DESIGNING OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for,

Diploma in Electrical Engineering.

By
Pranit Madhukar Surte
Pawan Subhash Thorwat
Prathamesh Parshuram Bhoir
Ajay Sunil Waghmare
Under the guidance of
Mr. Anand Tiwari

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

(Mumbai Region)
Department of Electrical Engineering
A.C. Patil College of Engineering, kharghar
Navi Mumbai 410210
2015-2016

Jawahar Education Societys

A.C. Patil College of Engineering, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled Designing of 3 Phase Induction Motor is
submitted as a partial fulfilment for the Diploma in Electrical Engineering Maharashtra
State Board of Technical Education (Mumbai Region) in the academic year 2015-16.

By
Pranit Madhukar Surte
Pawan Subhash Thorwat
Prathamesh Parshuram Bhoir
Ajay Sunil Waghmare

-------------------Mr. A.K. Tiwari

(Internal Guide)

------------------Prof. J.R. Mundkar

(H.O.D. Electrical Dept.)

-------------------Dr. D.G. Borse

(Principal)

--------------------

--------------------

Internal Examiner

External

Acknowledgement

It is indeed a matter of great pleasure and proud privilege to be able to present this project on
DESIGN OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR. The completion of the seminar work which is
partial fullfilment of diploma academic works is a milestone in students life and its execution is inevitable
in the hands of guide. I am highly indebted to the project guide. Mr. A.K. Tiwari for their invaluable
guidance and appreciation for giving form and substance to this report. It is due to their enduring efforts,
patience and enthusiasm which has given a sense of direction and purposefulness to this seminar report and
ultimately made it success.
I would also like to express my deep regards and gratitude to my Principal, Dr.D.G.Borse and Dean
Dr. M.M. Deshpande for moral support and i would like to tender my sincere thanks to all faculties of
Electrical Engineering Department and from other departments for their cooperation and invaluable advice.
I would like to tender my sincere thanks to Mr. Sumit Shirke Sir and all other faculties of Electrical
Engineering Department and from other departments for their co-operation and invaluable advice.
Last but not least I extend my sincere thanks to supporting staff and my friends who helped directly or
indirectly to complete my academic work.

YOURS SINCIERELY,
PRANIT MADHUKAR SURTE.
PAWAN SUBHASH THORWAT.
PRATHAMESH PARSHURAM BHOIR.
AJAY SUNIL WAGHMARE .

ABSTRACT

The aim of the proposed system is to develop a three phase induction motor which operates on three phase
ac supply. This system describes the design and implementation of a high accuracy, low
cost, small size, low torque, higher efficiency. The main advantage of this motor is it
required less maintenance. Also we can easily change the connection of the motor
externally as required.
Induction motors are the most widely used electrical motors due to their reliability,
low cost and robustness. However, induction motors do not inherently have the
capability of variable speed operation. Due to this reason, earlier dc motors were
applied in most of the electrical drives. But the recent developments in speed control
methods of the induction motor have led to their large scale use in almost all
electrical drives.

Contents:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History
1.3 Aim of the project
1.4 Objectives
2.1 Literature review
2.2 No-Load Test
2.3 Blocked-Rotor Test
3.1 Working principle
3.2 Construction
3.2.1 Stator
3.2.2 Rotor
3.2.2.1 Squirrel cage type
3.2.2.2 WOUND ROTOR TYPE
3.4 PRODUCTION OF RMF
3.5 DIRECTION OF RMF
4.1 STEP- DOWN TRANSFORMER
4.2 PARTS OF TRANSFORMER
4.2.1 E & I SECTIONS
4.2.2 BOBBIN
4.3 MOTOR FRAME WITH BOBBIN
4.4 ROTOR
5.1 COST ESTIMATION
5.2 ELEMENTS OF COST ENCOUNTERED IN THIS PROJECT
5.2.1 DESIGN COST
5.2.2 MATERIAL COST

CHAPTER NO.1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
An induction or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed
to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An
induction motor therefore does not require mechanical commutation, separate-excitation or self-excitation
for all or part of the energy transferred from stator to rotor, as in universal, DC and
large synchronous motors. An induction motor's rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage type.
Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used in industrial drives because they are rugged,
reliable and economical. Single-phase induction motors are used extensively for smaller loads, such as
household appliances like fans. Although traditionally used in fixed-speed service, induction motors are
increasingly being used with variable-frequency drives (VFDs) in variable-speed service. VFDs offer
especially important energy savings opportunities for existing and prospective induction motors in variabletorque centrifugal fan, pump and compressor load applications. Squirrel cage induction motors are very
widely used in both fixed-speed and variable-frequency drive (VFD) applications. Variable voltage and
variable frequency drives are also used in variable-speed service

1.2 HISTORY
In 1824, the French physicist Franois Arago formulated the existence of rotating magnetic fields, termed
Arago's rotations, which, by manually turning switches on and off, Walter Baily demonstrated in 1879 as in
effect the first primitive induction motor. The first alternating-current commutatorless induction motors have
been independently invented by Galileo Ferraris and Nikola Tesla, a working motor model having been
demonstrated by the former in 1885 and by the latter in 1887. Tesla applied for U.S. patents in October and
November 1887 and was granted some of these patents in May 1888. In April 1888, the Royal Academy of
Science of Turin published Ferraris's research on his AC polyphase motor detailing the foundations of motor
operation. In May 1888 Tesla presented the technical paper A New System for Alternating Current Motors
and Transformers to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) describing three four-stator-pole
motor types: one with a four-pole rotor forming a non-self-starting reluctance motor, another with a wound
rotor forming a self-starting induction motor, and the third a true synchronous motor with separately excited
DC supply to rotor winding. George Westinghouse, who was developing an alternating current power system
at that time, licensed Teslas patents in 1888 and purchased a US patent option on Ferraris' induction motor
concept. Tesla was also employed for one year as a consultant. Westinghouse employee C. F. Scott was
1

assigned to assist Tesla and later took over development of the induction motor at Westinghouse. Steadfast in
his promotion of three-phase development, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky invented the cage-rotor induction
motor in 1889 and the three-limb transformer in 1890. Furthermore, he claimed that Tesla's motor was not
practical because of the two-phase pulsations. Although Westinghouse achieved its first practical induction
motor in 1892 and developed a line of polyphase 60 hertz induction motors in 1893, these early
Westinghouse motors were two-phase motors with wound rotors until B. G. Lamme developed a rotating bar
winding rotor. The General Electric Company (GE) began developing three-phase induction motors in 1891.
By 1896, General Electric and Westinghouse signed a cross-licensing agreement for the bar-winding-rotor
design, later called the squirrel-cage rotor. Arthur E. Kennelly was the first to bring out full significance of
the letter "i" (the square root of minus one) to designate the 90-degree rotation operator in complex number
analysis of AC problems. GE's Charles Proteus Steinmetz greatly developed the application of AC complex
quantities by including terms now commonly known as the induction motor's Steinmetz equivalent circuit.
Induction motor improvements flowing from these inventions and innovations were such that a 100horsepower induction motor currently has the same mounting dimensions as a 7.5-horsepower motor in
1897.

1.3 AIM OF PROJECT

Our aim is to make Design of three phase squirrel cage induction motor by using single phase
transformers. In addition we are changing the direct of motor and switching the motor from star to delta of
stator winding with the help of three pole double through switch.

1.4 OBJECTIVES
This project aims to improving the performance of 3 phase induction motor. This aim is translated
into set of objectives which can be summarized as follows:
1. We are using a transformer core as a pole of induction motor. The transformer core is more
efficient so if we use the transformer core material for induction motors core then losses will be
reduced.
2. To design induction motor in low cost.

CHAPTER NO.2

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

The parameters of the induction motor model vary as operating conditions
change. Accurate knowledge of these parameters and their dependency on operating
conditions is critical for optimal field oriented control.
The testing method that will be used for modeling is off site method that is to
test the motor separately fiom its application site (laboratory experiment). The motor
will be tested individually, and the tests that will be conducted are no-load test and
blocked-rotor test to extract the parameters needed for the characteristic study.

2.2 NO-LOAD TEST

The no-load test is like the open circuit test of the transformer and it gives
information about exciting current and rotational loses. The test is performed by
applying balanced rated voltage on the stator windings at the rated frequency. The small
power provided to the machine is due to core loses, fiction and winding loses. Machine
will rotate at almost synchronous speed which makes slip nearly to zero.

Fig. (2.2.1)
4

2.3 BLOCKED-ROTOR TEST

The Blocked-rotor test, like short circuit test on a transformer, provides the
information about leakage impedances and rotor resistance, R0. Rotor is at the stand still,
while low voltage is applied to stator windings to circulate rated current. Measure the
voltage and power to the phase. Since there is no rotation slip, S=O the equivalent circuit
will be as following. R, will be ignored as it value is much less than core losses

Fig. (2.3.1)

CHAPTER NO.3

3.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE

When 3 phase stator winding is fed by 3 phase supply then rotating magnetic field is set up.

Though rotor conductors are stationary there is a relative velocity between field and rotor conductors. Hence
field is cut by rotor conductors and EMF is induced in it.

Due to induced EMF, current flows through the rotor conductors.

According to Lenzs Law, it opposes the cause of its own production ie., relative velocity.

To reduce the relative velocity, rotor starts running in same direction as that of rotating magnetic flux and
tries to catch up rotating magnetic flux.

3.2 CONSTRUCTION
There are two main parts of three phased induction motor:
1. Stator.
2. Rotor.

3.2.1 STATOR

As the name suggests, it is stationary part of the motor. This parts is made of silicon steel stampings
(i.e. thin sheets).This stamping is slotted.

When complete stator is assembled, slots are formed on the inner side of the stator. The slots may be
open type, semi-open type or close type .In this slots a three phase winding is accommodated. This winding
may be star or delta connected. The ends of the winding are brought out into the terminal box where three
phase A.C. supply is connected.

The stator windings, stator and A.C supply is connected to the stator winding as shown in above
figure.

3.2.2 ROTOR

There are two type of induction motor depending upon the construction of the rotor.

1.
2.

Squirrel cage type.

Wound rotor type.

3.2.2.1

SQUIRREL CAGE TYPE

This is the simplest and most rugged construction. The rotor consists of a cylindrical laminated core
with skewed rotor slots.

The rotor conductors which are thick copper bars, are placed in these slots and are brazed or welded
to and rings. Thus, the rotor conductors are permanently short-circuited. Therefore it is not possible to add
any external resistance in the rotor circuit.

The rotor body is made of silicon steel stampings. The construction of the rotor looks like a cage of
"squirrel" and hence called as "squirrel cage type motor".

3.2.2.2

WOUND ROTOR TYPE

In this type of induction motor, the rotor is made up of lamination with slot In this type of induction
motor, the rotor is wound for the same number of poles as that on the stator. The rotor is made up of
laminations with slots on the outer periphery in which a 3-phase rotor winding is placed. The three
phases are connection star connection internally. The remaining three terminals are brought out and
connected to a slip-ring mounted on the shaft.

The slip-rings are made up of copper or phosphor bronze and there are three brushes resting
on them. External connections to additional resistances are done at these brushes.

When running under normal conditions, the slip-rings are short-circuited by a metal
collar which is pushed along th e shaft and the brushes are lifted from the slip-rings to reduce the
frictional losses and wear.
As a regular 3-phase winding is used for rotor, this type of is called as "phase wound rotor
type". It is also called as "slip-ring type" because slip-rings are used.

A section view of a "slip-ring" type 3-phase induction motor is shown in these following Fig.
3.3

Table of parts and their functions.

Sr no.

Parts

Materials

Functions

1.

Stator cores
(E-sections &
I-sections)

Iron

To fix the bobbin in it.

2.

Bobbin

Plastic

Houses stator winding.

3.

Rotor frame

Plywood

Supports rotor on it & holds the shaft in perpendicular tightly.

4.

Rotor(can)

Iron

In order to link the flux which comes out from the stator.

5.

Shaft

Stainless Steel

It is tightly fixed in the frame and supports the rotor.

6.

Stator winding

Copper

Produces RMF.
8

7.

Air gap

To provide gap in rotor and stator.

3.4 PRODUCTION OF RMF (Rotating Magnetic Field)

The induction motor operates on the principle of rotating magnetic field (RMF) which is produced
by rotor winding of induction motor in the air gap between the stator and the rotor.
The stator is a three phase stationery winding which can be either star connected or delta connected
as shown in fig.
Whenever the ac supply is connected to the stator winding, line current, IR, IY and IB starts flowing.
Note that these line current are phase shifted by 120 with respect to each other.
Due to each line current a sinusoidal flux is produced in the air gap. These fluxes have the
same frequency as that of the line currents
i.e. 50Hz and they also are 120 phase shifted with respect to each other.

3.5 DIRECTION OF RMF

The direction of RMF depends on the phase sequence of the ac supply being connected to the stator
winding.
As we have proved, the RMF rotates in the clockwise direction if the phase sequence is R, Y, B i.e.
the normal sequence as shown in Fig. 1.2.4(a).
But if we interchange any two phases of the ac supply to get a new
phase sequence say R, B, Y then the direction of RMF will reverse. It will start rotating in anticlockwise
direction as shown in Fig. 1.2.4(b).

CHAPTER NO 4

10

Methodology and Parts of Motor

4.1 Step-down Transformers

Fig. (4.1.1)
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with a little loss of power. Step-up
transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down
transformer to reduce the dangerously high voltage to a safer low voltage.
The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical
connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the softiron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core.
Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage
is stepped down and current is stepped up.
The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines the ratio of the
voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected
to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low
output voltage.
Turns Ratio = (Vp /Vs) = ( Np / Ns )
Where,
Vp = primary (input) voltage.
Vs = secondary (output) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
Ip = primary (input) current
Is = secondary (output) current.

11

Where,

Fig. (4.1.2)
The transformer has made long-distance transmission of electric power a practical reality, as AC voltage
can be stepped up and current stepped down for reduced wire resistance power losses along power
lines connecting generating stations with loads. At either end (both the generator and at the loads), voltage
levels are reduced by transformers for safer operation and less expensive equipment. A transformer that
increases voltage from primary to secondary is called a step-up transformer. Conversely, a transformer
designed to do just the opposite is called a step-down transformer.

4.2 PARTS OF TRANSFORMER

First of all, transformers are separated into three parts:
E-section core
I-section core
Bobbin
After this, all the sections (E-sections and I-sections) are joined together to form the
part of the motor. And the bobbin is also fitted in these sections.

stator

4.2.1 E & I SECTIONS

The core of transformer is designed by combining E & I sections to prevent circulating electric
currents within the iron core of transformer. These Circulating currents, called as eddy currents,
cause heating and energy losses within the core decreasing the transformers efficiency.

Fig.(4.2.1.1)

12

With the help of these I & E sections we construct the stator

frame for motor. These sections also give support to the bobbin
(stator winding), the bobbins are fixed in E sections in frame.

4.2.2 BOBBINS
The bobbin or coil former supports the winding, aligns the cores,
channels the winding and provides a termination and connection
method. Each bobbin is designed for use with a specific core shape.
We use the bobbins to give support to stator winding, and together
they act as stator of motor.

Fig. (4.2.2.1)

13

4.3 MOTOR FRAME WITH BOBBINS

Fig (4.2.4)
In fig. we combine the I and E sections with bobbins with winding on
them together they form frame and stator winding of induction motor.
In this winding on bobbin A is connected in series with winding on
bobbin B, similarly winding of bobbin C is connected in series with
winding on bobbin D and winding of bobbin E is connected in series
with winding of bobbin F.
When we give 3 AC supply to stator winding it produces rotating
magnetic field in air gap between stator and rotor. That is links with rotor
and rotor starts rotating.

14

4.4 ROTOR
We use tin can (Oil paint can) as rotor of motor. Squirrel-cage type rotor
both the ends are shorted with the help of end-rings, so we use paint can
as a rotor for our motor. The rotating magnetic field produced by stator
winding is link with tin can so EMF induced in it and it starts rotating.

15

CHAPTER NO.5

16

5.1 COST ESTIMATION

The machine tool designer must furnish the management with an idea of how much tooling will cost, and
how much money the productions methods save over a specified run. This information is generally furnished
in a form of cost worksheets. By referring to the cost worksheets the final cost of the project is calculated.
Cost estimation is defined as the process of forecasting expenses that are incurred to manufacture a product.
These expenses take into account all expenditure involved in designing and manufacturing with all the
related service facilities such as material handling, as well as selling costs.
5.2 ELEMENTS OF COST ENCOUNTERED IN THIS PROJECT
The cost encountered in this project are material cost, cost of standard parts , designing cost and cost of
indirect expenses.

1) DESIGN COST :
The designing cost is considering by amount taken by the cost of material.

2) MATERIAL COST:
The material cost can be calculated by finding the total volume of the material used and the
weight of the material. For calculation the value and the weight.
Table 5.1:- raw material and standard material cost
Sr no.
1

Component

Quantity
6

Transformer

Cost
1440/-

Copper wire

1kg

600/-

3
4

Metal rod
Nuts

1
36

50/20/-

Vicer

36

20/-

Screw

12

28/-

Spring

50/-

Ammeter

--

Multi-meter

220/-

Total cost

2428/-

17

CHAPTER NO.6

6.1 ADVANTAGES OF INDUCTION MOTOR OVER DC MOTORS

18

Because of some of the following advantages, the induction motors are replacing the dc motors, in
the various applications. The advantages are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Low maintenance requirement since the squirrel cage induction motor does not use the
commutators and the brushes.
Ruggedness, smaller size and weight.
Low cost
They can operate in dusty and explosive environments, because the brushes are not being used.
Therefore there is no possibility of sparking.
They can operate at much higher speeds, as compared to DC motors (of the order of 12,000 RPM).
This is again possible as the brushes are absent so no friction.
Its torque-speed characteristics is similar to DC shunt motor characteristics. So it runs at almost
constant speed at all loads with the speed decreasing slightly with increase in speed.
It can produce sufficient torque.
Speed control by using thyristors can give a wide range of speed.

6.2 DIS-ADVANTAGES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

As will be explained later on, the efficiency of induction motors varies with
speed.
In induction motors, the flux and armature (stator) current cannot be controlled separately, as there is
only stator winding and rotor is not accessible for the user.
They have low starting torque.
They have lagging and low power factor.
Speed control by electrical methods is not easy.

6.3 APPLICATIONS OF MOTOR

1)
2)

Fans
For demonstration purpose in colleges.

19

CHAPTER NO.7

CONCLUSION
A low cost three phase induction motor is designed. This motor can be used in industrial field, As
well as other required applications.
The performance analysis of motor indicates that, it has less efficiency because it is hand made. We
can improve the efficiency of motor by using proper machineries to make different parts of motor
and for staging of sections to reduce air gap between sections.
The motor has low torque so we can use it for low torque applications only, e.g. Fan, as well as for
demonstration purpose in collages.
20

21

CHAPTER NO.8

REFRENCES
1) A. Veltman, D.W.J. Pulle, and R.W. DeDoncker, Advanced Electrical Drives: Analysis, Modeling,
Control, Springer, 2011.

2) J.L. Kirtley, Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution, and Use, Wiley, 2010.

3) A. Veltman, D.W.J. Pulle, and R.W. DeDoncker, Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, Springer, 2007.

4) I. Boldea and S.A Nasar, Electric Drives, CRC Press, 2nd ed. 2006.

5) J. Chiasson, Modeling and High Performance Control of Electric Machines, Wiley-IEEE, 2005.

22

6) P.C. Krause, O. Wasynczuk, and S.D. Sudhoff, Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems,
IEEE Press, 2nd ed. 2002.
7) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motor
8) N. Mohan, Electric Machines and Drives: A First Course, Wiley, 2012.

23