PRESTRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

(CE 407)
1

LECTURE # 5

Partially Prestressed Concrete Beams

By

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Contents
2

Objectives of the present lecture

Full Prestressing
Partial Prestressing
Flexural stresses in full prestressed beams
Flexural stresses in partially prestressed beams
Problems

Further reading

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Objective of the Present lecture

3

To define partial prestressing and learn the steps

for the calculation of flexural stresses in partially

prestressed beams.

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Full Prestressing
4

The kind of design, where the limiting tensile stress

in the concrete at full service load is zero, is generally

known as full prestressing.
Full prestressing is required in those cases in which
it is necessary to avoid all risk of cracking.
Such cases include tanks or reservoirs where leaks
must be avoided, submerged structures or those
subject to a highly corrosive environment where
maximum protection of reinforcement must be
insured.
CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Partial Prestressing
5

The kind of design in which flexural tension

and thus some cracking are permitted in the

concrete at normal service load is called
partial prestressing.

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

A Classification
6

A prestressed concrete structure may be grouped in one of the three

classes depending on the extent of cracking.

Class 1 Structures: Tensile stresses are not permitted in these

structures, hence, no cracking under service loads. Such structures

may be referred to as fully prestressed structures.

Class 2 Structures: Limited tensile stresses are permitted but there

should be no visible cracking under service loads. Tensile stresses

should be less than 3 MPa.

Class 3 Structures: Tensile stresses, and therefore, cracking under

service loads is permitted in these structures. Such members are

referred to as partially prestressed members.

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Partially Prestressed Members

7

Prestressed concrete members behave well in the post-

cracking load range, provided they contain sufficient

bonded reinforcement to control the cracks.
A cracked prestressed concrete section under service
loads is significantly stiffer than a cracked reinforcement
concrete section of similar size and containing similar
quantities of bonded reinforcement. Members that are
designed to crack at the full service loads are called
partially prestressed.
The width of surface cracks should not exceed 0.1 mm for
members in aggressive environments and 0.2 mm for all
other members.
CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Elastic Flexural Stresses in full prestressing

(Uncracked Beams)
8

As long as the beam remains uncracked, and both

steel and concrete are stressed only within their

elastic ranges, then concrete stresses can be found
using equations of mechanics.

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Stress distribution due to initial prestress alone

9

If the memebr is subjected only to the initial prestressing force Pi , the concrete stress f1 at the
top face of the member and f 2 at the bottom face can be found by superimposing axial and bending effects :
Pi M Pi
Pe
P P ec
P ec

i i i t i 1 2t
Ac Z t Ac I c / cb Ac
Ic
Ac
r
P M Pi
Pe
P P ec
P ec
fb i

i i i t i 1 2b
Ac Z b Ac I c / cb Ac
Ic
Ac
r
ft

Stresses caused by initial prestress:

Concrete
centroid

Steel centroid

Section
CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

Pi
Ac

e tendon eccentricity measured downward

from the concrete centroid
Ac area of the concrete cross section
I c moment of inertia of the concrete cross section
r radius of gyration I c /Ac

Pi ect
1 2
Ac
r

P ec
i t
Ic

ct

cb
Pi
Ac

Pi ecb
Ic

ALGHRAFY

Pi ecb
1 2
Ac
r
2016

Stress distribution due to initial prestress +self-weight

10
If the memebr is subjected to the initial prestressing force Pi and the dead load of the
itself, the concrete stress f1 at the top face of the member and f 2 at the bottom face can
be found by superimposing axial and bending effectsimmediately :

M 0 moment caused by the self weight of the beam

S1 Section modulus with respect to the top surface of the beam

P ec M
f t i 1 2t 0
Ac
r Zt
P ec M
f b i 1 2b 0
Ac
r Zb

Concrete
centroid

Steel centroid

Section
CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

S 2 Section modulus with respect to the bottom surface of the beam

Ac area of the concrete cross section
I c moment of inertia of the concrete cross section
r radius of gyration I c /Ac

Pi ect
1 2
Ac
r

Pi ect M 0
1 2
Ac
r Zt

M0
Zt

c1
c2

Pi ec1
1 2
Ac
r

M0
Zb

ALGHRAFY

Pi ecb M 0
1 2
Ac
r Zb
2016

Stress distribution due to final prestress +full service load

11
When the memebr is subjected to the effective prestressing force Pi and the

self weight ( M 0 ) superimposed dead load( M d ) superimposed live load ( M l )

the concrete stress f1 at the top face of the member and f 2 at the bottom face can
be found by superimposing axial and bending effects :
Pe ect M t
1 2
Ac
r Zt
P ec M
f b e 1 2b t
Ac
r Zb
ft

Concrete
centroid

Steel centroid

Section
CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

Mt M0 M d Ml

Pi
Ac

ect
1 2
r

Md Ml
Zt

M0

Zt

Pe
Ac

ect
1 2
r

Mt

Zt

c1
c2

Pi ecb M 0
1 2
Ac
r Zb

Md Ml
S2

ALGHRAFY

Pe ecb M t
1 2
Ac
r Zb
2016

Flexural Stresses in Partially Prestressed Beams

12

Load stage (1) corresponds to application of effective prestress Pe

alone. At this stage, the stress in the tendon is f p1 f pe

Pe
;
Ap

and the compressive strain in the bar reinforcem ent is f s1 Es s 2

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Decompression Stage
13

It is useful to consider a fictitious load stage (2) corresponding to complete

decompression of the concrete, at which there is zero concrete strain through
the entire depth.
At this hypothetical load stage, the stress in the bar reinforcem ent, neglecting the
effects of shrinkage and creep, is
f s Es ( s 2 s 2 ) 0

The change in strain in the tendon is the same as that in the concrete at that level,
and can be calculated on the basis of the uncracked concrete section properties:
p2

Pe e 2
1 2 f p 2 E p p 2

Ac Ec r

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

The bar reinforcem ent is unstressed at stage (2), but to produce the
zero stress state in the concrete, the tendon must be pulled with a fictitious
external force : F Ap ( f p1 f p 2 )
The effect of this fictitious decompresssing force is now cancelled by applying
an equal and oppositeforce F . This force, together with the external moment M t
due to elf - weight and superimposed loads, can be represented by a resultant force
R applied with eccentrici ty e above the uncracked concrete centroid.
R F F
M Fe
Re Fd M t Fe e t
R
CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

14

ALGHRAFY

2016

Equivalent concrete
15

The incrementa l steel stresses, as well as the stress in the concrete,

can be found using the transformed section concept. The tendon is
replaced by an equivalent area of tensile concrete n p Ap and the bar
reinforcem ent is replaced by thearea ns As , where
np

Ep
Ec

and ns

Es
Ec

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Depth of Neutral Axis

The depth of neutral axis y from the top surface, can be found from the equilibriu m
condition that the moment of all internal forces about the line of action of R must
be zero.This results in a cubic equation for y that can be solved by successive trials.
d y
d y
fc3 y

n p Ap (d p e c1 ) f c 3
ns As (d e c1 ) 0
A e c1 f c 3 p
2 3

y
y
d y
1 y
dp y
n p Ap (d p e c1 )
ns As (d e c1 ) 0
- A e c1
2 3
y
y
-

y known
CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

16

ALGHRAFY

2016

Centroid of Cracked concrete

17

Once y is known, the effective transformed area Act and moment of inertia
I ct of the cracked section, about its own centro id c1* from the top surface, can
be found.

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Contd..

The incrementa l stresses sought, as loading passes from stage (2) to stage (3), are
R R.e*c1*
fc3

Act
I ct
f p3

Note : Bending moment R.e* & Bending stress R.e* /S

R R.e* (d p c1* )
n p

I ct
Act

R R.e* (d s c1* )
f s 3 ns

I ct
Act

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

18

Final Stresses
19

Tendon : f p f p1 f p 2 f p 3
Bar reinforcem ent f s f s 3

Note : f s1 f s 2 0

Concrete stress at the top surface of the beam : f c f c 3

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Problem
(in US Customary Unit)
20

The partially prestressed T beam shown in

cross section in Fig. below is subjected to
superimposed dead and service live load
moments of 38 and 191 ft-kips, in addition to a
moment of 83 ft-kips resulting from its own
weight. An effective prestress force of 123 kips
is applied using six Grade 250 -inch
diameter strands.
Two non-prestressed Grade 60 no. 8 bars are
located close to the tension face of the beam,
The elastic moduli for the concrete, tendon
steel, and bar steel are respectively 3.61 106
psi, 27 106 psi and 29 106 psi.
The modulus of rupture of the concrete is 500
psi.
Find the stresses in the concrete, prestressed
steel, and bar reinforcement at the full service
load.
CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

Note:
1ft-kips = 1.36 kN.m
kips=4.45 kN
1 ksi = 6.9 MPa
1 inch =25.4 mm
1 psi = 0.0069 MPa
ALGHRAFY

2016

Solution
21

First, the tensile stress in the concrete at the bottom of the

beam will be checked, assuming the memebr is uncracked.
Properties of the uncracked cross section are
Ac 212 in 2
S1 1664 in 3
S 2 1290 in 3
c1 13.1 in
c2 16.9 in
r 2 103 in 2

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Contd.

For uncracked section we had derived tensile stresses in the bottom fiber
f2

Pe ec2 M t
1 2
Ac
r S2

123000 11.9 16.9 312000 12

1186 psi
1

212
103
1290

f 2 1186 psi modulus of rupture (500 psi)

f2

The section has been cracked.

The analysis will be carried out as discussed for partially prestressed beam.
CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

22

ALGHRAFY

2016

Load stage 1
23

Load stage (1) corresponds to application of effective prestress Pe

alone. At this stage, the stress in the tendon is
f p1 f pe

P e 123000

143000 psi;
Ap
0.863

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Decompression stage
24

It is useful to consider a fictitious load stage (2) corresponding to complete

decompression of the concrete, at which there is zero concrete strain through
the entire depth.

The change in strain in the tendon is the same as that in the concrete at that level,
and can be calculated on the basis of the uncracked concrete section properties:
p2

11.92
Pe e 2
123000
1 2
1
0.0004

6
Ac Ec r 212 3.61 10
103

Therefore f p 2 E p p 2 27 106 0.0004 10800 psi

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

To produce the zero stress state in the concrete, the tendon must be
pulled with a fictitious external force :
F Ap ( f p1 f p 2 ) 0.863(143 10.8) 133 kips
The effect of this fictitious decompresssing force is now cancelled by applying
an equal and oppositeforce F . This force, together with the total moment of
312 ft - kips,can be represented by a resultant force R applied with eccentrici ty
e above the uncracked concrete centroid.
e

M t Fe 312 12 133 11.9

16.25 in
R
133

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

25

ALGHRAFY

2016

Transformed area
26

The tendon is replaced by an equivalent area of tensile concrete n p Ap

and the bar reinforcem ent is replaced by thearea ns As , where
27 106
Es
29 106
np

7.48 and ns

8.03
Ec 3.61 106
Ec 3.61 106
Ep

Transformed area of the tendon n p Ap 7.48 0.863 6.46 in 2

Transformed area of the bars ns As 8.03 1.57 12.61 in 2
CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

Contd..
27

The depth of neutral axis y from the top surface, can be found from the
equilibriu m condition that the moment of all internal forces about the line
of action of R must be zero.
-

25 y
fc3
y

6.46 (25 3.15)

(4 y 60) 3.15 f c 3
2
3

27 y
12.61 (27 3.15) 0 y 14.1 in
f c 3
y
CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Contd..
28

Taking moments of the partial areas about the top surface locates the centroid
c1* 7.75 in from the top of the section. Section properties are
Act Effective transformed area 12 5 4 y n p Ap ns As
Act 12 5 4 14.1 6.46 12.61 135 in 2
and I ct moment of inertia of the cracked section, about its own centroid 9347 in 2
CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Contd..
29

The eccentrici ty of the force R with respect to the centroid of

the cracked transformed section is
e* 16.25 13.1 7.75 10.90 in

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Contd..
30

The incrementa l stresses sought, as loading passes from stage (2) to stage (3), are
R R.e*c1*
133000 133000 10.90 7.75
fc3

-2190 psi
Act
I ct
135
9347
f p3

R R.e* (d p c1* )
133000 133000 10.90 17.25
n p

7
.
48

12600 psi

I ct
135
9347

Act

R R.e* (d s c1* )
133000 133000 10.90 19.25
f s 3 ns

8
.
03

135
16100 psi
A
I
9347
ct
ct

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Final Stresses
31

Tendon : f p f p1 f p 2 f p 3 143000 10800 12600 166400 psi

Bar reinforcem ent f s f s 3 16100 psi
Concrete stress at the top surface of the beam : f c f c 3 2190 psi

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Further Reading
32

Read more about the partially prestressed concrete beams from:

Design of Prestressed Concrete by A. H. Nilson, John Wiley and
Sons, Second Edition, Singapore.
Design of Prestressed Concrete by R. I. Gilbert and N. C.
Mickleborough, First Edition, 2004, Routledge.

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016

Thank You
33

CE 407-Prestressed Concrete Structures

ALGHRAFY

2016