6, 32-38
http://ijmec.sophiapublisher.com
Research Report
Open Access
, A.T. Olawumi
, O.O. Oyebanji
, S.A. Oluwalana
, E.A. Imaledo
1 Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
2 Department of Agricultural Production and Management Science, Tai Solarin University of Education, P.M.B.2118, Ijagun, Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria
3 Department of Botany, University of Lagos, Akoka Yaba Lagos, Nigeria
Corresponding author email: soagaj@yahoo.com
Authors
International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, 2012, Vol.2, No.6 doi: 10.5376/ijmec.2012.02.0006
Received: 01 Nov., 2012
Accepted: 03 Nov., 2012
Published: 13 Mar., 2013
2012 Adedokun et al., This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preferred citation for this article:
Adedokun et al., 2012, Socio-economic Contribution, Marketing and Utilization of Edible Kolanut (Cola acuminata and Cola nitida) to Rural Women
Livelihood in Abeokuta, Nigeria, International Journal of Molecular Ecology and Conservation, Vol.2, No.6, 32-38 (doi: 10.5376/ijmec.2012.02.0006)
Abstract This study was centred on the edible cola nuts (Cola acuminata and Cola nitida), often referred to as obi abata and gbanja
(yoruba) in Abeokuta metropolis. The study examined economic impacts and various uses of the cola nut. Structured questionnaire
with open and close questions was distributed to120 respondents in the study area. Markets were selected from three Local
government areas namely Lafenwa, Kuto, Iberekodo and Ishiun at Owode Egba purposively. The markets are local markets where
farm produce are being sold in the study area. Descriptive statistics, cost and return analysis was used to analyze the data obtained
from the study. The result obtained shows that 88.33% of the respondents were female who engage in the trade, 52.50% were in age
group above 45 years which was the largest and were Yoruba. 51.87% had no formal education and are mostly full-time sellers. The
result also revealed that traditionally 81.67% uses the nut for wedding and 97.50% for dye. The cost analysis reveals the average
profit for each market, at Ishiun N3 293.375, Lafenwa N8 702.83, Kuto N4 869.40, and Iberekodo N3 127.20 and the rate of return
on investment were at Ishiun 33.24%, Lafenwa 35.96%, Kuto 33.17%, Iberekodo 26.54% , respectively. It shows that Lafenwa has
the highest rate of returns on investment and profit. The result also showed that the mean value of profit and return on investment for
all the market were N4 998.21 and 32.23% respectively, this was due to the level of organisation in transaction in the market. The
result also reveals the market margin per market at Ishiun 24.95%, Lafenwa 26.45%, Kuto 24.95%, and Iberekodo 21.00%
respectively with the mean margin for all the market at 24.33%. The major problem encountered in business was basically that of
storage with insect infestation at 53.33% and heat 51.67% which reduces the value and invariably the price of the product. Hence, a
good storage system is important to improve sales. Hence a good policy must be put in place for good storage system to improve
quality during storage and enhance income of respondents.
Keywords Socio-economic; Cola marketing; Rural women; Livelihood
Introduction
In the last decades, there has been more research on
the roles of forest in the livelihood of the rural
population. Much of the research has looked into the
gathering of non-timber forest product (NTFPs) which
includes resins, fodder, spices, food, medicine, leaves,
honey and nuts. Also all by products of the forest
not used in large quantity by the industries and
produce from the trees such as Parkia biglobosa,
Dacryodes edulis, Irvingia spp., Afzelia africana,
Garcinia cola etc on fallow or farmland. In the past
years people have increasingly recognised non-timber
32
2 Results
Table 1 shows socio-demographic characteristics of
respondents as they are essential and fundamental
framework of the analysis of study. It includes sex,
age, and educational level etc expected to affect the
income level of the respondent.
3 Discussions
Gender
Female
Male
Total
Age group
> 25
26-35
36-45
>45
Total
Tribe
Yoruba
Hausa
Igbo
Total
Marital status
Single
Married
Total
Educational level
No forma
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Total
Occupation status
Part time
Full time
Total
Family size
0-2
3-4
>5
Total
Years of experience
1-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
>41
Total
Status of sale
Wholesale
Retailer
Total
Problems/challenges of business
Insect attack
Heat
Transportation
Frequency
Kuto
Iberekodo
Total
Percentage (%)
24
1
25
25
0
25
106
14
120
88.33
11.67
100.00
1
8
9
12
30
0
2
5
18
35
0
2
11
12
25
2
20
35
63
120
1.67
16.67
29.17
52.50
100.00
28
12
0
40
30
0
0
30
25
0
0
25
25
0
0
25
108
12
0
120
90.00
10.00
0.00
100.00
0
40
40
0
30
30
0
25
25
0
25
25
0
120
120
0.00
100.00
100.00
27
12
0
1
11
9
10
0
16
8
1
0
18
6
1
0
62
35
12
1
51.67
29.17
10.00
0.83
40
30
25
25
120
100.00
21
19
40
21
9
30
19
6
25
8
17
25
69
51
120
57.50
42.50
100.00
15
18
7
40
13
9
8
3
0
19
6
25
3
16
6
25
31
62
27
12
25.83
51.67
22.50
100.00
5
23
4
4
40
40
7
10
7
6
30
30
5
7
8
5
25
25
1
7
10
6
1
25
18
47
29
21
5
120
15.00
39.17
24.17
17.50
4.17
100.00
35
5
40
5
25
30
1
24
25
1
24
25
42
78
120
35.00
65.00
100.00
30
11
24
13
18
14
12
16
21
9
17
14
64
62
63
53.33
51.67
52.5
Ishiun
Lafenwa
28
12
40
29
1
30
1
8
10
21
40
35
Markets
Ishiun
Lafenwa
Kuto
Iberekodo
Table 3 Profitability of the average cola specie seller per month in all the markets
Markets Revenue
Total Revenue
Total Cost
Profit
Ishiun
13 200
9 907
3 293
Lafenwa
32 907
24 204
8 703
Kuto
19 548
14 679
4 869
Iberekodo
14 912
11 784
3 127
Bark
Root
Stem
Pod
Filmcoverage
Others
Uses
Food
Concoction
Wrapper
Concoction
Cordage
Concoction
Chewing
stick
Firewood
Feed
Consumption
Drink
Dye
Syrup
Ishi
19
25
15
22
18
21
17
Laf
18
27
12
14
16
21
21
25
12
11
30
40
7
25
10
5
23
30
11
Markets
Kut
10
20
17
19
6
8
6
19
4
4
16
25
7
Ibe
8
11
5
21
4
7
12
Total
55
83
49
76
44
57
56
Percentage (%)
45.83
69.17
40.83
63.33
36.67
47.50
46.67
22
4
6
22
22
10
91
30
27
91
117
35
75.83
25.00
22.50
75.83
97.50
29.16
Film coverage
Uses
Tonic for diahorrea remedies, wrapper for cooked pap
Chewing sticks with medicinal value for teeth and gums, fuelwood for domestic purposes
Cola nitida bark extract can be used to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria
The pod of Cola nitida can be used to feed ruminant animals, poultry and snails also confirmed by Hamzat et al (2002)
Can be used as fertility regulator, relieve diahorea, nausea and heal wound
The wood can be used in construction industry e.g. houses, boat and images
To clean teeth and sweeten breath
It is chewed as stimulant, aphrodisiac and healing qualities. Extracts are found in energy drinks and antidepressant, they are also thought to reduce hunger, aid digestion, and elevation of body temperature, increases
blood pressure and respiratory rate and to treat whooping cough. It can be processed into dye which is used in
indigenous garment industry, body art and as an ingredient for cosmetics.
Feed supplement for animal
Table 6 Average rate of return and mean for all markets per month
Ishiun
Lafenwa
Kuto
Iberekodo
Total
Mean
CP
(N)
SP
(N)
TRSP
(N)
Tax
(N)
Rent
(N)
TVC
(N)
TFC
(N)
TC
(N)
TR
(N)
Profit
(N)
ROI (%)
(N)
9 750
23 587
13 638
11 520
58 495
14 624
13 200
32 907
19 548
14 912
80 567
20 142
47.625
232.00
727.20
108.80
1 115.63
278.906
40.5
53.5
87.2
40.0
221.2
55.3
68.5
331.67
205.8
116.0
721.97
180.49
9 797
23 819
14 386
11 629
59 631
14 908
109
385
293
156
934
236
9 907
24 204
14 679
11 784
60 573
15 144
13 200
32 907
19 548
14 912
80 557
20 142
3 293
8 703
4 869
3 127
19 993
4 998
33.24
35.96
33.17
26.54
128.90
32.23
36
38