Recife, PE
Abril, 2009
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Coordenador:
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AGRADECIMENTOS
Agradeo a realizao deste trabalho a todos que de vrias formas me ajudaram ao
longo de toda jornada percorrida. Em especial a:
Meu DEUS e meu SENHOR por ter me permitido iniciar e concluir mais uma etapa da
minha vida, que me d foras e coragem para continuar a sonhar, com a certeza de que
sempre irei vencer independente das dificuldades.
A minha famlia, pelo apoio incondicional nas inmeras etapas da minha vida. A minha
me Wilma, por sua existncia, pela luta e sacrifcio sempre em prol da felicidade de
suas filhas. As minhas irms, Alexandra e Raquel por sempre se preocuparem comigo.
Ao meu av Manoel, por todas as oraes feitas ao divino esprito santo, pedindo que
guiasse meus caminhos e me protegesse. Muito obrigada meu av, suas oraes foram
muito importantes nos momentos de dificuldades. As minha tia- me, Roseane, pelo
apoio, saber que posso contar com voc me permite caminhar com mais tranqilidade.
Ao meu namorado Andr, meu amor s tenho a te agradecer pela compreenso nas horas
de ausncia, por toda sua dedicao ao meu lado, fazendo o que era possvel para que
meus trabalhos dessem certos, ajudando nas coletas e dedicando horas de fim de semana
processando material comigo no laboratrio, te agradeo muito pela ajuda de amigo.
Voc conseguiu com sua alegria e pensamento positivo, tornar os meus momentos de
estresses menos angustiantes.
As minhas irms de corao: Nane e J, meu amor por vocs grandioso, agradeo por
tudo que vocs fazem e fizeram por mim. A Bethnia, obrigada por toda amizade,
carinho e ajuda durante todo o nosso perodo de mestrado. Vocs so pessoas abenoadas
por Deus.
Ao meu amigo Srgio Campos, obrigada pela amizade verdadeira, desde a poca da
minha monografia. Sergito, no existem palavras para agradecer todo apoio a mim
dispensado. Te agradeo pelos valiosos conselhos e por voc no ter desistido da minha
amizade nos momentos em que te deixei estressado. Admiro muito seu empenho em fazer
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com que as pessoas estejam sempre bem, serei eternamente grata a voc por tudo que fez
por mim.
Prof Dr Rita Stocco pela confiana em ter me aceito como sua aluna, no programa de
Ps- graduao, mesmo no conhecendo meu trabalho me ofereceu todo apoio e suporte
financeiro, permitindo a concluso desta pesquisa. Tambm agradeo pela pacincia e
amizade nos momentos de orientao distncia. Saber que podia contar sempre com a
senhora me deu mais tranqilidade para seguir em frente.
A professora e co-orientadora Tania e Professor Ferreira, sou muito agradecida por todo
o apoio que me dispensaram desde a poca da minha graduao. A torcida e apoio de
vocs para que eu ingressasse no mestrado me possibilitou lutar mais uma vez e acreditar
que conseguiria passar no mestrado.
Aos meus amigos do laboratrio da Gentica Animal: Nara Diniz, por caminhar ao meu
lado nas jornadas de coletas, experimentos e viagens. A Bruna, pela ajuda nos meus
experimentos e coletas. A Corao, pela disponibilidade de ajudar, sempre se
disponibilizando no que fosse preciso. A Augusto, pela amizade e apoio como fotgrafo
nas coletas. A Nayara, pela amizade, carinho e apoio nas coletas. A Anglica pela
grande amizade e conselhos. A Prof Neide, pelas vezes em que me esclareceu algumas
dvidas em laboratrio e pelas valiosas consideraes que fez em meu trabalho. A
Merylanne, Jssica, Itusa, Pollyanna, Cibele, Barbara, Cirlene, Amanda, Carol,
Jefferson e Prof Dra Maria Jos, a todos obrigada pelo excelente convvio em
laboratrio.
Aos meus amigos de mestrado: Rodrigo, Marlia e Jlia foi muito bom ter convivido
com vocs neste perodo de mestrado.
Aos meus novos e grandes amigos do laboratrio de gentica do Instituto Butantan:
Priscilla Felix a Priscillona ,amiga agradeo pelo grande e imensurvel apoio na
minha passagem em SP, sua gentileza e simpatia tornaram os dias de trabalho no
laboratrio mais divertidos, te agradeo por todo apoio e amizade verdadeira, A Oilita,
por tudo que me ensinou no perodo em que estive em SP, mas, sobretudo sou
imensamente grata pela dedicao tcnica que voc teve em me ajudar na concluso do
meu trabalho; Priscila Mayrink a Priscilinha, pelo apoio e bom convvio no
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laboratrio; Tia Carol, Pequenina, mas de um grandioso corao, obrigada pela amizade
e pacincia em resolver todas as questes burocrticas do nosso lab.; Papai Dalton, pela
ajuda na edio de imagens; Dra. Anglica, Dra Heloisa, Dra Suely, Dr. Rodrigo (R),
Guilherme, Willian (Will), Ana e Dona Zezinha, a todos obrigada pelo excelente
convvio em laboratrio e pelas boas conversas, certamente elas tambm foram
fundamentais para que os dias em So Paulo fossem mais divertidos.
A Dr. Willy Beak, pelo apoio na realizao do projeto.
A Dr Paulo Correia (dono da fazenda onde foi realizada a coleta), obrigada pela
confiana e por ter permitido a realizao da nossa pesquisa em sua fazenda.
Aos Prticos da fazenda: Thiago, J e tio de Nara, sou muito grata a vocs pela
disponibilidade na hora das coletas, posso dizer que sem a valiosa ajuda de vocs, os
nossos trabalhos nas coletas, teriam sido bem mais rduos.
Aos funcionrios do Departamento de Gentica, Dona Zizi e Romildo.
Ao programa de Ps graduao e ao CNpq pelo apoio finaceiro durante os dois anos de
mestrado.
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SUMRIO
Item
Pgina
Lista de Abreviaturas
XI
Lista de Figuras
XIII
Lista de Tabelas
XV
Resumo
XVI
Abstract
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Introduo
1. Reviso Bibliogrfica
10
12
13
15
18
cromatina
1.6 Mecanismos de formao e denominao padro das
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anomalias cromossmicas
1.7. Caritipo Bovino
1.7.1 Alteraes cromossmicas em bovino
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31
2. Objetivos
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3. Materiais e Mtodos
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34
34
35
35
35
36
38
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4. Resultados
40
5. Discusso
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50
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aberraes cromossmicas
5.3 Alteraes cromossmicas como conseqncias da ao das
53
oncoproteinas virais
5.3.1 Associaes telomricas (AT) associaes cntricas (AC),
53
55
56
alto risco
6. Concluses
59
7. Referncias Bibliogrficas
60
8. Anexos
68
Anexo 1
68
68
69
70
70
61
73
73
74
76
87
9. Memorial
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Lista de abreviaturas
AC
Associao Cntrica
add
Adio
ATcr
AT
Associao Telomrica
BHV
Herpesvrus Bovino
BPV
Papilomavrus Bovino
Brd-4
COPV
CRV
Papilomavrus do Coelho
Da
Daltons
del
deleo
EBV
E1-8
gaps
HC
HEC
HHV
Herpesvrus Humano
HPV
Papilomavrus Humano
ICTU
Kb
KDa
Kilodalton
LCR
L1-2
MHC
ORF
Palf
PV
p53
QM
Quebra cromossmicas
pRB
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QT
Quebra cromatdicas
ras
SPcr
VLP
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Lista de Figuras
Figura- 1: rvore filogentica dos PV traada por meio das seqncias da
ORF L1, contendo seqncias de 118 tipos de PV. Os smbolos
semicirculares identificam os gneros, e os nmeros dos smbolos
semicirculares se referem s espcies de papilomavrus.
11
14
16
21
Figura 9 Estrutura do complexo E2/ Brd-4. A -hlice do domnio Nterminal da E2 est em verde e o domnio C-terminal, regio no conectado,
em vermelho. O segmento entre estes dois domnios, a dobradia, est em
amarelo. Em azul possvel visualizar a protena Brd-4 ligando- se a E2 pelo
domnio N- terminal.
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29
42
43
44
45
48
49
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Lista de tabelas
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Material e Mdotos
Tabela- 1: Descrio dos protocolos utilizados nas tcnicas de bandamento C e
G.
Tabela- 2: Descrio do protocolo modificado, da tcnica de marcao com
nitrato de prata, para evidenciar as RONs.
Resultados
Tabela- 1: Descrio geral da anlise citogentica de cada grupo de bovino,
relatando a percentagem de clulas com aberrao por grupo.
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46
37
40
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Resumo
O papilomavrus bovino (BPV) representado por 10 subtipos virais,
epiteliotrpicos ou mucosotrpicos, que so transmitidos entre bovinos por meio do
sangue contaminado e/ou contato entre epitlios. O vrus pode estar presente na forma
latente nos linfcitos do hospedeiro, podendo originar instabilidades cromossmicas.
Neste contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar alteraes cromossmicas que
podem resultar deste processo de instabilidade. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue
perifrico de bovinos Bos taurus taurus, as quais foram enviadas para deteco viral,
utilizando a tcnica de reao em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). Em seguida, foram
estabelecidas culturas de linfcitos para anlise citogentica. Foram coletadas amostras
de 61 bovinos, apresentando papilomatose (animais sintomticos) e sem sinais clnicos
(animais assintomticos) e a anlise citogentica foi processada em teste cego (em
colorao convencional e bandamento C). Os resultados mostraram que no momento da
coleta 28 animais no estavam infectados pelo vrus BPV e 33 estavam infectados pelo
BPV tipo 1 e/ou 2. O grupo de bovinos infectados foi subdividido em dois subgrupos:
sintomticos e assintomticos. Analisando os animais infectados pelo BPV, o grupo
sintomtico (com papilomatose), representado por 17 bovinos, apresentou mdia de 42,71
% de clulas apresentando aberraes cromossmicas por indivduo, enquanto o grupo
assintomtico (sem papilomatose), representado por 16 bovinos, apresentou uma mdia
de 40,19 %. Foram analisados entre 50 a 100 clulas por amostra, totalizando 2203
clulas, das quais 918 (42%) apresentavam uma ou mais aberraes cromossmicas. A
taxa de alteraes cromossmicas observadas nos bovinos sintomticos (42,77,8) e
assintomticos (40,211) foi comparada com os ndices de aberraes espontneas
observadas no grupo controle (animais no infectados) (42). Para analisar diferenas
estatsticas entre os trs grupos, foi utilizado o Teste Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do Teste de
Mann Whitney. Estas anlises mostraram que a variabilidade de clulas alteradas entre o
grupo controle e os infectados por BPV maior no grupo dos bovinos infectados (P <
0,0001). No entanto, diferenas significativas no foram observadas entre os subgrupos
infectados por BPV (P= 0,62). As alteraes cromossmicas identificadas nas anlises
realizadas foram: associao cntrica (AC), fragmento acntrico (FA), associao
telomrica (AT), associao telomrica por uma cromtide (ATcr), quebra cromatdica
(QT), quebra cromossmica (QM), gaps, aneuploidia, poliploidia, adio oudeleo de
segmento cromossmico (add ou del) e separao precoce de cromtides (SPcr). As altas
taxas de anormalidades cromossmicas (numricas e estruturais) esto relacionadas
ao do BPV, tendo sido possvel a distino entre animais acometidos por vrus dos
animais no infectados.
Palavras chave: Bos taurus; papilomavirus bovino; alteraes cromossmicas.
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Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is represented by 10 papillomavirus subtypes,
epiteliotropic or mucosotropic, which are transmitted among bovines through
contaminated blood and ephitelial contact. This virus may be in a latent form on host
lymphocytes, triggering chromosomal instabilities. In this context, this study aimed to
evaluate chromosomal aberrations which might result from this process of instability.
Peripheral blood samples were collected from Bos Taurus females.Viral detection was
performed using polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR) and lymphocytes cultures
were established for cytogenetic analysis. 61 animals were analyzed in blind-test in
slides submitted to conventional staining and C-banding. Twenty eight (28) animals were
verified as no infected by BPV. Thirty three (33) animals presented BPV type 1 and /or
2. The BPV infected group was subdivided into two subgroups: symptomatic and
asymptomatic. Symptomatic group (with papillomatosis) represented by 17 females,
exhibited an average of 42.71% aberrant cells per individual.Asymptomatic group
(without papillomatosis), represented by 16 animals exhibited an average of 40.19%. The
analysis included 50 to 100 cells per sample, totalizing 2203 cells: 918 presented one or
more chromosomal aberrations. The chromosomal aberration rate in symptomatic and in
asymptomatic animals was respectively 42.7 7.8 and 40.2 11, compared with
aberration rate of control group,42. To analyze statistical differences among these three
groups, were used Kruskal-Wallis Test followed by Mann-Whitneys Test. These
analysis reported that aberrant cells variability between the control group and BPVinfected groups was larger on infected cattle group (P < 0,0001). However, significant
differences were not observed between infected subgroups (P = 0,62). The identified
chromosomal aberration types were: centric association (CA); acentric fragment (AF);
telomeric association (TA); telomeric association by a unique chromatid (TAcr);
chromatid breaks (CtB); chromossomic breaks (CmB); gaps; aneuploidy; polyploidy;
addition or loss of chromosomal segment (add or del) and early chromatid separation
(EcrS). The obtained data demonstrated that the high rates of cromossomal aberrations
(numeric and structural) are related to BPV action, allowing distinction between infected
and not infected animals.
Key-words: Bos taurus; bovine papillomavirus; chromosome aberrations
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Introduo
O papilomavrus (PV) considerado um dos vrus mais relevantes para o homem e
outros animais que ele infecta, devido s doenas causalmente relacionadas. O vrus induz
a formao de leses benignas (verrugas / papilomas) e malignas (carcinomas), neste caso
associado a co-fatores ambientais. Considerando suas caractersticas morfolgicas e
moleculares, pode-se afirmar que estes vrus de morfologia icosadrica no envelopados
possuem dimetro variando de 52 a 55 nm e so compostos por uma fita dupla de cido
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1. Reviso da Literatura
1.1 Papilomavrus (PV): aspectos gerais
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enquadr-los
dentro
do
grupo
dos
Palyomaviruses,
classificados
na
famlia
Palyomaviridae
Papillomaviridae.
Os
papilomavrus
(famlia
Figura 1 rvore filogentica dos PV traada por meio das seqncias da ORF L1,
contendo seqncias de 118 tipos de PV. Os smbolos semicirculares identificam os
gneros, e os nmeros dos smbolos semicirculares se referem s espcies de
papilomavrus.
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protenas L em conjunto atuam na conexo viral com os receptores celulares (Liu et al.,
1997, Trus et al., 1997, Tomita et al., 2007) (Figura-3)
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O ciclo de vida dos PV difere de todas as outras famlias de vrus. Sua reproduo
requer que as clulas epiteliais de revestimento ou mucosas estejam ntegras, uma vez
que a infeco dos vrus ocorre inicialmente em clulas basais do epitlio (Campo, 1997).
Nos tecidos basais, ocorre a expresso dos genes E que, no entanto, limitada, resultando
na proliferao e expanso lateral do epitlio das clulas infectadas. A replicao do
genoma viral e expresso dos genes L se d nas camadas granulares, supra-basais e o
empacotamento do DNA viral, nas camadas escamosas. A liberao de novos vrus
infecciosos ocorre nas camadas escamosas queratinizadas da pele (zur Hausen, 2002;
Doorbar, 2005) (Figura 4).
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evidncia de que clulas sanguneas so mais um local de latncia (Pao et al., 1991;
Knowles et al., 1996;1997; Tseng et al., 1999).
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Tabela 1 - Formas de atuao das oncoprotenas virais, presentes nos trs gneros dos
papilomavrus: Xi papilomavrus (BPV-4, 3, 6, 9, e 10) apresentando os oncogenes E5 e
E7; Delta papilomavrus (BPV-1 e 2) e Epsilon papilomavrus (BPV-5 e 8) possuindo
os oncogenes E5, E6 e E7.
Atuao das ocoprotenas E5
Ativa protena kinases
envolvidas no controle celular
Interage com ativadores e
receptores celulares aumentando
o potencial mitognico;
Atuao das
ocoprotenas E6
Pode atuar sozinha
como ativador
transcricional
Induz a telomerase
celular e altera a
funo da p53
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prevalncia maior em animais com idade inferior a dois anos, levando a alta morbidade
nestes rebanhos (Corra e Corra, 1992) (Figura 6)
Fonte: o autor.
Figura 6 - Bovino da raa holandesa infectado com BPV exibido papilomatose bovina. A)
Papilomas em forma de couve-flor na regio do pescoo e cabea. B) Papilomas em forma
de couve-flor nas tetas.
Os principais prejuzos econmicos decorrentes da infeco pelo BPV so:
A
desenvolvimento de verrugas no bere (dificultando a ordenha e prejudicando a produo
leiteira), perda do couro (devido grande quantidade de papilomas e proliferao de
bactrias no local afetado), hemorragias, transtornos gerais txicos e outras doenas
secundrias graves (hematria enzotica e caraguat) que podem levar o animal
morte. As infeces no trato reprodutivo tambm levam ao desenvolvimento de
problemas graves, por promover disseminao da doena e eventual infertilidade por
leses secundrias nos tecidos do trato reprodutivo (Corra e Corra, 1992; Santin e
Brito, 2004).
Quanto localizao da infeco e das diferentes leses histopatolgicas
induzidas pelo BPV, inmeras evidncias vm demonstrando uma forte associao das
infeces (fibropapilomas) a tipos de BPV especficos, como descrito por Bloch e
colaboradores (1994) e Campo e colaboradores (1994a), onde as infeces com BPV-3, 4
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1994a; Wosiacki et al., 2006). Embora seja baixa a atividade citotxica destes compostos,
em experimentos in vivo e in vitro observa-se que as aes carcinognicas da planta tm
sido atribudas a estes agentes qumicos, sendo possvel detectar a presena destes
mutgenos, na urina e no soro do leite dos bovinos (Wosiacki et al., 2002; Falbo et al.,
2005). Estes compostos mutagnicos da samambaia so descritos por Recouso e
colaboradores (2003) como os responsveis pelas taxas aumentadas de aberraes
cromossmicas estruturais em homens e mulheres de Ouro Preto (MG), que consumiam
habitualmente em sua dieta brotos de samambaia.
A ao dos compostos mutagnicos presentes na samambaia pode induzir o
aumento na expresso de protenas oncognicas virais e a down regulation do MHC I.
Estas protenas atuam na ativao e mutao de genes ras e p53, respectivamente,
acelerando os processos de transformao das clulas epiteliais (Campo, 2006;
Borzacchiello e Roperto, 2008) (Figura 7).
Pteridium aquilinum
Ptaquiloside e Quercetina
Imunossupresso
Mucosa normal
Regresso
Oncoprotenas
E5/ E7
Papiloma
Carcinoma
Represso do MHC-I pela E5
Fonte: modificada de Campo, 2006.
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al., 1998; Leal et al., 2003; Lioi et al., 2004; Peretti et al., 2007). Entretanto, no existem
relatos de especificidade, correlacionando tipo de BPV e tipo de alterao cromossmica
e/ou cromossomo especfico, acreditando que tais alteraes por vrus no genoma
hospedeiro sejam randmicas (Fortunato et al., 2000).
Alteraes na cromatina do hospedeiro, induzidas por vrus, ocorrem
principalmente devido expresso de oncogenes virais, os quais podem desencadear
alteraes mitticas que culminam na produo de clulas com aberraes. Duensing e
colaboradores (2000) e Duensing e Mnger (2002) demonstraram que a expresso
conjunta da E6 e E7 do HPV-16 pode sozinha elevar significativamente o nmero de
clulas com centrossomos anormais, induzindo aneuploidias.
Assim como os PV, outros vrus podem causar anomalias cromossmicas, tais
como Epstein-Barr (EBV), Herpesvrus humano (HHV) e bovino (BHV) (Peat et al.,
1986), hepatite B e C (Simon et al., 1991; Pietschmann et al., 2006), Citomegalovrus
(Fortunato et al., 2000), Adenovrus (zur Hausen, 1967, Mc Dougall et al., 1971), vrus
da influenza (Thadani e Polasa, 1979), vrus da rubola e poliovrus (Fortunato et al.,
2000). Anlises cromossmicas, em pacientes infectados com estes vrus, revelaram um
aumento significativo das freqncias de metfases com alteraes cromossmicas, onde
as principais alteraes encontradas foram falhas (gaps), quebras cromossmicas,
condensao cromossmica prematura, diviso prematura dos centrmeros, formao
triradial dos cromossomos, fragmentos acntricos, quebras telomricas, hiperploidia e
translocaes. Geralmente, os danos cromossmicos decorrentes destas infeces virais
foram descritos como randmicos, salvo algumas excees, como o citomegalovrus tipo
12, que causa quebras preferenciais nos cromossomos 17 (regio q21) e 1 (regio p36), e
o adenovrus tipo 12, 18 e 31, que causam gaps e quebras especificamente no
cromossomo 17 (Mc Dougall et al., 1971; Fortunato et al., 2000).
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distribuies
dos
pontos
de
quebra
que
desenvolvem
alteraes
acmulo
de
mutaes
pode
desencadear
diferentes
anormalidades
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Fonte: O autor.
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forma invertida. Tais inverses podem ser descritas como paracntrica (no envolvendo
os centrmeros) e pericntrica (centrmeros envolvidos na inverso). Diferentemente de
delees e duplicaes, as inverses no causam uma mudana no balano de material
gnico expresso. So normalmente viveis e no causam anormalidades fenotpicas ao
portador,contudo, trs conseqncias para a prole (Hassold e Hunt, 2001) (Figura 11).
Fonte: O autor.
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Figura 12 - Bovino da subespcie Bos taurus taurus (raa Holandesa) (A) e da subespcie
Bos taurus indicus (raa Zebu) (B).
Nos mamferos, o mecanismo de determinao sexual o XX;XY, sendo os
machos o sexo heterogamtico, com o cromossomo Y sendo um dos menores do
caritipo, com poucos genes ativos em grande parte consistindo de seqncias
altamente repetitivas de DNA no codificantes, localizados em regies de
heterocromatina constitutiva (Gallagher et al., 1999). A espcie Bos taurus apresenta em
seu caritipo original o nmero diplide (2n) com 60 cromossomos, representado por 58
autossomos acrocntricos e 1 par de cromossomos sexuais (XX;XY), sendo os machos
representados pelo sexo heterogamtico (Ford et al., 1980; Valdovinos et al., 2000). Na
subespcie Bos t. taurus os cromossomos X e Y so submetacntricos, onde o X
considerado um cromossomo mdio se comparado aos maiores autossomos (Di Berardino
et al., 1990), e o Y um dos menores do caritipo (Britto e Mello, 1999; Issa et al., 2004).
A morfologia do cromossomo Y do Bos t. indicus acrocntrico diferindo dos Bos t.
taurus que submetacntrico (Jorge, 1974).
Acredita-se que o cromossomo Y do Bos t. taurus diferiu do cromossomo do Bos
t. indicus por meio de uma transposio centromrica ou uma inverso pericentromrica,
uma vez que eles conservam uma mesma ordem de genes ao longo de suas regies distais
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foram intersticiais. Estes dados indicaram que a localizao das RONs pode variar entre
espcies e dentro de espcies (Gallagher et al., 1998; Gallagher et al., 1999).
Existem controvrsias na literatura quanto localizao cromossmica das RONs,
em Bos taurus. Solinas-Toldo e colaboradores (1992) descreveram que os Bos taurus
possuem seis pares de RONs, localizados nos cromossomos 2, 3, 4, 11, 25 e 28. Contudo,
Iannuzzi e colaboradoreres (1996) e Gallagher e colaboradores (1999) apenas localizaram
cinco RONs, presentes nos pares 2, 3, 4, 11 e 25.
As mais comuns diferenas cromossmicas entre espcies da famlia Bovidae,
envolvem as fuses cntricas, representando a principal forma de evoluo cariotpica
(Iannuzi et al., 1995; Robinson et al., 1997). Outros estudos citogenticos de bovinos
relacionados a rearranjos estruturais tm demonstrado poucos efeitos fenotpicos,
inclusive na fertilidade (Rangel e Iannuzzi, 1990). Contudo, a presena da translocao
(1;29), que causa diminuio da fertilidade, ou polimorfismos, pode estar associados a
eventuais vantagens seletivas (Buoen et al., 1988).
Tcnicas citogenticas, como: hibridizao in situ fluorescente (FISH) e
bandamento C, G, Q e R vm sendo usadas para estabelecer qual o conjunto
cromossmico ancestral dos bovinos e entender rearranjos sofridos em cromossomos
sexuais de cada raa da tribo Bovini, alm de analisar os processos de formao das
anormalidades cromossmicas nos bovinos (Iannuzzi et al.,1990; Gallagher et al., 1998,
Di Meo et al., 2006).
1.7.1 Alteraes cromossmicas em bovinos
A primeira alterao descrita em bovinos foi a translocao rob 1/29 relatada por
Gustavsson e Rockborn em 1964, num estudo sobre leucemia linftica em gado vermelho
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robertsoniana 1/29,
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2. Objetivos
2.1 Objetivo geral
Avaliar o percentual de aberraes cromossmicas em linfcitos perifricos de bovinos Bos
tauru taurus, com e sem papilomatose, em uma fazenda do Estado de Pernambuco.
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3. Material e Mtodos
3.1 Grupo amostral
O grupo amostral de 61 bovinos, da subspcie Bos t. taurus raa holandesa, foi
dividido em dois grupos: grupo controle (28 bovinos saudveis), no infectados por
BPV, coletados no hospital veterinrio da Universidade de So Paulo (FMVZ-USP) e o
grupo de bovinos infectados (33 bovinos com BPV), selecionado aleatoriamente em
uma fazenda da cidade de RibeiroPernambuco. O grupo dos infectados foi subdividido
em dois subgrupos: sintomtico (17 bovinos, apresentado a papilomatose) e
assintomtico (16 bovinos, com ausncia do quadro clnico da doena). Para diagnosticar
a presena ou ausncias de seqencias virais do BPV, as amostras de sangue foram
avaliadas por meio de PCR (tcnica molecular para deteco viral) por Diniz (2009).
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forma: as coletadas com heparina foram utilizadas para estudos citogenticos, sendo
submetidas a culturas temporrias de linfcitos, e as com EDTA, encaminhadas para
avaliar a existncia ou ausncia do BPV, por meio de reao em cadeia da polimerase,
PCR, (dados utilizados na pesquisa de mestrado de Diniz, 2009).
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2.
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possveis associaes entre elas (Tabela 2). As metfases foram analisadas e fotografadas
em fotomicroscpio Axiophot Zeiss, em aumento de 1000X.
Bandamento G
*
*
*
Fonte: Leal et al., 2003
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4. Resultados
Atravs da citogentica convencional (colorao com Giemsa) e em condies de
teste cego, observamos as frequncias e tipos de aberraes cromossmicas presentes
nos linfcitos perifricos dos 61 bovinos Bos t. taurus (raa holandesa) infectados ou no
por BPV.
No grupo amostral controle representado por 28 bovinos, foram analisadas 1400
clulas e apenas 55 apresentavam alteraes cromossmicas (percentual mdio de clulas
alteradas por indivduo de 4%). No grupo amostral de bovinos infectados por BPV (tipo
1 e/ou 2), representado por 33 animais, foram analisados 50 a 100 clulas por indivduo,
totalizando 2203 clulas das quais 918 apresentavam uma ou mais aberrao
cromossmica. No subgrupo sintomtico (17 bovinos) 1275 clulas foram analisadas,
destas 544 eram aberrantes, apresentando uma mdia de 42,71% de clulas alteradas por
indivduo. No subgrupo assintomtico (16 bovinos) 928 clulas foram analisadas, destas
374 demonstravam-se alteradas, apresentando uma mdia de 40,19% de clulas alteradas
por indivduo. As anlises citogenticas do grupo controle e dos bovinos infectados com
BPV esto descritas na Tabela-1.
Tabela -1: Descrio geral da anlise citogentica de cada grupo de bovino, relatando a
percentagem de clulas com aberrao por grupo.
Grupo
C(1)
As (2)
S (3)
Sexo/
Idade/
Raa
N de
bovinos
Avaliados
N de
clulas
Analisadas
N de
clulas
c/aberrao
% de clulas
c/aberrao
(md/DP)
P (Teste H)
P (Teste U)
Fmea/2- 6
anos/holands
28
1400
55
4 2
(P< 0, 0001)
1 e 2; 1 e 3
Fmea/4 - 6
anos/holands
Fmea/ 4 6
anos/holands
16
928
374
40, 1910
(P< 0,
0001)
1 e 2;3
(P= 0,62)
2e3
17
1275
544
42,77, 8
(P= 0,18)
2e3
Teste H: Teste de Kruskal-Wallis; Teste U: Teste Mann WhitneyC (1): grupo controle; As
(2): subgrupo assintomtico; S (3): subgrupo sintomtico. mdiaDP (Mdia aritmtica
desvio padro).
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Figura 1- Metfases bovina, normal e com alterao cromossmica. (A): Metafse normal. (B): Metfase poliploide com 120 cromossomos
e um fragmento acntrico (FA). (C): Metfase aneuploide com 59 cromossomos. As setas em preto indicam os cromossomos X e em
vermelho indica o cromossomo com alterao.
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Tabela 2 - Percentual (%) da mdia de clulas e seus respectivos desvios padro (DP) para cada alterao cromossmica encontrada no grupo
de bovinos e as diferenas estatsticas significantes de cada alterao, encontrada nos subgrupos infectados.
Alteraes numricas
Alteraes estruturais
Grupo
Aneuplidia
Poliploidia
AC
AT
ATcr
Gaps
FA
QT
QM
add ou del
SPcr
C (1)
--
--
--
--
--
2,712,19
--
0,711,24
--
--
0,570,92
As (2)
6,444,97
1,311,78
8,814,83
1,752,05
2, 8673,66
8,259,09
11,947,18
10,317,07
1,693,4
2,132,75
4,254,02
S (3)
5,243,51
0,591,23
1,181,81
4,593,74
3,473,84
10,297,85
5,066,41
0,350,7
2,242,73
6,064,79
P=0,288
P=0,101
P= 0,1567
P= 0,1245
P= 0,0373
P= 0,0047
P=0, 175
P= 0, 387
P= 0, 161
P (Teste U)
(S eAs)
17,538,39
P= 0,002
P= 0, 204
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5. Discusso
5 .1
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oncoproteinas E6 e/ou E7 de HPV de alto risco (White et al., 1994; Duensing e Mnger,
2002). Experimentos realizados por White e colaboradores (1994) utilizando fibroblastos
e queratincitos humanos, infectados com HPV-16, esclarecem a origem de algumas
aberraes cromossmicas ocasionadas pela ao viral mediada por oncoprotenas E6 e
E7. Estes experimentos demonstraram a existncias de instabilidades genmicas distintas,
em queratincitos humanos, nas primeiras passagens de cultivo celular, evidenciando a
presena de 8% de associao telomrica e 6% de clulas com outros rearranjos. As
associaes descritas nas clulas cultivadas (fibroblastos) em passagens tardias
expressando E6 e E7 ou apenas E6 demonstraram um agravamento dessas alteraes
(rearranjos, associaes telomricas, aneuploidias e tetraploidias). Estes tipos de
rearranjos podem ser cruciais na ativao de oncogenes e inativao de genes supressores
de tumor (Gisselsson et al., 2001).
A expresso de ocoproteinas E7 e/ou E6 evidenciada atravs da formao de
pontes anafsicas, as quais tipicamente desenvolvem quebras cromossmicas que levam
a produo de diferentes anormalidades estruturais, como associao telomrica,
decorrente da perda parcial ou total dos telmeros e fragmentos acntricos. A presena
de pontes anafsicas, observadas em clulas infectadas com HPV, leva a uma variedade
de fentipos e perfis genticos dentro de uma populao de clulas tumorais, e isso se
deve formao de rearranjos cromossmicos nos ciclos celulares, ocasionados pela
presena de quebras e fuses (Gisselsson et al., 2000; Gisselsson et al., 2001).
Uma grande quantidade de gaps tambm tem sido observada em clulas bovinas
com BPV (Peretti e colaboradores (2007). Entretanto, os referidos autores fizeram uma
anlise diferenciada excluindo os gaps do conjunto de clulas alteradas. Esses autores no
consideraram os gaps como sendo alteraes to importantes, por serem parmetros
muito subjetivos de serem interpretados, alm disso, sugeriram que esses tipos de
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alteraes podem ser fenmenos ocasionados por problemas tcnicos decorridos durante
as preparaes cromossmicas. Entretanto, de modo semelhante s anlises de Lioi e
colaboradores (2004) os gaps descritos neste experimento foram contabilizados, por
terem se mostrado muito significativos entre os trs grupos (controles, assintomticos,
sintomticos), principalmente no subgrupo de bovinos assintomticos, com uma mdia de
8,39,09 diferindo significativamente entre o subgrupo sintomtico (P= 0,04) e controle
(P= 0, 019).
5.3.2 Alteraes numricas (aneuploidias e tetraploidias)
Observou-se no presente estudo que o grupo dos bovinos infectado com BPV
possui clulas aneuploides, enquanto que nos bovinos controles essa alterao estava
ausente. As comparaes realizadas quanto ao aumento de clulas aneuploides
hipoploides (2n<60), entre bovinos sintomticos (5,243,5) e assintomticos (6,444,97)
no foram significativas (P=0,29), demonstrando que o vrus est atuando independente
do quadro clnico do bovino acometido pelo BPV. Considerando as frequncias de
alteraes cromossmicas, estruturais e numricas, do grupo controle deste trabalho
(21), foi possvel observar que as frequncias (21,5), (42) de clulas aberrantes nos
grupos controles de Peretti e colaboradores (2007) e Lioi e colaboradores (2004)
respectivamente, no divergiram muito.
A presena de alteraes numricas, em clulas infectadas por HPV,
evidenciada principalmente em clulas expressando a oncoproteina E7. Alguns trabalhos
sugerem que defeitos na segregao dos cromossomos, ou seja, erros nas divises
mitticas podem ser ocasionados pela formao de fusos mitticos multipolares,
presentes em clulas infectadas com PV expressando a oncoproteina E7 (Duensing e
Mnger, 2002)
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no controle do ciclo celular. Estes estudos relataram a inativao da p53 e uma elevada
expresso de genes que atuam no ciclo celular, como o gene c-IAP-1, que bloqueia a
apoptose das clulas tumorais levando a progresso do cncer. Entretanto, este
experimento no demonstrou quais oncoprotenas do BPV-1 estavam diretamente
envolvidas nos processos de ativao e inativao de genes que desestabilizam o ciclo
celular.
Neste estudo se observou que o grupo amostral apresentou apenas papilomavrus do
gnero Delta-Papilomavrus (BPV-1 e BPV-2). Considerando as similaridades discutidas
entre BPV1 e HPV16, podemos sugerir que as diferentes anormalidades cromossmicas
observadas, tenham origens semelhantes s encontradas em clulas infectadas por HPV de
alto risco (HPV-16) desencadeadas pela ao transformante das E6 e E7, desestabilizando o
ciclo celular.
Considerando, que os grupos amostrais de bovinos infectados e controles foram
analisados sob condies de teste cego, no sendo conhecido o estado clnico do bovino
durante a anlise citogentica, evidenciamos aps anlises estatsticas que, as altas taxas de
anormalidades cromossmicas estruturais e numricas nos animais infectados com BPV,
so conseqncias da ao viral. Neste contexto, foi possvel distinguir os animais
acometidos por vrus dos animais no infectados.
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6. Concluses
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8. Anexos
Anexo 1
1.1: Valores absolutos e percentuais (%) do nmero de clulas analisadas no grupo
controle.
N de clulas
Analisadas
50
N de clulas C/
aberrao
1
% de clulas C/
aberrao
2
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
10
50
11
50
12
50
13
50
14
50
15
50
16
50
17
50
18
50
19
50
20
50
21
50
22
50
23
50
24
50
25
50
26
50
27
50
28
Total
50
1400
2
55
4
3,93
Bovinos (controle)
68
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Bovinos (controles)
gaps
% gaps
QT
% QT
SPcr
% SPcr
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Total
38
2,71
10
0,71
0,57
69
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Anexo 2
2.1: Valores absolutos e percentuais (%) do nmero de clulas analisadas no grupo assintomtico.
Bovinos (assintomticos)
Bovino 01
Bovino 02
Bovino 03
Bovino 04
Bovino 05
Bovino 06
Bovino 07
Bovino 08
Bovino 09
Bovino 10
Bovino 11
Bovino 12
Bovino 13
Bovino 14
Bovino 15
Bovino 16
Total
N de cl. Analisadas
50
101
51
50
50
65
50
54
101
50
50
50
51
50
55
50
928
70
TC, Melo
2.2: Valores absolutos e percentuais (%) dos tipos de aberraes cromossmicas no grupo assintomtico.
Bovinos
(assintomticos)
Bovino 01
Bovino 02
Bovino 03
Bovino 04
Bovino 05
Bovino 06
Bovino 07
Bovino 08
Bovino 09
Bovino 10
Bovino 11
Bovino 12
Bovino 13
Bovino 14
Bovino 15
Bovino 16
Total
AC
%AC
AT
%AT
gaps
%gaps
FA
%FA
QT
%QT
QM
%QM
4
20
4
2
8
8
5
8
12
3
2
4
3
4
0
5
92
8
19,8
7,8
4
16
12,3
10
14,8
11,9
6
4
8
5,9
8
0
9,8
9,91
1
1
0
1
1
5
2
0
2
2
0
0
1
2
1
0
19
2
0,99
0
2
2
7,7
4
0
1,9
4
0
0
1,96
4
1,8
0
5,08
6
0
0
3
5
9
10
1
6
1
1
2
4
17
1
8
74
12
0
0
6
10
13,8
20
1.9
5,9
2
2
4
7,8
34
1,8
15,7
7,97
5
7
2
6
11
9
14
12
6
2
5
4
4
6
10
6
109
10
6,9
3,9
12
22
13,8
28
22,2
5,9
4
10
8
7,8
12
18,2
11,8
11,74
4
2
0
2
11
9
10
5
26
6
3
3
5
6
4
6
102
8
1,98
0
4
22
13,9
20
9,3
25,7
12
6
6
9,8
12
7,3
11,8
11,00
0
2
0
0
0
9
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
3
0
18
0
1,98
0
0
0
13,9
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
4
5,5
0
1,94
71
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Bovinos
Aneuploidia % Aneu
(assintomtico)
2
4
Bovino 01
2
1,98
Bovino 02
5
9,8
Bovino 03
4
8
Bovino 04
1
2
Bovino 05
8
12,3
Bovino 06
1
2
Bovino 07
0
0
Bovino 08
5
4,95
Bovino 09
1
2
Bovino 10
5
10
Bovino 11
5
10
Bovino 12
6
11,8
Bovino 13
8
16
Bovino 14
1
1,8
Bovino 15
6
11,8
Bovino 16
Total
60
6,46
add ou del
% add ou del
SPcr
% SPcr
ATcr
2
0
0
0
2
3
4
1
0
3
0
3
0
0
0
1
19
4
0
0
0
4
4,6
8
1,9
0
6
0
6
0
0
0
1,96
2,05
2
8
0
3
3
3
1
1
10
5
0
6
0
0
0
4
46
4
7,9
0
6
6
4,6
2
1,9
9,9
10
0
12
0
0
0
7,8
4,96
6
1
0
1
1
3
5
2
3
0
0
1
1
0
3
5
32
%ATcr Poliploidia
12
0,99
0
2
2
4,6
10
3,7
2,97
0
0
2
1,96
0
5,5
9,8
3,45
0
1
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
1
3
2
0
0
0
1
13
%Poliploidia
0
0,99
1,96
2
2
3,08
0
0
0
2
6
4
0
0
0
1,96
1,40
72
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Anexo 3
3.1: Valores absolutos e percentuais (%) do nmero de clulas analisadas no grupo sintomtico.
Bovinos (sintomticos)
Bovino 01
Bovino 02
Bovino 03
Bovino 04
Bovino 05
Bovino 06
Bovino 07
Bovino 08
Bovino 09
Bovino 10
Bovino 11
Bovino 12
Bovino 13
Bovino 14
Bovino 15
Bovino 16
Bovino 17
Total
N de cl. Analisadas
104
102
105
51
50
62
59
48
110
105
104
50
50
51
50
122
52
1275
73
TC, Melo
3.2: Valores absolutos e percentuais (%) dos tipos de aberraes cromossmicas do grupo sintomtico.
Bovinos
(sintomtico)
Bovino 01
Bovino 02
Bovino 03
Bovino 04
Bovino 05
Bovino 06
Bovino 07
Bovino 08
Bovino 09
Bovino 10
Bovino 11
Bovino 12
Bovino 13
Bovino 14
Bovino 15
Bovino 16
Bovino 17
Total
AC
% AC
AT
% AT
gaps
% gaps
FA
% FA
QT
% QT
QM
%QM
19
17
19
14
6
4
15
9
5
23
31
10
15
2
12
22
5
228
18,3
16,7
18,09
27,5
12
6,5
25,4
18,8
4,6
21,9
29,8
20
30
3,9
24
18,03
9,6
17,88
7
0
0
2
0
2
0
1
1
0
5
0
0
1
0
0
1
20
6,7
0
0
3,9
0
3,3
0
2,08
0,91
0
4,81
0
0
1,96
0
0
1,92
1,57
4
1
0
2
2
4
7
2
1
1
1
0
0
5
5
3
4
42
3,9
0,98
0
3,92
4
6,5
11,9
4,17
0,91
0,95
0,96
0
0
9,8
10
2,5
7,7
3,29
15
7
4
4
3
13
11
0
5
6
12
4
7
17
4
11
5
128
14,4
6,9
3,81
7,8
6
20,97
18,6
0
4,6
5,71
11,5
8
14
33,3
8
9,02
9,62
10,04
3
5
4
1
1
17
3
0
5
4
3
3
2
7
1
2
4
65
2,9
4,9
3,81
1,96
2
27,42
5,09
0
4,5
3,81
2,9
6
4
13,7
2
1,64
7,7
5,10
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
7
0,96
0
0,95
0
0
1,61
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1,96
2
0,82
0
0,55
74
TC, Melo
Bovinos
Aneuploidia
(sintomtico)
4
Bovino 01
3
Bovino 02
8
Bovino 03
2
Bovino 04
2
Bovino 05
0
Bovino 06
1
Bovino 07
7
Bovino 08
6
Bovino 09
7
Bovino 10
9
Bovino 11
1
Bovino 12
2
Bovino 13
4
Bovino 14
4
Bovino 15
13
Bovino 16
3
Bovino 17
Total
76
%Aneu
add ou Del
% add ou del
SPcr
% SPcr
ATcr
%ATcr
Poliploidia
%Poliploidia
3,85
2,95
7,62
3,92
4
0
1,7
14,6
5,5
7,6
8,7
2
4
7,84
8
10,7
5,77
5,96
4
2
0
1
4
4
0
3
0
0
0
3
1
0
2
2
0
26
3,9
1,96
0
1,96
8
6,5
0
6,3
0
0
0
6
2
0
4
1,64
0
2,04
7
0
10
6
5
6
0
3
18
7
11
0
4
0
4
5
0
86
6,7
0
9,5
11,8
10
9,7
0
6,3
16,4
6,7
10,6
0
8
0
8
4,09
0
6,74
7
8
4
3
2
0
0
2
10
5
13
0
5
0
4
7
1
71
6,7
7,8
3,8
5,9
4
0
0
4,2
9,1
4
12,5
0
10
0
8
5,7
1,9
5,57
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
8
0
0
0,9
0
0
1,6
0
2,08
0
0
0,96
0
0
3,92
4
0
0
0,63
75
TC, Melo
Anexo-4
Manuscrito
76
TC, Melo
TC, Melo
PV can act on host chromatin in mainly two different ways, integration into
chromatin, in specific chromosome sites, as described in humans (Kalantari et. al., 2001)
and linked to the chromatin through specific virus proteins (E2), remaining in episomal
form, as reported in bovines (McBride et. al., 2006). In both cases, the vrus action on
chromatin is due to viral oncogene expression causing specific changes in host cell cycle
leading to chromosome instability (Duensing et. al., 2000).
The clastogenic action of papillomavirus, mainly BPV, has been discussed and
investigated regarding environmental co-factors: the more extensively investigated cofactor related to BPV is a bracken fern, Pteridium aquilinum , that feed the cattle during
dry season in poor pastures and it is included in the human diet of specific regions [as
Ouro Preto (Minas Gerais), Brazil and Japan]. The first reports about clastogenic BPV
effect and co-factors described increase of rates of chromosome aberrations in peripheral
lymphocytes obtained from bovines affected by enzootic haematuria, exposed to bracken
fern and bovines experimentally infected by BPV, without exposition to co-factors
(Moura et al., 1988; Stocco dos Santos et al., 1993 and 1998). The interaction virus-host
chromatin related to co-factors was evaluated in in vitro and in vivo: Leal et. al., 2003
analyzed the presence, frequency and type of chromosome aberrations in a calf palate
fibroblast cell line (Palf) and its derivated lineages, respectively transfected with BPV
oncogenes and exposed to quercetin (bracken fern compound). Recouso et al, 2003 have
studied the levels of chromosome aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes of humans that
included bracken in their diet, not infected by HPV. In both reports higher levels of
chromosome aberrations were described. The principal conclusion from the related
studies is that the host chromatin can be a target for the virus, for co-factors and for the
combined action of them.
The present study discuss the evaluation of chromosome aberrations in
lymphocytes collected from bovines infected by BPV, not exposed to bracken, affected or
not by cutaneous papillomatosis compared to normal control, not infected, analysing the
most frequent type of aberrations and the eventual differences among the animal groups.
Material and Methods
Animal selection
Sixty one females, Bos taurus, Holstein, mean age 6 years were selected for the
development of this study: 28 animals represented the control group, kept in the Hospital
Veterinrio da Universidade de So Paulo and 33 in a herd of a dairy farm of
Pernambuco, Brazil. The group of Pernambuco included 17 females presenting cutaneous
papillomatosis and 16 without BPV related diseases.
Sample collection
Peripheral blood samples were collected from the 61 animals and submitted to
BPV detection procedures. Samples were collected using appropriate precautions to avoid
contamination. All the procedures were undertaken using disposable gloves that were
changed at each step. After cleaning the skin with iodinated alcohol, 10mL of blood were
collected for each analysis using disposable syringes and needles and stored in
vacutainers tubes with anticoagulant (with EDTA for molecular analysis and with
heparin for cytogenetical procedures).
DNA Extraction and BPV detection
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TC, Melo
The venous blood samples collected with EDTA and part of the lymphocyte
cultures were evaluated in order to identify BPV1, 2 and 4 presence (Diniz et al., 2009 in
press).
Cytogenetical Analysis
Cytogenetic studies were carried out using short term peripheral lymphocyte
cultures of collected samples corresponding to those used in molecular analysis,
according to previously described protocols (Stocco dos Santos et al., 1998). The analysis
was performed in blind test. The slides were stained in 5% Giemsa, 50 to 100 cells
were analyzed for each bovine. C banding and NOR (nucleolar organizer regions)
localization were performed according to Leal et al., 2003 and Guerra & Souza, 2002,
respectively. The analysis was done in Axiophot Zeiss (documented in 1000X).
Statistical analysis
The frequencies of chromosome aberrations were verified in three animal groups:
control, cutaneous papillomatosis afflicted and the group of animals selected in the same
herd without clinical symptoms. The results were statistically compared: Kruskal-Wallis
(test H) and Mann Whitney (test U), P> 0.05.
Results
The BPV detection procedures confirmed the presence of BPV1 and 2 DNA
sequences in the collected samples from the animals of the herd localized in Pernambuco,
Brazil. BPV4 was not detected. The control group did not present BPV infection.
The cytogenetic results are summarized in Table 1, 3603 cells were examined:
1400 in the control group, 1275 in the group with papillomatosis and 928 in the group
without clinical symptoms. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis followed by
Mann Whitney statistical tests. The tests demonstrated significant differences comparing
the control group and the infected group (P < 0.0001). Comparing the infected animals,
the differences were not significant between the group with papillomatosis and the group
without clinical symptoms (P>0.05). Table 2. The observed chromosome aberrations
included centric associations (CA), acentric fragments (AF), telomeric associations (TA),
telomeric association only by one chromatid (TAcr), chromatid break (CtB), chromosome
breaks (CmB), gaps (G), aneuploidy, poliploidy, gain or deletion of chromosome
segments (add. or del.) and precocious chromatid segregations (EcrS) (Figure 1 and 2).
The detected frequencies of each type of chromosome aberrations were also compared
analyzing the three groups of animals. The same statistical testes were used. The
comparison revealed significant differences between the control group and the two
groups presenting BPV, symptomatic and asymptomatic, considering the frequency of
EcrS (precocious chromatid segregation) (P= 0.003), (P= 0.002). Comparing control
group and the group without clinical symptoms (P=0.02) (Table 2).
The centromeric associations were analyzed by C banding showing the fusion of
the centromere heterochromatin of the involved chromosome. The NOR banding
identified the localization of the active NORs confirming that they were not close to the
regions included in centromeric associations (data not shown).
Discussion
The blood cells have been described as presenting BPV DNA sequences (Stocco
dos Santos et. al., 1993, 1998) eventually virus latent site (Campo et al., 1994). The
description of chromosome aberrations in these cells strongly suggests virus action on
host chromatin, and significant differences related to gaps frequency were found (P =
79
TC, Melo
0.02) (Moura et. al., 1988; Stocco dos Santos et. al., 1998; Lioi et. al.; Yaguiu et. al.,
2008). The data presented in this study are the first reporting the possibility of distinction
of infected and not infected animals regarding the levels of chromosome aberrations in
the peripheral lymphocytes. The animals were not examined regarding other eventual
clinical aspects, not externally visualized. So, it is not possible to eliminate the possible
presence of other clinical aspects. The infected animals, with and without papillomatosis,
included in this study, were analyzed by Diniz et al., 2009 (in press), verifying only the
presence of BPV DNA in blood stream and lymphocyte cultures.
The level of aneuploid cells was not significant different comparing animals with
and without symptoms, respectively 5.24 (3.51) and 6.44 (4.97). The levels of
structural aberrations were significant different between the control and the infected
group, but not between afflicted infected and infected but clinically normal group.
Regarding the characteristics of the structural chromosome aberrations,
specifically centromeric associations, some aspects must be discussed: the Nucleolar
Organizer Regions display associations in the cell cycle in order to allow the organization
of nucleolus. In some species, as human, these genes are distributed in pericentromeric
regions of the acrocentric autosomes that can be visualized in associations during the
mitosis. However, in bovines, the NORs are described close to the distal telomeric
regions of the chromosomes pairs 2,3,4,11 and 28 (Mayr et. al., 1987), thus, not related to
the centric fusions discussed in this report.
Telomeric associations have been demonstrated using FISH techniques in HPV
positive transfected human cells (White et. al., 1994, Crabbe et. al., 2007) and in BPV
positive cells confirming that telomeric alterations are related to PV oncoprotein and can
cause centric fusions (Campos et al., 2009 in press). It is relevant to emphasize that in
vitro assays, Leal et. al., 2003 showed the action of E7, in this case specifically BPV4
oncoprotein E7, on the telomeres of bovine cultivated fibroblasts resulting in
chromosome markers derived from centric fusions.
The viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 modify the cell cycle repressing cell tumor
supressors, as p53 and p105 (Talis et. al.,1998; Narechania et. al., 2004). HPV-16
positive human cells presented numerical and structural chromosome alterations related
to the oncoprotein action (E6 e/ou E7) (White et. al., 1994; Duensing & Mnger, 2002).
Duensing & Mnger (2002) discussed the action of HPV-16 E7 in the duplication of
centrosomes of mouse fibroblasts, which could result in alteration in chromosome
segregation and consequent aneuploid cells. In a similar way, E6 an E7 expression can
cause alterations in anaphase, with anaphasic bridges and eventually chromosome
structural aberrations (Duensing & Mger 2002).
The conclusions obtained in this study could be sumarized in the following points:
- the animals selected in this specific farm were verified as infected by BPV 1 and 2; - it
was possible to distinguish the control group from the infected group regarding the levels
of chromosome aberrations; BP4 was not detected in any studied sample. Further detailed
studies are necessary for viral prevalence evaluation to support the development of
efficient vaccine procedures for BPV related diseases.
These results corroborate the previous reports of interaction virus-host chromatin
in lymphocytes, supporting the hypothesis of lymphocytes acting as carriers of virus.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Carolina da Paz Sabino for her editorial support, MCT/CNPq,
DECIT/MS, Fundo Setorial de Biotecnologia (CT-Biotecnologia) e Sade (CT-Sade)
and FAPESP for the fellowships (project Nos. 554816/2006-7, 559043/2008-2 and
2006/02439-6, respectively).
80
TC, Melo
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Diniz N, Melo TC, Santos JF, Mori E, Brando PE, Richtzenhain LJ, Freitas AC,
Beak W, Carvalho RF, Stocco RC (2009). Evaluation of the simultaneous presence
of BPV in blood and in short term lymphocyte cultures in a dairy herd in
Pernambuco, Brazil. (in press).
Duensing, S.; Lee, L. Y. Duensing A.; Basile J.; Piboonniyom, S.; Gonzalez, S.;
Crum C.P.; Mnger K. (2000). The human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7
oncoproteins cooperate to induce mitotic defects and genomic instability by
uncoupling centrosome duplication from the cell division cycle. PNAS. 97, N 18:
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Duensing S. & Mnger K. (2002). The Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6 and E7
Oncoproteins Independently Induce Numerical and Structural Chromosome Instabilit.
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em citogentica Vegetal , Animal e Humana). Editora FUNPEC. Pg: 54
Hatama, S.; Kiyoko, N.; Toru, K.; (2008). Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of two
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Campo M.S.; Stocco dos Santos R.C. (2003). Quercetin induces structural
cromossomes aberrations and uncommon rearregements in bovine cells transformed
by E protein of bovine papillomavirus type 4. Vet Comp. Oncol 1(1):15-21.
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Lioi, M.B.; Barbieri, R.; Borzacchiello, G.; Dezzi, S.; Roperto, S; Santoro A.; Russo,
V.; Roperto, F. (2004) Chromosome Aberrations in Cattle with Chronic Enzootic
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Mayr, B.; Tesarik, E.; Auer, H.; Burger, H. (1987). Nucleolus organizer regions and
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Regulation of p53 Protein Levels in Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPVnegative Cells. The Journal of Biological. 273, No. 11: 64396445
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Yaguiu A, Dagli ML, Birgel EH Jr, Alves Reis BC, Ferraz OP, Pituco EM, Freitas
AC, Beak W, Stocco RC. (2008). Simultaneous presence of bovine papillomavirus
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Figure Legends:
Figure 1:
A. Peripheral lymphocyte methaphases: (A) and (B): cell obtained from animal
presenting cutaneous papillomatosis; (C): cell obtained from BPV infected animal
without clinical symptoms. X chromosomes are indicated by black arrows; (AF): acentric
fragments, (CtB): chromatid break, (CmM): chromosome break; (CA) centric
association.
B. Structural chromosome aberrations detected in peripheral lymphocytes obtained from
BPV infected animals. 1C-2C: centric association (CA), 3C: chromatid breaks (CtB), 1:
centric association (CA), 2: telomeric association by a unique chromatid (TAcr), 3:
acentric fragment (AF), 4-5: chromatid breaks (CtB), 6: chromosomic breaks (CmB), 7:
gap, 8: addition or loss of gene segments (add or del)
83
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Table 1: Cytogenetic study performed in peripheral lymphocytes from bovine females infected by BPV compared to control group
Group
Control
C(1)
As (2)
S (3)
Sex/
age/Breed
Female/2- 6
years
Holstein
Female/4-6
years
Holstein
Female/4- 6
years
Holstein
Animals
Analyzed
cells
Cells with
aberrations
% cells with
aberrations
P (Teste H)
P (Teste U)
28
1400
55
4 2
(P< 0.0001)
1 e 2;3
(P< 0.0001)
1 e 2; 1 e 3
16
928
374
40 10
(P= 0.62)
2e3
(P= 0.18)
2e3
17
1275
544
42.77.8
H-Test : Kruskal-Wallis Test; U-Test; Mann Whitney Test. C (1) Control Group; As (2) subgroup without symptoms (S) group with
papillomatosis
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Table 2: Chromosome alterations in the bovine groups and statistical analyzes differences.
Numerical aberrations
Structural aberrations
% cells presenting each type of aberrations
Aneuploid
cells
-
Poliploid
cells
AC
--
--
--
As (2)
6.444,97
1.311.78
S (3)
5.243.51
P=0.29
Animals
C (1)
P (U Test
(As x S )
ATcrT
GAP
--
--
2.712.19
8.814.83
1.752.05
2.8673,66
0.591.23
17.538.39
1,181,81
P=0.10
P= 0.002
P= 0.1567
AT
FA
QT
QM
--
0.711.24
8.259.1
11.947.18
4.593,74
3.473.84
P= 0.1245
P= 0.0373
add. or del.
EcrS
--
--
0.570.92
10.317.07
1.693.4
2.132.75
4.254.02
10.297.85
5.066.41
0.350.7
2.242.73
6.064.79
P= 0.20
P= 0.0047
P=0.175
P= 0.39
P= 0.161
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TC, Melo
Anexo 5
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Artigo
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dermatology
information:Veterinary
Skin
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9. Memorial do aluno
Eu, Thatiana Corra de Melo, bolsista do CNPq pelo programa de Ps- graduao
Strictu Sensu em Gentica - Centro de cincias Biolgicas Departamento de GenticaUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco (2007- 2009), portadora do CPF: 046.406.70494 e
RG: 6570.524, sou bacharel em Cincias Biolgicas formada na Universidade de
Pernambuco (UPE) no ano de 2006. Tenho como linha de pesquisa, desde a graduao, a
Citogentica Animal.
No perodo de graduao desenvolvi meu estgio, extra- curricular e curricular, no
laboratrio de gentica e citogentica animal (Departamento de Gentica/ CCB /UFPE)
estando vinculada ao projeto Hibridizao in situ de genes de cpia nica, em
cromossomos meiticos do gafanhotos da famlia Acrididae e Romaleidae, coodenado
pela Prof Tania Tassinari Rieger e Prof Dr Jos Ferreira dos Santos.
Atualmente, tenho desenvolvido trabalhos em Citogentica de bovinos, avaliando
alteraes cromossmicas desencadeadas pela ao do Papilomavrus Bovino, projeto
coordenado pelo prof Dr Willy Beak e Dr Rita de Cssia Stocco, do Laboratrio de
Gentica do Instituto Butantan SP.
No ano de 2008, participei em Salvador- BA do 54 congresso Brasileiro de
Gentica, onde apresentei o trabalho intitulado como: Estudos citogenticos em
linfcitos perifricos e bovinos afetados por papilomatose em uma fazenda do estado
de Pernambuco.
Algumas informaes adicionais, sobre minha vida acadmica, esto disponveis na
pgina do currilum lates.
Thatiana Corra de Melo
E-mail: Thatianacmelo@yahoo.com.br
99