Shell Structure
A thin shell is defined as a shell with a relatively small
thickness, compared with its other dimensions.
ShellStructure
Barrel Vault
Dome
Folded Plate
Hyperbolic Paraboloid (Hypar)
Plate Bending
Domes
Domes
The primary response of a dome to loading is development of membrane
compressive stresses along the meridians, by analogy to the arch.
The dome also develops compressive or tensile membrane stresses along
lines of latitude. These are known as hoop stresses and are tensile at the
base and compressive higher up in the dome.
Spherical Shells
Internal Forces due to dead load w/m3
Consider the equilibrium of a ring enclosed between two
Horizontal section AB and CD
The weight of the ring ABCD itself acting vertically downward
The meridional thrust N per unit length acting tangentially at B
The reaction thrust N +d N per unit unit length at point D
N
A
C
D
N+dN
H
N
r
a
E
A
Meridional Force N
r
a
D
N+dN
sin 2
(1 cos )(1 cos ) 1 cos
+ve compression
-ve tension
Spherical Shells A
N+dN
Hoop Force N
The difference between the N and N dN which respectively acts at
angles and with the horizontal give rise to the hoop force.
Hoope force = N ad
d
The horizontal component of N is N cos
N causes hoop tension N a cos sin
similarly
The horizontal component of N +dN is N +dN cos d
N +dN causes hoop tension
D
N+dN
B
W
Spherical Shells A
H
N
N+dN
r
a
where
w a (1 cos )
N D
sin 2
N w D
cos cos 1
1
a cos
w D a
1
cos
1
cos
N+dN
Spherical Shells
HoopForce N
1
N w D a cos
1
cos
wa
At crown 0 N
2
At base 90 N wa
(compression )
(tension )
N will be compressive
N will be tensile
Spherical Shells
Spherical Shells
Ring Force H
H N cos w D a
cos
1 cos
Spherical Shells
Internal forces due to Live load (wL/m2)horizontal
Meridional Force T
W w L r 2 w L a 2 sin 2
y a (1 cos )
r a sin
N 2 a sin sin w L a 2 sin 2
w La
2
Hoop Force N
wL a
cos 2
2
Ring Tension
N
cos
2
at 45o N 0 & H is maximum H max 0.3535 w L a
H N cos w L a
Spherical Shells
T Ultimate Load
0.9f y
T H r
Vertical Load
Vertical Uniform load (w V ) N sin o .w
Span length l
2 r
# of supports
P 2 r wV
M max ve C 1 P r (see the tables of circular beams)
M max ve C 2 P r (see the tables of circular beams)
Edge Forces
In flat spherical domes, bending moments will be developed due to
the big difference between the high tensile stress in the foot ring and
compressive stresses in the adjacent zones
It is recommended to use transition curves at the edge and to
increase the thickness of the shell at the transition curve.
Bending moments can avoided if the shape of meridian is changed
in a convenient manner. This change can be done by a transition
curve, which when well chosen gives a relief to the stress at the foot
ring.
In order to decrease the stress due to the forces at the foot ring, it is
recommended to increase the thickness of the shell in the region of
the transition curve.
Edge Forces
In flat spherical domes, bending moments will be developed due to
the big difference between the high tensile stress in the foot ring and
compressive stresses in the adjacent zones
It is recommended to use transition curves at the edge and to
increase the thickness of the shell at the transition curve.
Ring Beam
At the free edge of the dome, meridian stresses have a large
horizontal component which is taken care of by providing a ring
beam there. This ring beam is subjected to hoop tension.
In case of hemispherical domes, no ring beam are required since
the meridional thrust is vertical at free end
Reinforcement
Steel is generally placed at the center of the thickness of the
dome along the meridians and latitudes. If all the meridional
lines are led to the crown, there will be a lot of congestion of bars
and their proper anchorage may be difficult.
To overcome this problem, small circle is left at the crown and
all the meridional steel bars are stopped at this circle. Area
enclosed by this small circle at the top is reinforced by a separate
mesh.
y=1.4m
r=6m
a 2 r 2 a y
a 2 r 2 a 2 y 2 2ay
r 2 y 2 62 1.42
13.56m
Radius of the Shell a
2y
2 1.4
6
0.442
sin =
13.56
26.23
cos 0.896 tan 0.493
y=1.4m
r=6m
Loading on roof
Assume shell thickness = 10 cm
Own weight = 0.1(2.5)= 0.25 t/m2
Covering materials = 0.05 t/m2
LL= 0.1 t/m2
Note: the live load is considered as loading per surface area
2ayWu=2(13.56)(1.4)(0.52)=62 ton
Vertical Load per meter of cylindrical wall
=62/(2*6)=1.645 ton/m
Outward horizontal force =1.645/tan=3.337 t/m
5.35 cm 2
As
f y 0.9 4200
use 8 10 mm
Wua
1 cos
at 0
at foot
W u a 0.52*13.56
0.52 13.56
3.72 t / m ' (compression)
1 0.896
Use minimum reinf. ratio = 0.0018
A s 0.0018(10)(100) 1.8cm 2
use 5 8 mm/m
1
N w u r cos
1
cos
wr 0.52(13.56)
At crown 0 N
Bending Moment
Assume that the thickness at the foot = 15 cm
x 0.6 at 0.6 13.56 0.15 0.85cm
W u x 2 0.52 0.85
Fixing moment M
0.188 t / m
2
2
d 15 3 12cm
2
0.85 300
1 2.61106 0.188
1
0.0003 min
2
4200
100 12 300
Reinforcement details