CE 407 Lecture 2 (Materials) 1

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
(CE 407)
1
LECTURE # 2
Materials And The Philosophy Of Design

By
CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures
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REINFORCING STEELS
2
Nonprestressed reinforcing steel is commonly used In prestressed concrete

structures as shear reinforcement or supplementary reinforcement in regions of
high local stresses and deformations.
In partial prestressing it contributes to the main structural resistance to an extent
equal to that of prestressing steel.
In seismic applications, reinforcing steel is often used in both the tensile and compressive
zones, as well as in confinement functions, in order to improve the ductility of the
structure.
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REINFORCING STEELS
3
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REINFORCING STEELS
4
Typical stress-strain curves of reinforcing steels

Two different shapes can be identified: one, typical of most reinforcing bars,
shows a well-defined yielding behavior, while the other, does not indicate a welldefined yielding. For this latter type the yield stress is defined as the stress
corresponding to a total strain of 0.0035 (ACI) or 0.005 (ASTM).
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PRESTRESSING STEELS
5
Types of Prestressing Tendons

Three types of steel tendons are used in
prestressed concrete: wires, strands (or
cables) made with several wires, and
bars.
Most Popular
(7-wire Strand)
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PRESTRESSING STEELS
6
Prestressing wires and Strands

Prestressing strands have two
grades
o Grade 250 (fpu = 250 ksi or
1725 MPa)
o Grade 270 (fpu = 270 ksi or
1860 MPa)
Types of strands
o Stressed Relieved Strand
o Low Relaxation Strand
(lower prestress loss due to
relaxation of strand)
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PRESTRESSING STEELS
7
Prestressing bars
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PRESTRESSING STEELS
8
Mechanical and Stress-Strain Properties

properties include
the tensile strength
and corresponding
failure strain, the
yield point, the
proportional limit,
and the modulus of
elasticity.
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PRESTRESSING STEELS
9
Mechanical and Stress-Strain Properties
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PRESTRESSING STEELS
10
Stress Relaxation
Stress relaxation in prestressing steel is the loss of prestress over time when the wires or
strands are subjected to essentially constant strain.
K = 10 for stress relieved steel and 45 for low relaxation steel.
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CONCRETE
Stress-Strain Curve
11
Two parts for the purpose of design

o linear portion up to about 40
percent of the strength
o nonlinear portion reaching to the
peak point
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CONCRETE
12
Mechanical Properties
Compressive strength fc is the most important design property of concrete. Many other
properties can be related to it.
Most common values of fc for prestressed concrete structures are between 5 and 10
ksi (35 and 70 MPa) whether normal weight or lightweight concrete is used.
Higher compressive strengths of 10 to 15 ksi (70 to 105 MPa) are used with normal
weight concretes
shear modulus of concrete ranges from about 40 to 60 percent of its elastic
modulus, and the shear strength is of the same order as the direct tensile
strength.
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CONCRETE
13
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CONCRETE
14
Mechanical Properties
The modulus of elasticity of concrete computes by
where c is in pounds per cubic foot (or kg per cubic meter). This equation is
applicable for compressive strengths ranging from 3 to 12 ksi (21 to 83 MPa) for
normal weight concrete and 3 to 9 ksi (21 to 62 Mpa) for structural lightweight
concrete.
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CONCRETE
15
Shrinkage
Volume reduced due to loss of water (moisture),
the shrinkage strain as a function of time for standard conditions of humidity (H = 40 percent):
(a) For moist-cured concrete any time t after 7 days,
(b) For steam-cured concrete after the age of I to 3 days,
where sh,u = 800 X 10-6 if local data are not available.
For other than standard humidity. a correction factor as follows:
(a) For 40 < H 80 percent,
(b) For 80 < H 100 percent,
Creep
Creep is the increase in strain with time due to sustained load.

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Design Philosophy
16
Design is creating something new.

Analysis means investigation of responses of an existing or proposed
structure for different actions, e.g. loads, environmental conditions and
ageing.
Generally, the design process is more demanding than the analysis
process
Common design approaches

The design approaches common in design standards presently:
WSD, ASD: Working Stress Design, or Allowable Stress Design
USD or SD: Ultimate Strength Design, or Strength Design
LRFD: Load and Resistance Factor Design
LSD: Limit State Design
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Design Philosophy
17
In WSD approaches allowable stress levels are not to be exceeded under

service loads
In USD and LRFD the service loads are multiplied by factors and nominal
strengths are reduced by strength reduction factors.
Limit State Design envelopes all the previous more traditional approaches
Eurocode is based on LSD
ACI 318 may also be seen as an application of LSD with factored loads
Some special codes are still based on WSD approach at least partly, such
as ASMEs pressure vessel code for concrete containments (ACI 359-10)
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WSD (or ASD)

18
The stresses under working loads are limited to permissible values or allowable
stresses and the structure is analyzed assuming linear elastic materials
All types of loads are treated the same, no matter how different their variability is.
The maximum permissible compressive stress on concrete flexural members may
be taken as 0.45 fc.
General formulation
actual stress
The safety factor is often taken
between 2 and 2.5
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USD, SD, or LRFD

19
The design working loads are multiplied by load factors and the structure is designed to
resist the factored loads, at its ultimate capacity.
General formulation
0.9 for bending
= 0.75 for shear and torsion
Examples of load combinations

When the USD approach is applied to bending, direct axial tension, or shear in
reinforced or prestressed concrete, the following formulation is obtained:
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ALLOWABLE STRESSES
Allowable stresses for concrete
(Table 3.3) are separated into two
groups: the first
one corresponds to initial stresses
at time of transfer of prestress
(before prestress
losses), and the second one
corresponds to final or service
load stresses (after
allowance for prestress losses)
20
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ALLOWABLE STRESSES
21
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ALLOWABLE STRESSES
22
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DESIGN COMPARISONS
23
The design of prestressed concrete members is primarily controlled by allowable

stresses (serviceability criteria), while the design of reinforced concrete members is
controlled primarily by ultimate strength criteria.
Typically the design of prestressed concrete starts by working stress design procedures
(WSD) to help dimension the member; then ultimate strength design (USD) criteria
are checked, and adjustments are made should a design criterion be violated.
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DESIGN COMPARISONS
24
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BASIC CONCEPTS OF PRESTRESSING

Introduction
Sign Concept
25
A minus sign is used for tension and a plus sign for compression. Also. bending
moments are drawn on the tensile side of the member.
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Introduction
26
a) concentric prestressing force P

P/ A
D/2
D
The compressive stress on the beam cross section is uniform and has an intensity
ft fb
P
A
where Ac = bh is the cross-sectional area of a beam section of width b and total

depth h.
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Introduction
27
b) concentric prestressing force P and service load

w
D/2
P/ A
M /S
P/ A M / S
Failure will occur when tensile stresses in the bottom fiber reaches to tensile strength
of the concrete. If tensile strength of concrete is assumed to be 0, we have:
P Myt
P M
P
M
P Myt P wL2
ft

2
Ac
I
Ac Z t Ac Ac kb Ac Ac r
A 8Z t
P Myb P M
P
M
P Myb
P wL2
8Z P
fb
Ac
I
A Z
Ac Ac kt Ac Ac r 2
A 8Z
L2 A
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Introduction
28
c) concentric prestressing force P and service load

w
D/2
P/ A
P
eo
Pe / Z t
M / Zt
Pe / Z b
M / Zb
P/ A
Pe / Z t
M / Zt
P/ A
Pe / Z t
M / Zt
P Peo yt Myt
P Peo M
P Peo
M
P Peo yt Myt P Peo wL2
ft
Ac
I
I
Ac Z t
Z t Ac Ac kb Ac kb Ac Ac r 2 Ac r 2 A Z t
8Z t
P Peo yb Myb P Peo M
P Peo
M
P Peo yt Myb
P Peo wL2
fb
Ac
I
I
A Zb
Z
Ac Ac kt Ac kt Ac Ac r 2 Ac r 2
A Zb
8Z
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Introduction
29
c) eccentric prestressing force P and service load
w
P/ A
D/2
D
D/6
Pe / S
2P / A
2P / A
M /S
For failure at mid-span extreme fiber

should be subjected to tensile
stresses i.e. M/S should be greater or
equal to 2P/A. For limiting case
2P M
2 P wL2
0
Ac Z
Ac 8Z b
w
16 Z b P
L2 Ac
Stress in the bottom due to eccentricity e D/ 6

Pe/Z b
P D/ 6 P
P
bD 2 / 6 bD Ac
Thus by locating the prestress at an

eccentricity of D/6, the load-carrying
capacity is effectively doubled.
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Introduction
30
Example 1
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Introduction
31
Example 1
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Introduction
Example 1
32
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Introduction
Example 1
33
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Introduction
34
Example 2
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Introduction
Example 2
35
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Introduction
Example 2
36
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Introduction
37
Example 3
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Introduction
38
Example 3
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Introduction
39
Example 4
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Example 4
Introduction
40
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Loading stages in Prestressed concrete
41
Initial prestress, immediately after transfer, when Pi
alone may act on the concrete

Initial prestress plus self-weight of the member
Initial prestress plus full dead load
Effective prestress, Pe, after losses, plus service load
consisting of full dead and expected live loads
Ultimate load, when the expected service loads are
increased by load factors, and the member is at
incipient failure.

Partial loss of Prestress force
42
The prestress force is reduced from Pi to its final
effective value, Pe after all significant timedependent losses have taken place.
It is convenience to express the relation between
these values in terms of an effectiveness
ratio(residual prestress factor) R, defined such that
R= Pe /Pi
If loss of prestress is = 15% then available stress in
steel is 85% or R = 0.85; and
Pe = RPi =0.85Pi

(a) Eccentric Presfressing Force Only
Basic Concept Method
43
If the memebr is subjected only to the initial prestressing force Pi , the concrete stress f t at the
top face of the member and f b at the bottom face can be found by superimposing axial and bending effects :
Pi M Pi
Pe
P P ec
P ec
i i i 1 i 1 21
Ac Z t Ac I / c1 Ac
I
Ac
r
P M Pi
Pe
P P ec
P ec
fb i
i i i 2 i 1 22
Ac Z b Ac I / c2 Ac
I
Ac
r
ft
Stresses caused by initial prestress:
Concrete
centroid
Steel centroid
Section
e tendon eccentricity measured downward

from the concrete centroid
Ac area of the concrete cross section
I c moment of inertia of the concrete cross section
r radius of gyration I c /Ac
Pi
Ac
Pi ec1
1 2
Ac
r
Pi ec1
Ic
c1
c2
Pi
Ac
Pi ec2
Ic
Pi ec1
1 2
Ac
r

(b) Eccentric Prestressing plus Self-weight
44
If the memebr is subjected to the initial prestressing force Pi and the dead load of the
itself, the concrete stress f t at the top face of the member and f b at the bottom face can
be found by superimposing axial and bending effectsimmediately :
M D moment caused by the self weight of the beam

Z t Section modulus with respect to the top surface of the beam
P ec M
f1 i 1 21 D
Ac
r Zt
P ec M
f 2 i 1 22 D
Ac
r Zb
Concrete
centroid
Steel centroid
Section
Z b Section modulus with respect to the bottom surface of the beam

Ac area of the concrete cross section
I moment of inertia of the concrete cross section
r radius of gyration I/Ac
Pi ec1
1 2
Ac
r
Pi ec1 M D
1 2
Ac
r zt
MD
Zt
c1
c2
P ec
i 1 21
Ac
r
MD
Zb
Pi ec1 M D
1 2
Ac
r Zb

(c)Eccentric Prestressing plus full service load
45
When the memebr is subjected to the effective prestressing force Pe and the
self weight ( M D ) superimposed dead load(M d ) superimposed live load ( M l )

the concrete stress f t at the top face of the member and f b at the bottom face can
be found by superimposing axial and bending effects :
P ec M
f t e 1 21 t
Mt M D Md Ml
Ac
r Zt
fb
Pe
Ac
ec2 M t
1 2
r Zb
Concrete
centroid
Steel centroid
Section
Pi
Ac
ec1 M D
1 2
r S1
Md Ml
Zt
Pe ec1 M t
1 2
Ac
r S1
c1
c2
Pi
Ac
ec1 M D
1 2
r Zb
Md Ml
Zb
Pe ec2 M t
1 2
Ac
r S2
Problem-1
30
10
The simply supported I-beam shown in

5
cross section and elevation is to carry a
uniformly distributed service dead and
15
live load totaling 8 kN/m over the 12 m
Concrete centroid
span, in addition to its own weight.
Normal concrete having density of 24
13.2
15
Steel centroid
kN/m3 will be used. The beam will be
pretensioned using multiple seven-wire
5
strands; eccentricity is constant and
10
equal to 13.2 cm. The prestressing force
Dimensions in cm
immediately after transfer (after elastic
shortening loss) is 750 kN. Time
wd wl 8 kN/m
dependent lasses due to shrinkage,
creep, and relaxation total 15% of the
e 13.2 initial prestressing force. Find the
concrete flexural stresses at mid span
P and support sections under initial and
final conditions.
10
12 m
46
Solution
47
For pretensioned beams using stranded cables, the difference between

section properties based on the gross and transformed section is usually
small. Accordingly, all calculations will be based on properties of the
gross concrete section. Average flange thickness will be used.
30
10
Area Propeties :
10
12.5
5
17.5
15
60
17.5
13.2
15
Ac 2 (30 12.5) 35 10 1100 cm 2 110 103 mm 2

1
I c 2 30 12.53 30 12.5 (17.5 12.5 / 2) 2

12
Concrete centroid 1
3
5
4
9
4
10 35 I c 4.69 10 cm 4.69 10 mm
12
Steel centroid
5
12.5
10
Dimensions in cm
I 4.69 109
Zt Zb
15.6 106 mm3
c1
30 10
r2
I
4.69 109
42.6 103 mm 2
3
Ac 110 10
Concrete flexural stresses at Mid span

48
Stresses in the concrete due to initial prestress alone

Pi ec1
750 103 132 300
f1 1 2
1
6.818 0.07 0.48 MPa
Ac
r
110 103 42.6 103
Pi ec2
750 103 132 300
f 2 1 2
1
6.818 1.93 13.16 MPa
Ac
r
110 103 42.6 103
Stresses in the concrete due to initial prestress + self weight
w0 self weight Ac 24 kN/m 3 110 103 10-6 24 2.64 kN/m

w0l 2 2.64 12 2
M0
47.52 kN.m
8
8
P
f1 i
Ac
47.52 10
ec1 M 0
0.48
0.48 3.05 3.53 MPa
1 2
6
r
S
15
.
6
10
P
f2 i
Ac
47.52 10
ec2 M 0
13.16
13.16 3.05 10.11 MPa
1 2
6
r S2
15.6 10
Concrete flexural stresses at Mid span (Contd.)

49
Stresses in the concrete due to final prestress + full service load

Effectiveness ratio R
Pe
0.85
Pi
Pe RPi 0.85 Pi 0.85 750 637.5 kN

wd wl 8 kN/m
( wd wl )l 2 8 12 2
Md Ml
144 kN.m
8
8
M t M 0 M d M l 47.52 144 191.52 kN.m
Pe ec1 M t
637.5 103 132 300 191.52 106
f1 1 2
Ac
r S1
110 103 42.6 103 15.6 106
f1 5.795 0.07 12.28 12.68 MPa
Pe ec2 M t
67.5 103 132 300 191.52 106
f 2 1 2
Ac
r S2
110 103 42.6 103 15.6 106
f 2 5.795 1.93 12.28 1.09 MPa
Concrete flexural stresses at the Support Sections

50
At the support sections, the transverse loads cause no flexural stresses, and
the support sections, the
concrete stresses are those resulting from prestress alone. At
transverse loads cause no flexural
stresses, and concrete stresses are
those resulting from prestress alone.
Stresses in the concrete due to initial prestress alone

Pi ec1
750 103 132 300
f1 1 2
1
6.818 0.07 0.48 MPa
Ac
r
110 103 42.6 103
Pi ec2
750 103 132 300
f 2 1 2
1
6.818 1.93 13.16 MPa
Ac
r
110 103 42.6 103
Stresses in the concrete due to initial prestress + self weight

Pi ec1 M 0
0.48 0 0.48 MPa
1 2
Ac
r S1
P ec M
f 2 i 1 22 0 13.16 0 13.16 MPa
Ac
r S2
f1
w0l 2
M0
0 at support;
8
Concrete flexural stresses at the Support Sections

(Contd.)
51
Stresses in the concrete due to final prestress + full service load

P
Effectiveness ratio R e 0.85
Pi
Pe RPi 0.85 Pi 0.85 750 637.5 kN
At the support sections, the

transverse loads cause no flexural
stresses, and concrete stresses are
those resulting from prestress alone.
Mt M0 Md Ml 0
P
f1 e
Ac
637.5 10
ec1 M t
1 2
r S1
110 103
P
f2 e
Ac
67.5 103 132 300

ec2 M t
1
0 5.795 1.93 0 11.18 MPa
1 2
3
3
r S2
110 10 42.6 10
132 300
0 5.795 0.07 0 0.41 MPa
1
3
42
.
6
10
The initial values of 0.48 and 13.16 MPa at the top and bottom
surfaces gradually reduce to 0.41 and 11.18 Mpa, respectively, as time
dependent losses occur.

52
C-Force and C-Line Method
C- force is the resultant of

compressive stresses over a beam
cross-section
C-line is a geometric location of C
force over a span of the beam
If the prestressing force F is the only
affecting force in the cross-section, the
location of the C-force coincides with
that of the prestressing force
If an external moment M is affecting
in the cross-section, it changes the
location of C-force but not its
magnitude
As the location of C-force depends on
the value of the moment, it varies along
the beam span
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53
The points showing the location of the C-force along the span form the C-line
ft
C Cec yt M D M SD M L C ec yt M D M SD M L
1 2
Ac Ac r 2
Zt
Zt
Zt
Ac
r Zt
Zt
Zt
ft
C Cec yt M D M SD M L C ec yt M D M SD M L
1 2
Ac Ac r 2
Zt
Zt
Zt
Ac
r Zt
Zt
Zt
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54
Example 6
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Example 6
55
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56
Example 7
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Example 7
57
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Example 7
58
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Flexural Analysis and Design

59
Flexural Analysis
Given: Concrete and steel dimensions; magnitude and line of
action of the effective prestress force; and loads.
Determine: Resulting stresses and compare these against a set
of permissible values.
Flexural Design
Given: Permissible stresses; material strengths and the loads
to be resisted.
Determine: Concrete and steel dimensions as well as the
magnitude and line of action of the prestressing force.
COMMON DESIGN APPROACHES

60
In designing for safety, several design approaches can
be followed. These approaches are generally based on

theory and supported by experimental evidence.
WSD,ASD: Working Stress Design, or Allowable Stress
Design
USD or SD: Ultimate Strength Design, or Strength
Design
LRFD: Load and Resistance Factor Design
LSD: Limit State Design
Further Reading
61
Read more about the Elastic Flexural Stresses in Prestressed Concrete

beams from:
Design of Prestressed Concrete by A. H. Nilson, John Wiley and
Sons, Second Edition, Singapore.
Design of Prestressed Concrete by R. I. Gilbert and N. C.
Mickleborough, First Edition, 2004, Routledge.
2016
Thank You
62
2016

CE 407 Lecture 2 (Materials) 1

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CE 407 Lecture 2 (Materials) 1

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PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Materials And The Philosophy Of Design

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

Nonprestressed reinforcing steel is commonly used In prestressed concrete

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

Typical stress-strain curves of reinforcing steels

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

Types of Prestressing Tendons

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

Prestressing wires and Strands

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

Mechanical and Stress-Strain Properties

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

Mechanical and Stress-Strain Properties

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

K = 10 for stress relieved steel and 45 for low relaxation steel.

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

Two parts for the purpose of design

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

Creep is the increase in strain with time due to sustained load.

Design is creating something new.

Common design approaches

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

In WSD approaches allowable stress levels are not to be exceeded under

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

WSD (or ASD)

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

USD, SD, or LRFD

Examples of load combinations

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

The design of prestressed concrete members is primarily controlled by allowable

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

BASIC CONCEPTS OF PRESTRESSING

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

BASIC CONCEPTS OF PRESTRESSING

a) concentric prestressing force P

where Ac = bh is the cross-sectional area of a beam section of width b and total

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

BASIC CONCEPTS OF PRESTRESSING

b) concentric prestressing force P and service load

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

BASIC CONCEPTS OF PRESTRESSING

c) concentric prestressing force P and service load

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

BASIC CONCEPTS OF PRESTRESSING

c) eccentric prestressing force P and service load

For failure at mid-span extreme fiber

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

Stress in the bottom due to eccentricity e D/ 6

Thus by locating the prestress at an

BASIC CONCEPTS OF PRESTRESSING

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures

BASIC CONCEPTS OF PRESTRESSING

CE 407-Prestressed Concret Structures