current. Now, if we apply KCL at the nodes,
we will get a non zero value of i R. So at this condition current starts

flowing through 87 relay and it makes trip the circuit breaker
corresponding to all the feeders connected to this section of the busbar.
As all the incoming and outgoing feeders, connected to this section of bus
are tripped, the bus becomes dead. This differential busbar protection
scheme is also referred as current differential protection of busbar.
Differential Protection of Sectionalized Bus

During explaining working principle of current differential protection of
busbar, we have shown a simple non sectionalized busbar. But in
moderate high voltage system electrical bus sectionalized in than one
sections to increase stability of the system. It is done because, fault in
one section of bus should not disturb other section of the system. Hence
during bus fault, total bus would be interrupted. Let us draw and discuss
about
protection
of
busbar
with
two
sections.
Here, bus section A or zone A is bounded by CT 1, CT2 and CT3 where CT1
and CT2 are feeder CTs and CT3 is bus CT. Similarly bus section B or zone
B is bounded by CT 4, CT5 and CT6 where CT4 is bus CT, CT5 and CT6 are
feeder CT. Therefore, zone A and B are overlapped to ensure that, there is
no zone left behind this busbar protection scheme. ASI terminals of CT1,
2 and 3 are connected together to form secondary bus ASI BSI terminals
of CT4, 5 and 6 are connected together to form secondary bus BSI. S 2
terminals of all CTs are connected together to form a common bus S 2.
Now, busbar protection relay 87A for zone A is connected across bus ASI
and S2. Relay 87B for zone B is connected across bus BSI and S 2. This
section busbar differential protection scheme operates in some

manner simple current differential protection of busbar. That is, any fault
in zone A, with trip only CB 1, CB2 and bus CB. Any fault in zone B, will trip
only CB5, CB6 and bus CB. Hence, fault in any section of bus will isolate
only that portion from live system. In current differential protection of
busbar, if CT secondary circuits, or bus wires is open the relay may be
operated to isolate the bus from live system. But this is not desirable.
DC Circuit of Differential Busbar Protection

A typical DC circuit for busbar differential protection scheme is given
below.
Here, CSSA
and CSSB are two selector switch which are used to put into service, the
busbar protection system for zone A and zone B respectively. If CSSA is

in IN position, protection scheme for zone A is in service. If CSSB is in
IN position, protection for zone B is in service. Generally both of the
switches are in IN position in normal operating condition. Here, relay coil
of 96A and 96B are in series with differential busbar protection relay
contact 87A-1 and 87B-1 respectively. 96A relay is multi contacts relay.
Each circuit breaker in zone A is connected with individual contact of 96A.
Similarly, 96B is multi contacts relay and each circuit breaker in zone-B is
connected with individual contacts of 96B. Although here we use only one
tripping relay per protected zone, but this is better to use one individual
tripping relay per feeder. In this scheme one protective relay is provided
per feeder circuit breaker, whereas two tripping relays one for zone A and
other for zone B are provided to bus section or bus coupler circuit breaker.
On an interval fault in zone A or bus section A, the respective bus
protection relay 87A, be energized whereas during internal fault in zone
B, the respective relay 87B will be energized. As soon as relay coil of 87A
or 87B is energized respective no. contact 87A-1 or 87B-1 is
closed.Hence, the tripping relay 96 will trip the breakers connected to the
faulty zone. To indicate whether zone A or B busbar protection operated,
relay 30 is used. For example, if relay 87A is operated, corresponding
No contact 87A-2 is closed which energized relay 30A. Then the No
contact 30A-1 of relay 30A is closed to energized alarm relay 74.
Supervision relay 95 of respective zone is also energized during internal
fault, but it has a time delay of 3 second. So, it reset as soon as the fault
is cleared and therefore does not pick up zone bus wire shorting relay 95x
which in turn shorts out the bus wires. An alarm contact is also given to
this auxiliary 95x relay to indicate which CT is open circuited. No volt
relay 80 is provided in both trip and non-trip section of the D. C. circuit of
differential busbar protection system to indicate any discontinuity of D. C.
supply.
Voltage Differential Protection of Busbar

The current differential scheme is sensitive only when the CTs do not get
saturated and maintain same current ratio, phase angle error under
maximum faulty condition. This is usually not 80, particularly, in the case
of an external fault on one of the feeders. The CT on the faulty feeder
may be saturated by total current and consequently it will have very large
errors. Due to this large error, the summation of secondary current of all
CTs in a particular zone may not be zero. So there may be a high chance
of tripping of all circuit breakers associated with this protection zone even
in the case of an external large fault. To prevent this maloperation of
current differential busbar protection, the 87 relays are provided with high
pick up current and enough time delay. The greatest troublesome cause of
current transformer saturation is the transient dc component of the short
circuit current. This difficulties can be overcome by using air core CTs.
This current transformer is also called linear coupler. As the core of the CT
does not use iron the secondary characteristic of these CTs, is straight
line. In voltage differential busbar protection the CTs of all incoming and
outgoing feeders are connected in series instead of connecting them in
parallel.
The secondaries of all CTs and differential relay form a closed loop. If
polarity of all CTs are properly matched, the sum of voltage across all CT
secondaries is zero. Hence there would be no resultant voltage appears
across the differential relay. When a buss fault occurs, sum of the all CT
secondary voltage is no longer zero. Hence, there would be current
circulate in the loop due to the resultant voltage. As this loop current also
flows through the differential relay, the relay is operated to trip all the
circuit beaker associated with protected bus zone. Except when ground
fault current is severally limited by neutral impedance there is usually no
selectivity problem When such a problem exists, it is solved by use of an
additional more sensitive relaying equipment including a supervising
protective relay.
CATEGORY ARCHIVES: BASICS
OF BUSBAR AND LOCAL

BREAKER BACK UP
INTERPRETATION OF
IMPORTANT EQUATIONS
ARRIVED ON ANALYSIS
Posted on March 22, 2013 under Basics of Busbar and Local Breaker
1. For External Faults
Back up
Operating current Id1=SIt3

Slope
For External With one CT Saturated criterion for stability
i.e,
OPERATING CURRENT FOR EXTERNAL FAULT VARIES AS
THROUGH FAULT CURRENT DOES, UNLIKE IN HIGH
IMPEDANCE RELAY.
SLOPE S IS PURELY FUNCTION OF CERTAIN CIRCUIT
PARAMETERS.
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CT LOOP RESISTANCE IS MUCH
HIGHER THAN CONVENTIONAL PROTECTIONS.
NO RESTRICTION PLACED ON MAX. FAULT CURRENT.
2. Internal Faults
Id1 (min) = 0.092/(1 S)

Set S = 0.8 Id1 = 0.46 A
Sensitivity is Adjustable
Operates in 1 -2 ms before any CT can go into saturation
CHARACTERISTICS APPLYING TO EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL
FAULTS RELAY SLOPE
S = 0.8
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HIGH IMPEDANCE
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Back up
Limitation of Conventional High Impedance Differential Relay

A. PUTS STRINGENT REQUIREMENTS ON CTs
NEED FOR DEDICATED CT CORES.
IDENTICAL CT RATIO, MAGNETIZING IMPEDANCES.
AUX CTs FOR RATION CORRECTIONS UNACCEPTABLE.
B. INABILITY TO COPE WITH INCREASING FAULT
CURRENT
C. SLOW RESPONSE
BASIC OPERATING TIME EXCLUDING RELAY TIME IS 15 20
ms.
Low Impedance Protection is preferable for the protection of

double
And multiple busbars systems.
ADVANTAGES OF PERCENTAGE BIASED BUS
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
FREE OF ANY NEED FOR MATCHED CT CHARACTERISTIC OR
RATIOS,
LOW LEAKAGE REACTANCE OR RESISTANCE.
OTHER PROTECTIVE RELAYS CAN BE INCLUDED IN THE
SAME CIRCUIT.
STABLE FOR INFINITE FAULT LEVEL.
INSENSITIVE TO CT SATURATION.
DTECTS FAULTS WITHIN 1-2ms AND INITIATES TRIPPING
WITHIN 5-7ms.
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HIGH IMPEDANCE
Back up
Sensitive, stable and fast protection for single busbar

arrangements And 1 breaker systems. The system has
limits when used in complex Busbar configurations.
However, special CT requirements, additional high voltage
device protection,Demanding maintenance, etc put
restrictions in its application.
Requirements on the CT used for High-impedance

Protection
be dedicated to the High-impedance Busbar Protection
Scheme
(i.e. cannot be shared with other protection relays)
Must have identical turns-ratio (CT Ratio)
(Aux.CT for ratio corrections unacceptable)
Have a low resistance of the secondary windings
Have a minimum knee-point voltage of approx. 300-500V.
Should have a low magnetising current (few milliamps)
Internal Faults
Operation on Internal Faults

Ir1 = q (ir1 + n . im + is)
Where:
Ir1 = Primary fault current required for operation of protection
q = CT turns ratio
ir1 = Current setting diff.relay
n = total No. of CTs per phase,inclusive the CTs of feeders temporarily
disconnected.
im = CT secondary magnetising current at Ur1 volts.
is = Current drawn by the voltage limiting resistor Rs at Ur1 volts.
Check-Zone Feature
For a double busbar arrangement, two different high
impedance units arerequired.In this case, the current must be
switched between the two different measuring units By

connecting auxiliary switches to the busbar isolator contacts.
In some cases the auxiliary switches did not operate
correctly. This caused the busbar Protection to trip the
busbar. For this reason, a safety precaution
wasintroduced.An overall Check-Zone unit, fed from
individual CT cores. This overall scheme does not Include any
switching of CT and therefore is more secure.
The TRIP command is only given when both a discriminating
and check-zone system Operates.
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LOW IMPEDANCE
Back up
The most suitable protection scheme for Double and multiple

busbar Systems (with or without transfer bus) with feeders
being switched Between sections of the busbar, which
operates with full selectivity For all possible busbar
configurations.
High Impedance Differential Protection
The High-impedance protection scheme, on the other hand,
is a good Solution for single busbar arrangements, 1
breaker systems or ring Busbars, providing that appropriate
dedicated CT cores are available For this use alone.
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BASICS OF BUSBAR AND

LOCAL BREAKER BACK UP
Back up
Need For Bus Protection

In its absence fault clearance takes place in zone II of
distance relay by remote end tripping.
This means slow and unselective tripping and wide

spread black out
Effect of delayed clearance
Greater damage at fault point

Indirect shock to connected equipments like shaft of
generator and windings of transformer
Basic Theory
Kirchoffs current law states that the sum of the current entering
A given node must be equal to the current leaving that node
CT Saturation
CT Saturation Occurs When The Flux Required To Produce The

Secondary Current Exceeds The Saturation Flux Density Of
The Core.
Fig: Comparison of Saturation Voltage defined by different standards
REF PROTECTION
Posted on March 27, 2013 under REF PROTECTION
REF PROTECTION
Low Impedance REF (87N)
Methods Used To Avoid False Tripping
4
5
Difference B/W Low and High Impedance REF

The following table shows current in LCTs and NCT.
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THE FOLLOWING TABLE

SHOWS CURRENT IN LCTS
AND NCT. DURING
INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL FAULT.
TABLE FOR INTERNAL FAULT
Fault
Ir(C.T)
Iy(C.T)
Ib(C.T)
In(C.T)
Irelay
R- E
0.14
0.14
Y- E
0.14
0.14
B- E
0.14
0.14
R- Y
Y- B
B- R
TABLE FOR EXTERNAL FAULT

Fault
Ir(C.T)
Iy(C.T)
Ib(C.T)
In(C.T)
Irelay
R- E
0.14
0.14
Y- E
0.14
0.14
B- E
0.14
0.14
R- Y
0.08
0.08
Y- B
0.08
0.08
B- R
0.08
0.08
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DIFFERENCE B/W LOW AND

HIGH IMPEDANCE REF
LOW IMP. REF
HIGH IMP. REF
The input impedance of the lowimpedance REF is very low.
The input impedance of the highimpedance REF is very high.
Low-impedance REF protection has

low inherent stability against CT
saturation for external faults.
High-impedance REF protection ha

high inherent stability against CT
saturation for external faults.
The operating current of the lowimpedance REF protection is not
The operating current of the Highimpedance REF protection is realiz
realized by CT connection. The relay

measures all four CTs necessary to
realize the element.
by CT connection
Choice B/W High And Low Impedance Ref:
If the existing equipment is of such a nature that the same
ratios are not available for both phase and neutral CTs, you
should use low-impedance REF protection, because this type
of protection can handle different CT ratios for phase and
neutral CTs. However, if the same ratios are available for both
phase and neutral CTs, further investigation should reveal
whether high-impedance or low-impedance REF is the most
suitable for the application.
REF scheme sensitivity is a problem only on star windings
with resistance earthing, because the fault current is a
function of fault position, phase-to-neutral voltage, and
earthing resistance value. For faults close to neutral, the fault
current is very small. The relay operating current and CT
magnetizing current are important in determining the
winding coverage.
In cases where there is always sufficient fault current to
operate the REF relay, the choice between high-impedance
and low-impedance REF is not important. Issues such as
available CT ratios for the phase and neutral CTs may dictate
the choice.
For poor-quality CTs that require larger magnetizing current
than a better-quality CT at the same voltage, the
lowimpedance REF element is more sensitive. Where you use
good-quality CTs, however, the high-impedance REF relay is
more sensitive.
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METHODS USED TO AVOID

FALSE TRIPPING
A) This relay makes use of the direction change of the

operating current for in-zone and external faults. It derives a
zero sequence operating current from the phase CTs (Ir = Ia
+ Ib +Ic) and a polarizing current from the neutral CT (In). It
then compares the direction of operating (Ir) and polarizing
(In) currents.
B) The basic principle of operation for this relay is to compare
the residual (restraint) current Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic with the diff.
current Id = Ia + Ib + Ic In,
Where,
Ia, Ib, and Ic = the respective phase currents
In = the neutral current flowing in the transformer as a result
of the fault
C) Similarly to method A above, this relay uses the residual
current calculated from the three phase CTs where Ir = Ia +
Ib+ Ic and the neutral current In for the REF protection.
During an in-zone fault, neutral current will always flow
irrespective of the transformer winding connection and
earthing arrangement. The residual current depends on the
transformer winding connection and earthing arrangement.
In this case, if residual current exists, it will be in phase with
the neutral current. During an external fault, the neutral and
residual currents will be equal in magnitude and 180 out of
phase.
D) This relay calculates the differential current as Id = Ia + Ib
+Ic + In and the residual current as Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic.
Restraining current is the maximum of the positive-sequence,
negative sequence, or zero-sequence current in the residual

current.
Relays scale the CT ratios automatically between the phase
and neutral CTs to compare the different values on an equal
basis.
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LOW IMPEDANCE REF (87N)

Low-impedance REF protection is provided with new

numerical or microprocessor-based protection relays. In the
biased low-impedance REF, the three phase currents and the
neutral current become the bias inputs to a differential
element.
A very important advantage of low-impedance REF protection
is the fact that the CT ratios for the phase CTs and neutral CTs
do not have to be the same.
Most low-impedance REF relays use an operating and a
restraint current. The difference between different relays lies
in the way these relays determine the restraint quantities
and in the CT saturation detection algorithm of each relay.
Note that, in the case of low-impedance REF protection, there
is no inherent immunity to CT saturation, as is the case with
high-impedance REF protection. The following different
methods are used to determine the restrain and operating
current:
1. Use of the residual current Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic as the restraint
current and the differential current Id = Ia + Ib + Ic In as
the operating current.
2. Use of the residual current Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic as the

operating current and the neutral current In as the restraint
current.
Design Considerations
Because of the inherently unstable nature of the low
impedance REF element, it may misoperate during external
faults, especially in the case of faults not involving earth as
phase-to-phase and three-phase faults, when one of the
phase CTs saturates. The following methods can be used to
avoid false tripping
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REF PROTECTION
REF takes advantage of the large current in the neutral

conductor to provide sensitive and fast protection for
transformer faults close to the earth point. REF protection
applied to transformers may be referred to as unit earthfault protection, and the restricted part of the earth-fault
protection refers to an area defined between two CTs.
Generally, REF protection can be applied in one form or
another to all transformer windings, even delta-connected

windings. It can be of the High Impedance type, or of the Low
Impedance type.
High Impedance REF(64)
The residual current of three L.C.Ts. is balanced against the
output of a C.T. in the Neutral conductor. This scheme can be
used with any O/C relay as the fault current is measured by
C.T. connection.
If the star point of winding is grounded with resistance to
limit the ground current (In Higher rating m/c). The ratio of
NCT & LCT is different. In this case a IPCT (Inter Posing C.T.) is
used.
Design Considerations:
A number of design considerations must be taken into
consideration when designing a high-impedance REF scheme.
The most important considerations are described here:
The ratio of the phase and neutral CTs must always be the
same.
In general, the CTs should have the same saturation
characteristics.
The knee point voltage must be higher than the
stabilization voltage for external faults.
The voltage across the relay and CTs (all in parallel) should
be kept at safe levels while still being sufficiently high to

allow operation of the relay when required. The magnetizing
current of the CTs depends on the voltage across it, but too
high a voltage results in higher magnetizing current that
leads to a less sensitive scheme.
In most cases, a metal oxide varistor (MOV) or surge
arrestor is connected across the parallel connection of the
CTs and relay to clamp the voltage to a safe limit, without
affecting relay operation. The MOV protects the relay against
high voltages developed during in zone faults. Sufficient
current still flows through the relay to ensure operation.
REQUIREMENT ON BREAKERFAILURE RELAYING

Posted on March 22, 2013 by electricaltm under Basics of Busbar and Local
Breaker Back up
High security against undesired tripping of adjacent breakers
Current detectors (RXIB)
Short resetting time(<12 ms)

Short operating time(~4 ms)
High reset ratio (<88%)
Insensitive for the dc component in the secondary current
Insensitive for CT saturation
Time measuring unit

Accurate time-measuring >>> 0.5% of highest scale value
Negligible overtravel >>> Resetting and recovery time 20ms
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LOGIC DIAGRAM OF BFR

Breaker Back up
LOGIC DIAGRAM OF BFR
FAULT DETECTOR
C.B. Aux contact should not be used to indicate if C.B. is carrying current or not unless there
is no other way to do the job
The reasons are
Operating linkage is broken or out of adjustment

CB mechanism is open but CB has failed to interrupt current
CB open but fault current continues
A current detector gives more positive indication
CLEARANCE OF ASYMMETRICAL FAULT CURRENT
In the current detector RXIB 2 the influence of the dc component is suppressed

by the air gap in the input current transformer of the relay
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LOCAL BACK UP
Breaker Back up
Local back up protection can be divided into two categories
1. Relay back up
2. Breaker back up
RELAY BACK UP
Duplicate primary protection,

e.g. one non-switched and
one switched distance protn.
To increase the security, the
circuit-breaker has two trip
coils, one connected to the
non-switched relay, the other
connected to the switched
relay.
BREAKER BACK UP
Because of the high cost of high voltage circuit-breakers, it is not feasible to

duplicate them.
In case of a breaker failure, the other circuit-breakers connected to the same bus
as the faulted breaker must therefore be tripped.For uncleared fault shown CBs
to be tripped are 1, 3, 4 & 6
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Local Breaker Back-up Protection

Breaker Back up
A Protection which is designed to clear a system fault by initiating tripping other
circuit-breaker(s) in the case of failure to trip of the appropriate circuit-breaker.
STABILITY
In modern networks the critical fault clearing time may be less than
200 ms.Hence, if the fault is not cleared due to failure of the primary protective
relays or their associated circuit breaker, a fast-acting back-up protective relay
must clear the fault
There are two basic forms
Remote back up
Local back up
REMOTE BACK UP
The measured impedance Z will vary with the switching conditions.To maintain the
selectivity in the system a relatively long time delay is necessary for the second step of the
distance relay. Variation of the infeeds at the remote busbars may virtually prevent the
application of remote back-up protection.
Advantage: Provides back-up protection for both the relays and breakers at the remote
station
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REQUIREMENTS ON THE ISOLATOR

AUXILIARY CONTACTS
Breaker Back up
REQUIREMENTS ON THE ISOLATOR AUXILIARY CONTACTS
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USE OF DIRECTIONAL RELAY IN BC

CIRCUIT FOR AUX.
BUS SELECTIVITY
Breaker Back up
USE OF DIRECTIONAL RELAY IN BC CIRCUIT FOR AUX. BUS SELECTIVITY
DOUBLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH TRANSFER BUS
1- BREAKER SYSTEM
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SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH

SECTIONALIZING BREAKER
Breaker Back up
..
CT DISCONNECTION UNIT
..
CT DISCONNECTION UNIT
Where there is only one CT in the bus coupler bay, there will be a blind Zone
or dead zone between the breaker and the CT, and for a fault in This zone the
selectivity of the busbar protection is lost resulting in Mal-operation and
unwanted operation of wrong bus bar protection and Non-operation of the
required busbar protection. If this is allowed to Persist, it will result in tripping of
remote end feeders in Zone-II. Further, when both the buses are coupled through
bus coupler and if The bus coupler breaker fails to trip for a fault on any of the
buses, the Other bus continue to feed the fault till all the feeders connected to
that Bus trip at remote end in Zone-II or by LBB of bus coupler breaker. To take
care of this type of faults, the bus bar protection is provided with A feature called
bus coupler CT disconnection , which shorts the bus Coupler CT after a preset
time after the operation any of the bus bar Protections irrespective of the status
of bus coupler breaker.
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TYPICAL BUS ARRANGEMENTS

Breaker Back up
SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM

SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH SECTIONALIZING BREAKER
SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH SECTIONALIZING ISOLATOR
DOUBLE BUSBAR WITH TRANSFER BUS
1&1/2 BREAKER SYSTEM
SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM
SINGLE BUSBAR SYSTEM WITH SECTIONALIZING ISOLATOR
SINGLE ZONE RECONNECTION UNIT

SINGLE ZONE RECONNECTION UNIT
When both the buses are coupled through isolators I.e. when both the bus
isolators of any feeder is closed during bus change over, both the Bus bars will
act as single bus bar and bus coupler gets bypassed. In The event of fault on any
one of the buses during this condition, feeders Connected to both the buses will
be tripped. In the case of bus bar Protection type RADSS, this logic is achieved
through a separate bus Interconnection unit or Single zone reconnection unit.
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Merits of Percentage Biased Bus

Differential Protection Over High
Impedance Protection
Breaker Back up
In case of High impedance differential protection, it is necessary that
magnetizing Impedance and turns ratios of all the CTs exactly match. Otherwise,
for an external Fault differential voltage gets developed across the relay and the
magnitude of this Might be sufficient to cause relay operation for a heavy
external fault. There have Been instances where even minor turns ratio have
resulted in mal-operation of high Impedance differential relay for an external
faults.
Any inclusion of auxiliary CT in one or more of the CT circuits means

different Magnetizing impedances of such composite CTs and also this might introduce
turns Ratio errors however small.
In Percent biased relay (RADSS), the required voltage to operate, increases a the Restraint
voltage increases in proportion to the severity of external fault. In addition Percent bias relay
(RADSS) has following advantages
Basic operating time of RADSS is 1-2m secs, and total time including trip relays Is 5-7m
secs.
In comparison the operating time of High impedance differential relay
(including Trip relay) is 20-25m secs.
RADSS is stable against through fault currents even for infinite fault MVA.
The Growing fault MVA levels does not affect the stability of the relay and only
CTs With moderate knee-point voltage (500V) need to be connected.
In case of High impedance relay an increase of fault MVA results in an
increase Of the setting, which can only be taken to a maximum of Vk/2 where Vk
is CT Knee-point voltage. Thus, if fault levels increase, the CTs may need to be
replaced With those of higher knee-point voltage..
PROTECTION PRINCIPLES
Posted on March 24, 2013 under Protection principles
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Power system protection basics

Role of Protection
Principles of Relaying
Causes and Probability of System Disturbances
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Reasons of Primary Protection Failure

System structure: meshed network
Basic Protection Requirements
Overcurrent-time protection
Load flow,A non-linear task
Typical equipment data Transformer
Example: Transformer protection system
General Structure of a Numerical Protection Device
Analog to Digital ( A / D ) Conversion of Measurin
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ANALOG TO DIGITAL ( A /
D ) CONVERSION OF
MEASURING SIGNALS
Example of an A/D Conversion of a Sinusoidal Signal.

A voltage signal 10 sin t is sampled at a rate of 1 kHz
(Sampling time T = 1 ms) . = 2f, with f being the power
frequency = 50 Hz..
How does the output of a 12 bit (11 bits + sign) ADC look like
? Note : 1 ms for a 50 Hz system corresponds to 18 electrical
degrees
Sampling Rates used in Siemens Numerical Protection

S.No
Relay Designation
7UT612
7UT613
Sampling Rate
12 Samples / Cycle
600 Hz for 50 Hz system
16 Samples / Cycle
7UT63
7SJ61-64
7SA
7SD
7
8
7SD
7UM
16 Samples / Cycle
16 Samples / Cycle
20 Samples / Cycle
20 Samples / Cycle
20 Samples / Cycle
Depends on network frequenc
Further Readings
The Art & Science of Protective Relaying
By : C Russel Mason
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GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A
NUMERICAL
PROTECTION DEVICE
Equipment : Lines, cables, transformers, machines

Processing : Digital Filters, Numerical Methods,Measuring
Algorithms
Signal Conversion : CTs and VTs Signal Analysis :

Comparison with Settings, grading
Signal Tailoring : Signal matching, Anti-Aliasing Filters, A/ D
Conversion
Analog to Digital ( A / D ) Conversion of Measuring
Signals
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EXAMPLE: TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION SYSTEM
Example: Transformer protection system
Example: Line protection system
Time grading schedule
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TYPICAL EQUIPMENT
DATA TRANSFORMER
Typical equipment data Transformer
U /U
N1
N2
380 kV
380/110 kV
300 MVA
15 %
110/20 kV
40 MVA
15 %
20/0.4 kV
630 kVA
6%
Transf.
110 kV
20 kV
72
6
45
Typical equipment data Line
380 kV
Overhead line
0.03
+ j 0.25 /km
0.25 /km
Overhead line
Cable
0.07
0.04
+ j 0.38 /km
+ j 0.11/km
0.39 /km
0.12 /km
Overhead line
Cable
0.31
0.20
+ j 0.36 /km
+ j 0.13 /km
0.48 /km
0.24/km
110 kV
20 kV
Planning of power system protection systems
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LOAD FLOW,A NONLINEAR TASK
Short-circuit calculation
Time characterictics of short-circuit currents
Fault currents
Types of short-circuits in three-phase systems
Typical equipment data Network
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OVERCURRENT-TIME
PROTECTION
Overcurrent-time protection
Differential protection
Overvoltage Undervoltage
Impedance protection
Distance protection
Back-up protection I
Back-up protection II
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BASIC PROTECTION
REQUIREMENTS
Reliability
Security
Speed
Selectivity
Sensitivity
dependability (availability) high dependability = low risk o

failure to trip
stable for all operating conditions , high security = low ris
over-trip
high speed minimizes damage high speed reduces stabilit
problems
trip the minimum number of circuit breakers
notice smallest fault value
Protected zone
To limit the extent of the power system that is

disconnected when a fault occurs, protection is arranged
in zones
Zones of protection should overlap, so that no part of
the power system is left unprotected
Location of the CT connection to the protection usually
defines the zone
Unit type protections have clear zones reach e.g Diff.
Relay, REF relay
Zone reach depends on measurement of the system
quantities e.g OC , EF, distance relays . The start will be
defined but the extent (or reach) is subject to variation,
owing to changes in system conditions and
measurement errors
Criteria indicating fault condition
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SYSTEM STRUCTURE:
MESHED NETWORK
System structure: meshed network
System structure: radial network for public supply
System structure: radial network in the industry
Neutral earthing
Main components of electrical networks
Protection target
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REASONS OF PRIMARY
PROTECTION FAILURE
Primary protections failure could be due to any of the

following reasons :
1. Current or Potential Transformer failure
2. Loss of Auxiliary Control Voltage
3. Defective Primary Relays
4. Open Circuits in Control & Trip Coil
5. Failure of Breaker
It is therefore logical that back-up relays should not utilise any of
the above items as common with primary relays.
Protection Concept
The system is only as strong as the weakest link!
CT VA BURDEN
Posted on March 26, 2013 under CT VA Burden
CT must not be saturated

The main function of CT is to transform faithfully the current
and also be capable of developing sufficient voltage across
the secondary to drive the current through the connected
burden
Vact=[20000/1000] * 5 =100V
Vspecified = [(ALF x VA)/C.T.sec]

= [ (15 x 5) / 1 ] = 75V
Vspecified < Vact
Hence CT may saturated
Vact=[20000/1000] * 5 =100V Vact=[20000/1000] * 5

=100V
Vspecified = [(ALF x VA)/C.T.sec]
Vspecified = [(ALF x
VA)/C.T.sec]
= [ (15 x 10) / 1 ] = 150
= [ (15
x 7.5) / 1 ] = 150V
Vspecified > Vact
Vspecified > Vact
CBCT-Installation and correct connection

Application of CBCT and correct position of armour earthing
REF PROTECTION
CALCULATION OF RESISTOR
IN HIGH IMP.
REF PROTECTION
Posted on March 27, 2013 under Calculation of REF Protection
The maximum through fault current below which the scheme

remains stable
Isl=
Ukpv/2
2* RL + RCT
where, RL= longest CT connection lead Resistance

Rct= internal CT resistance
=
100/2
= 11.26 A
2* (0.2) + 4.04
Fault Current of 3.3kv Bus = 26 KA (say 16.25 A in secondary

terms)
Setting Voltage Vs = IF (2* RL + RCT)/CT RATIO = 26000
(2*0.2 + 4.04)/1600 =72.15 Volts.
Where, IF = fault current
Resistance of the circuit R = VS _ Burden of Relay
IS
(Is)2
72.15
_ 0.05
0.1
(0.1)2
= 716.5 ohms
(Ipu = 0.1 assumed)
Power rating of resistance is Pr
= (Ukpv)2 = (100)2 = 20 W
R
500
Variable resistor of 0-1 kOhms to be provided.

During maximum primary fault current, if the peak voltage
developed across the relay should not exceed 1.5 kV, then
metrosil is required to suppress the same.
VFS= IF (2*RL + RCT+ stabilizing resistance)
CT RATIO
=26000 (2*0.2 + 4.04+ 716.5)
1600
= 11715.275 volts
Knee point voltage = 100 volts
Peak voltage VPK = 2*(2 VK(VFS VK))1/2
= 2*(2*100(11715.275100))
1/2
= 3048.32 volts
= 3.04 kilo volts
Since peak voltage is greater than 1.5 kV, metrosil is
required.
Setting voltage is less than 125 v, metrosil type 125v R.M.S.,
600A/S1/S256 is
BUSBAR PROTECTION
SCHEME WITH
7SS60 RELAY
Posted on March 22, 2013 under Busbar protection Scheme with
7SS60 relay
Description for Busbar protection Scheme with 7SS6
Types of schemes
Conditions of operation
F. CT Circuit supervision:
G. Components of Busbar Scheme
Busbar protection scheme
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BUSBAR PROTECTION
SCHEME
7SS60 relay
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G. COMPONENTS OF
BUSBAR SCHEME
7SS60 relay
For each Bussection, One 7SS60 relay is provided. 7SS60

relay is a standlone flush mouting device. The relay is
mounted in the respective Bus PT panels.OneSummation CT
is required per feeder. The turns ratio is adjusted based on
the Main CT ratio. The summation CTs are mounted in the LT
chamber near to the MainCTs.One rectifier unit is used per
CT.
Each 7TM70 unit has
five rectifier units to be used for five CTs.
five output relays each having two contacts. Each relay to
be used for one feeder for tripping the lock out
relay/
circuit breaker.
The 7TM70 units are placed in a casing type 7XP20. One
casing can take maximum four 7TM70 units. The 7XP20
casing is flush mounting device.One 7SJ62 relay is used per
Bussection for CT circuit supervision. The relay is mounted in
Bus PT panel.
F. Comparison between High and Low impedance
scheme :
Please find below the comparison between High and low
Impedance schemes:
1. In High Impedance schemes, all Main CT must have same
ratio and separate CT cores are required for
Busbar protection.This is not a mandatory requirement for
Low Impedance scheme.
2. Special CTs (Class PS) required for high impedance due to

high burden of relays.Normal protection class CTs suited for
Low impedance schemes.
3. Low Impedance scheme relays can provided fault
disturbance records,communication etc which are not
available in high impedance scheme relays.
4. In high impedance scheme, higher currents(1/5A) are
switched/ connected in parallel across all feeders. However
for low impedance scheme very low current is used i.e 100m
A.
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F. CT
CIRCUIT SUPERVISION:
7SS60 relay
F. CT Circuit supervision:
The 7SS60 relay also provides CT circuit
supervision scheme.The supervision scheme operates from the same
current input Id of the 7SS60 relay.However it operates on a very low
setting range.
In case any of the CT is open circuit or the wiring between the CT and
the 7SS60 is disturbed (open) then the CT circuit supervision picks up an
gives an alarm. During this stage the Busbar protection is blocked i.e. if
during this stage any internal fault occurs, then the busbar protection w
not get activated. This is provided as a safety measure to prevent any
maloperation which can result into tripping of all feeders. At the same ti
input connection to the Id coil of 7SS60 is shorted. This is done to preve
the affect of any high voltages (due to open circuit ) to 7SS60 relay.
Thereafter the operator /maintanence engineer has to check each and
every circuit / tighten all connections and then reset the Busbar Protecti
for normal operation.
The lowest possible setting available for CT circuit supervision is = 10

of nominal current This setting is not suitable for feeders with lower CT
ratios i.e. <150 A. For open circuit of the CT of these feeders, the CT circ
supervision of 7SS60 may not operate.
In order to take care of the above i.e. to provide CT circuit supervision
for all feeders, a separate relay 7SJ62 is provided for CT circuit supervisi
This relay has a sensitive input which can measure current as low as 1 m
This coil of 7SJ62 relay is connected in series with the Id input of 7SS60
The CT circuit supervision for 7SS60 is now blocked.
Thus for any CT open circuit or break in the CT circuit, the 7SJ62 relay
picks up. The output of 7SJ62 relay is connected to the Binary input of
7SS60 relay for blocking the Busbar Protection operation.
At the same time input connection to the Id coil of 7SS60 is shorted. Th
is done to prevent
the affect of any high voltages (due to open circuit ) to 7SS60 relay.
Further during the commissioning of HCU Panels at M/s BPCL we were

informed that the Busbar protection should not be blocked in case of CT
circuit supervision operates.Though it is not recommended we have
provided the following modifications in the scheme.
An additional contact of 7SJ62 relay is connected in series with the 7SJ6

coil.
Thus when 7SJ62 relay operates,
it blocks 7SS60 relay for Busbar Operation.
It shorts the connection to the 7SS60 relay i.e shorts the input circuit.
It also momentarily disconnects the 7SJ62 coil from the main circuit.
Thus with the above modifications, The Busbar protection remains

blocked for certain time and then resets and then again gets blocked . T
a toggling scheme is provided where in the for few secs the scheme
remains blocked and for few secs therafter remains on and ths cycle is
repeated continuously until the CTs are checked /connections are
checked/tightened. Once all the CT and connections are healthy the 7SJ6
relay will not pick up and will not block the Busbar protection.
If toggling scheme is to be switched to non toggling i.e permanent

blocking then the output
contact of 7SJ62 relay is to be programmed as latched type.

The latching can be released by reset button on the key pad, however
be done only after
all checks are completed.
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CONDITIONS OF OPERATION
7SS60 relay
E. Conditions of operation:
1. With Buscoupler Open:
This is simplest operation. If a fault occurs in Bussection A
then the 7SS60 relay for that bussection will operate and trip
the feeders on Bus A.
2. With Buscoupler Closed :
As you can see from the enclosed drawings, the CT
connections are crossed for the Buscoupler i.e. the
Buscoupler CT on bus B is connected to the Bussection A
7SS60 relay and vice versa. This is done to ensure correct
tripping of Busbar protection relay for faults between the
Buscoupler Breaker and the CTs.
For e.g: For a fault between the Buscoupler breaker and the
CT T4-T6, the Busbar Protection relay for Bus A will operate
and trip all feeders on Bus A including the Circuit breaker. In
this case the Bus B continous to run in normal operation.
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TYPES OF SCHEMES
7SS60 relay
C. Types of schemes :
The 7SS60 relay scheme can be utilised in two ways:
1. With summated CT :
In this case the Main CT secondaries of all three phases is
connected to a Summated CT. The summated CT acts also as
a matching CT.Since all three phases are summated, only
One 7SS60 relay is required.This scheme is used normally for
3.3KV to 110 kv voltage levels where the tripping is three
phase.
2. With Matching CT :
In this case, each phase Main CT secondary is connected to a
individual auxiliaryCT.Since each phase circuit is used, three
separate 7SS60 relays are required.This is scheme is used
normally for higher voltage levels i.e 132 KV and above
where the Circuit breakers are single
pole operated.The auxiliary CT (matching or summated) have
no. of turns on the primary side. These turns are used to
provide the matching turns ratio for different Main
CT ratios.Thus it is not required that ALL the Main CTs should
have the same ratio for Busbar Protection as in case of high
impedance scheme.Further you can also use the same CT for
other relays and dedicated CT core for Busbar protection is
not required.
D. Explanation of scheme provided at M/s BPCL:
Refer the enclosed scheme drawing. There are two
bussections and for each bussection a separate Busbar
Protection relay 7SS60 is provided.The type of scheme used
is summated principle wherein the CT secondaries of all
three phases is connected to a summation CT. The output of
the summation CT is then connected in parralle l and
connected to the Id input of the 7SS60 relay.The output of
each summation CT is also connected to the rectifier unit
7TM70. The output of this 7TM70 unit is then connected in

parallel and connected to the Ir input of the
7SS60 relay.The relay now has both the inputs i.e Id and Ir
and thus provides the Busbar protection as explained above.
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DESCRIPTION FOR BUSBAR

PROTECTION SCHEME
WITH 7SS60 RELAY
7SS60 relay
A. Principle of operation:
Differential protection is based on the law of kirchhoff : in a

healthy system, the sum of currents in a node must be zero.
This is a ideal case. But in practice, CT errors and measuring
errors need to be considered. For that reasons, the protection
needs to be stabilized. The differential criteria and the
restraint criteria are defined as follows
Differential Current : I diff = [I1 +I2+I3++IN] (vector
sum)
Restraint Current : I restraint = [I1]+[I2]+..+[IN]
(magnitude sum)
For load or through flowing currents the differential criteria

is almost zero, whereas the restraint quantity rises instantly.
In case of an internal fault both, the differential and
the restraint quantity rise at the same time.Hence even
within few milliseconds the protection relay can decide
whether there is an internal or external fault.
B. Low Impedance scheme:
7SS60 is a low impedance Busbar Scheme.
As can be seen from the enclosed drawing, the main CT
secondary currents are not directly used (paralleled ) as in
case of high impedance scheme. The secondary of each main
CT is connected to a auxiliary CT (either summation or
matching CT). The Auxiliary CT output which works on low
current (100m A) is then connected in parallel for all feeders.
The parallel connection is then connected to the Id input of
the 7SS60 relay. At this input the vector sum of ALL currents
is given as a input to the relay. In ideal case as per kirchhoffs
law this is almost zero.
Now you also need the restraint current which is the
magnitude (non vector) sum of ALL currents. This is achieved
by connecting the auxiliary CT output also to a rectifier
units (7TM70). The rectifier unit output is then connected in
paralle l for all feeders and connected to the Ir input of the
7SS60 relay. At this point the total current (magnitudes) is fed
into the relay.Based on these two inputs the 7SS60 relay
decides trip /non trip condition. The out put of the 7SS60 is
then used to trip the feeders.
Since for direct tripping of feeders, separate contact may be
required from the busbar scheme. This is achieved through
the 7TM70 relay. This relay has five coils (relays) each have
two contacts. The 7SS60 output contact energises the coils
(relays ) of 7TM70 relay which in turn are used for tripping
the Circuit breakers directly or through lockout relays .
The 7TM70 unit has dual purpose :

It has rectifier units to rectify the CT currents.
It has output contacts for direct tripping of circuit breakers/
lockout relays.
BUSBAR PROTECTION
Posted on March 22, 2013 under Busbar protection ( Siemens )
1
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Busbar Protection
Busbar Protection with Reverse Interlocking
Busbar Protection & Pickup Characteristics
Double busbar with n feeders and one bus coupler,
Checkzone Protection
Busbar Protection System 7SS5
The 7UT6 Family
7SS52 System features
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7SS52 SYSTEM FEATURES

7SS52 System features (1)
4-system busbar or 3 systems with transfer bus

48 feeders
12 independant protection zones
16 couplers (1 CT) / 8 couplers (2 CTs)
proven measurement principle which is used by
SIEMENS in analog and numerical systems
trip time < 15 ms at the command contact
CT saturation tolerated after 3ms
7SS52 System features (2)
phase selective measurement for each zone
additional isolator independant checkzone
dead zone (coupler) /end fault (feeder) protection for faults
between CB and CT
additional tripping characteristic for earth faults in resistive
earthed networks
integrated versatile two step breaker failure protection
7SS60 Comparison versus 7SS52
High complexity for multiple busbars
increased costs for engineering and documentation
increased wiring, testing, commissioning
Extension of existing schemes is more difficult
Isolator replica and preference switching by
mechanical contacts
increased maintenance
no supervision of isolator status (auxiliary contacts)
Advantages
requires less space
lower price
7SS52 Benefits
Reduced expenditure of engineering, installation and
commissioning
Maintenance reduced to testing of input quantities and trip
circuits due to high degree of internal supervision
Few different system components (reduced stock of spare
parts)
Easy and fast extension of protection system
Further Readings
The Art & Science of Protective Relaying
By : C Russel Mason
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THE 7UT6 FAMILY
7UT612: protection
7UT613: protection
7UT633: protection
(extended IOs)
7UT635: protection
(extended IOs)
objects up to 2 ends / 7 feeders

7SS60 Hardware Components
7SS6 System configuration
Components are for example only !

The 7SS52 Distributed Busbar Protection Concept
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BUSBAR PROTECTION
SYSTEM 7SS5
Three-pole Control of the Command Relays in the

numerical busbar Protection System 7SS5
Busbar Protection Differential Measuring System

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CHECKZONE PROTECTION
Logic of Trip Conditions if Checkzone Protection is

Available
Numerical Busbar Protection 7SS5 safety and

Monitoring Structure

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DOUBLE BUSBAR WITH N

FEEDERS AND ONE BUS
COUPLER, TWO
MEASURING SYSTEMS
Linked status via circuit breaker two measuring systems are

remaining,Prerequisite: Current transformer in the bus
coupler
Switching to one measuring system depending on

the coupling via isolators

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BUSBAR PROTECTION &

PICKUP CHARACTERISTICS
Principle of Busbar Differential Protection (4)
http://electricaltm.blogspot.in/
Busbar Protection for n Feeders, Stabilized
Current Comparison in Stabilized Busbar

Protection
Pickup Characteristics
Isolator Replica
Principle of assigning feeder current and TRIP command via

bistable relays,depending on the isolator auxiliary contacts
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BUSBAR PROTECTION WITH

REVERSE INTERLOCKING
For radial networks only

1 External short-circuit
2 Busbar short-circuit
Busbar protection for n feeders, not stabilized

Prerequisite: Same ratio of all transformers
Busbar protection for n feeders, not stabilized, with trip circuit

representation
Prerequisite: Same ratio of all transformers
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BUSBAR PROTECTION
Principles of system protection technology

Busbar Protection
Need for busbar protection
A busbar is a point of convergence of many circuits
1. generation
2. transmission
3. load
Principles of busbar protection
1. Reverse interlocking
Limited application range (no power reversal, single
bus)
2. Distance protection
Slow fault clearance time (> 300ms)
3. Differential protection
fast, selective, wide application range
Typical scope of applications
Single busbar, up to 12 feeders *, w/o sectionalizer 7UT6x
Single busbar, any feeders, with sectionalizers 7SS60
Simple double busbar, with couplers 7SS60
Complex multi busbar (e.g. transfer bus) 7SS52
1 breaker schemes 7UT6x, 7SS60, 7SS52
Depending on the version of relay (7UT612, 7UT613/633,

7UT635) and type of measurement (1/3-phase)

B USBAR

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Busbar

Differential Busbar Protection

Here, in the figure above we assume that at normal condition feed, A, B,

So, it is clear that under normal condition there is no current flows

That means, at external faulty condition, there is no current flows through

The sum of all secondary currents is no longer zero. It is equal to

we will get a non zero value of i R. So at this condition current starts

Differential Protection of Sectionalized Bus

section busbar differential protection scheme operates in some

DC Circuit of Differential Busbar Protection

busbar protection system for zone A and zone B respectively. If CSSA is

Voltage Differential Protection of Busbar

CATEGORY ARCHIVES: BASICS

OF BUSBAR AND LOCAL

1. For External Faults

Operating current Id1=SIt3

For External With one CT Saturated criterion for stability

Id1 (min) = 0.092/(1 S)

Limitation of Conventional High Impedance Differential Relay

Low Impedance Protection is preferable for the protection of

Sensitive, stable and fast protection for single busbar

Requirements on the CT used for High-impedance

Operation on Internal Faults

switched between the two different measuring units By

The most suitable protection scheme for Double and multiple

BASICS OF BUSBAR AND

Need For Bus Protection

This means slow and unselective tripping and wide

Greater damage at fault point

CT Saturation Occurs When The Flux Required To Produce The

Fig: Comparison of Saturation Voltage defined by different standards

Low Impedance REF (87N)

Methods Used To Avoid False Tripping

Difference B/W Low and High Impedance REF

THE FOLLOWING TABLE

TABLE FOR INTERNAL FAULT

TABLE FOR EXTERNAL FAULT

DIFFERENCE B/W LOW AND

LOW IMP. REF

HIGH IMP. REF

The input impedance of the lowimpedance REF is very low.

The input impedance of the highimpedance REF is very high.

Low-impedance REF protection has

High-impedance REF protection ha

The operating current of the lowimpedance REF protection is not

The operating current of the Highimpedance REF protection is realiz

realized by CT connection. The relay

METHODS USED TO AVOID

A) This relay makes use of the direction change of the

negative sequence, or zero-sequence current in the residual

LOW IMPEDANCE REF (87N)

Low-impedance REF protection is provided with new

2. Use of the residual current Ir = Ia + Ib + Ic as the

REF takes advantage of the large current in the neutral

another to all transformer windings, even delta-connected

be kept at safe levels while still being sufficiently high to

REQUIREMENT ON BREAKERFAILURE RELAYING

Current detectors (RXIB)

Short resetting time(<12 ms)

Time measuring unit

LOGIC DIAGRAM OF BFR

Operating linkage is broken or out of adjustment

CLEARANCE OF ASYMMETRICAL FAULT CURRENT