Ahmed Ali (Database Design & Concepts)

Unit Report On:
Islamabad
Database Design
& Concepts
Submitted by:
Ahmed Ali Khan
Submitted to:
Sir Muhammad Bilal Khan
(HD-92224)
Grafton College, Islamabad.
My Special Gratitude towards the respected

Sir Muhammad Bilal Khan for his Appreciation,
Encouragement and Support. Which gave me the
passion to do better than the best.
& for leading me to a path where I can make myself
helpful for others.
Ahmed Ali Khan HD-92224

Islamabad
Table of Contents
As Instructed by my Unit Tutor this Unit Report contains some extra
documentation on Database. Therefore the actual LO1 starts at page No. 14.
Introduction
Database/Types of Databases
Terminologies of Database
What is DBMS
Types of DBMS
Some Dominating DBM Softwares
DBMS Language
SQL
SQL Statements and their functions/Formats
03
03
05
06
06
08
10
11
12
Lo1
Understand databases and data management systems
14
Task 1
Based on the case study of FastCabs company, analyze the key issues and
application of database within that organization.
14
Issues[Problems faced by FastCabs due to absence of a DBMS]

Applications of DBMS in FastCabs
14
15
Critically evaluate the features and advantages of using MS-Access as a

database management system for a company like FastCabs.
16
Features of MS Access
Advantages of MS Access for FastCabs
16
16
Lo2
Understand database design techniques
18
Task 1
Based on the requirements and the assumptions you have made of FastCabs
case study, analyze the use of popular Prototyping database development
methodology.
Discuss entity-relationship modeling and normalization
18
What is Entity Relationship Diagram

Entity Relationship Diagram for FastCabs
21
21
Lo3
Be able to design, create and document databases
23
Task 1
apply the database developmental cycle to a given data Set
23
Prototyping the Database of FastCabs
23
Complete the design of FastCabs database and implement it using MSAccess as a target DBMS including user interface.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the database solution and suggest methods of
improvement.
24
Effectiveness of the Database in overcoming the problems

Suggestions for improvement of the Existing DBMS
33
33
provide supporting user and technical documentation.
34
User manual
Career in Database
References
34
36
37
Task 2
Task 2
Task 2
Task 3
Task 4

Islamabad
21
33
Introduction
Database:
"A database is a collection of information that is organized so
that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated. In one
view, databases can be classified according to types of content:
bibliographic, full-text, numeric, and images."
Types of Database:
Following are types of Database:
Herman Hollerith conceived the idea

that data could be represented by holes
punched in paper cards then tabulated
by machine. He implemented this
concept for the US Census Bureau; thus
the 1890 United States Census
processing created the first database
consisting of thousands of boxes full of
punched cards.
1. Document Oriented Database:

A document-oriented database or document store is a computer program designed for storing,
retrieving, and managing document-oriented information, also known as semi-structured data.
Amazon SimpleDB is a Document Oriented database written in Erlang by Amazon.com. It is used as a
web service in concert with Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Amazon S3 and is part of Amazon
Web Services.
2. Embedded Database:
An embedded database system is a database which is tightly integrated with an application software
that requires access to stored data, such that the database system is "hidden" from the application's
end-user and requires little or no ongoing maintenance.
Major implementations of this Database are SQL Server Compact from Microsoft Corporation, InnoDB
from Oracle Corporation and Informix Dynamic Server (IDS) from IBM.
3. Graph Database:
A graph database, also called a graph-oriented database, is a type of NoSQL
database that uses graph theory to store, map and query relationships.
A graph database is essentially a collection of nodes and edges. Each node represents an entity (such
as a person or business) and each edge represents a connection or relationship between two nodes.
Graph databases are well-suited for analyzing interconnections, which is why there has been a lot of
interest in using graph databases to mine data from social media just like Facebook graph search. The
concept behind graphing a database is often credited to 18th century mathematician Leonhard Euler.

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4. Hypertext Database:
Hypertext databases are particularly useful for organizing large
amounts of disparate information. in which objects (text,
pictures, music, programs, and so on) can be creatively linked to
each other. When you select an object, you can see all the other
objects that are linked to it. For example they are useful for
maintaining online encyclopedias.
Microsoft Encarta was a digital

multimedia encyclopedia based on
Hypertex Database published by
Microsoft Corporation from 1993 to
2009.
5. Operational Database:
Operational database management systems are used to manage dynamic data in real-time. These
types of databases allow you to do more than simply view archived data. Operational databases
allow you to modify that data (add, change or delete data), doing it in real-time.
Operational databases are used to store, manage and track real-time business information. For
example, a company might have an operational database used to track warehouse/stock quantities.
As customers order products from an online web store, an operational database can be used to keep
track of how many items have been sold and when the company will need to reorder stock.
6. Distributed Database:
A database that consists of two or more data files located at different sites on a computer network.
Because the database is distributed, different users can access it without interfering with one
another. However, the DBMS must periodically synchronize the scattered databases to make sure
that they all have consistent data.
In Pakistan NADRA is a good example of distributed database which generates massive amount of
data through numerous offices throughout the country. This data is synced periodically & is accessed by
many authorized governmental agencies/departments.
7. Flat File Database:

A flat file database is a database which is stored on its host computer system as an ordinary "flat
file". To access the structure of the data and manipulate it, the file must be read in its entirety into
the computer's memory. Upon completion of the database operations, the file is again written out in
its entirety to the host's file system. In this stored mode the database is "flat", which means it has no
structure for indexing and there are usually no structural relationships between the records. A flat
file can be a plain text file or a binary file.

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Terminologies:
Term
Database
Table
Field
Data Type
Row/Record
Primary Key
Relation
Foreign Key
Definition
A database is a collection of data that is organized in a specific way. The data is
stored in a way that makes it easy to access using queries. For example, a
database called 'Grafton Students'.
A database can have multiple tables in it. All the data is stored in the tables. A
table has a set of fields in it. These fields makes the design or the structure of
the database.
A field is the basic unit of data entry in a record. To define a new field, we give
it a name. Then we select options that determine how the field interprets,
enters, calculates, stores, and displays data.
Each field can have only one kind of data. That is called the Data Type of that
field. This can be a string, an integer, a date, etc.
rowalso called a record or tuplerepresents a single, implicitly structured
data item in a table. In simple terms, a database table can be thought of as
consisting of rows and columns or fields.
Primary key is a field that will uniquely identify each row in the table. The value
of this field will be unique through the table.
There will be many cases when the data in one table can be related to the data
in another table. This connection between two tables is called a relation.
When there is a relation between 2 tables, these tables will be connected by
inserting the primary key of one table into the corresponding row of the other
table. The field used in such a way to connect the 2 tables is called the foreign
key.

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What is DBMS?
"A database management system (DBMS) is system software
for creating and managing databases. The DBMS provides users
and programmers with a systematic way to create, retrieve,
update and manage data."
A DBMS makes it possible for end users to create, read, update and delete data in a database. The
DBMS essentially serves as an interface between the database and end users or application
programs, ensuring that data is consistently organized and remains easily accessible.
The three basic tasks of DBMS:

The DBMS manages three important things:
The Data.
The database engine that allows data to be accessed, locked and modified.
The database schema, which defines the databases logical structure.
These three foundational elements help provide concurrency, security, data integrity and
uniform administration procedures.
Typical database administration tasks supported by the DBMS include
change management, performance monitoring/tuning and backup and
recovery.
The DBMS is perhaps most useful for providing a centralized view of data
that can be accessed by multiple users, from multiple locations, in a
controlled manner.
Types of DBMS:
There are four types of Database Management Softwares:
1. Hierarchal Database:
A hierarchical database is a design that uses a one-to-many relationship for
data elements. Hierarchical database models use a tree structure that links a
number of disparate elements to one "owner," or "parent," primary record.
The hierarchical database model mandates that each child record has only one
parent, whereas each parent record can have one or more child records. In
order to retrieve data from a hierarchical database the whole tree needs to be
traversed starting from the root node.

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The hierarchical structure

was developed by IBM in the
1960s, and used in early
mainframe DBMS. Records'
relationships form a treelike
model. This structure is
simple but inflexible because
the relationship is confined
to
a
one-to-many
relationship.
2. Network Database:
A network database is a type of database model wherein multiple
member records or files can be linked to multiple owner files and
vice versa. The model can be viewed as an upside-down tree where
each member information is the branch linked to the owner, which is
the bottom of the tree. Essentially, relationships are in a net-like form where a single element can
point to multiple data elements and can itself be pointed to by multiple data elements.
The network model's original inventor was Charles Bachman, and it was developed into a standard
specification published in 1969 by the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) Consortium.
This was followed by a second publication in 1971, which became the basis for most implementations
3. Relational Database(RDBMS):
A relational database (RDB) is a collective set of multiple data
sets organized by tables, records and columns. RDBs establish a
well-defined relationship between database tables. Tables communicate and
share information, which facilitates data searchability, organization and reporting.
RDBs use Structured Query Language (SQL), which is a standard user application that provides an
easy programming interface for database interaction.
The relational database was first defined in June 1970 by Edgar Codd, of IBM's San Jose Research
Laboratory. Codd's view of what qualifies as an RDBMS is summarized in Codd's 12 rules. A relational
database has become the predominant type of database.
4. Object Oriented Database(OODBMS):

An object database (also object-oriented database management system - OODBMS) is a database
management system in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in objectoriented programming. Object databases are different from relational databases which are tableoriented. Object-relational databases are a hybrid of both approaches.
As the usage of web-based technology increases with the implementation of Intranets and
extranets, companies have a vested interest in OODBMSs to display their complex data. Using a
DBMS that has been specifically designed to store data as objects gives an advantage to those
companies that are geared towards multimedia presentation or organizations that utilize computeraided design (CAD).

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Some Dominating DBM Softwares:

ORACLE RDBMS:
Oracle Enterprise Server, designed for grid computing, is the best RDBMS,
running on multiple platforms, with the latest version 12c, in which the "c" is
for cloud computing. In the IT industry, Oracle is "THE DATABASE." Oracle has the unshakeable
market share in database field with big corporations, government agencies, and mission-critical data
centers running on Oracle database in the Real Application Cluster (RAC) environment.
IBM DB2:
DB2 is the database management system that delivers a flexible and costeffective database platform to build robust on demand business
applications. The DB2 Universal Database (UDB) Enterprise Server Edition (ESE) is one of the best
RDBMS. IBM positions DB2 as the database of choice for robust, enterprise-wide solutions handling
high-volume workloads.
Microsoft SQL Server:

Microsoft SQL Server is a comprehensive database software platform providing
enterprise-class data management and integrated business intelligence (BI)
tools. Even though as a late starter in database, Microsoft has made strategic
investments to push its SQLServer to the frontline to compete with Oracle and
DB2 head-to-head. As the foundation of Microsoft's comprehensive data platform, SQL Server
delivers breakthrough performance for mission-critical applications, using in-memory technologies,
faster insights from any data to any user in familiar tools like Excel, and a resilient platform for
building, deploying, and managing solutions that span on-premises and cloud.
TERDATA:
Teradata Database, with an interesting tagline, - "When the world gets
smaller, the data gets bigger," is the most powerful Very Large Database
(VLDB) system. Nowadays the concept of VLDB has shifted to Big Data which focuses on the value of
data for business decision-making. Many large scale data warehousing and business intelligence
systems are powered by Teradata. Teradata database is often used by big retailers and telecom
enterprises.
My SQL:
MySQL. an open source database, is the most popular database for webbased business applications, and is moving to enterprise level. MySQL is the
most popular database for internet systems such as e-commerce and dynamic website. If you run
your own blog with Wordpress, you are using MySQL. Many of the world's largest and fastestgrowing organizations including Facebook, Google, Adobe, Alcatel Lucent and Zappos rely on MySQL
to save time and money powering their high-volume Web sites, business-critical systems and
packaged software.
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ADABAS:
Software AGADABAS is the maker of Adabas. Adabas once was
the most powerful mainframe database, now runs in multiple
platforms, and provides superior reliability and performance. Software AG says that Adabas is the
comprehensive and scalable enterprise database management system optimized for big data and
designed for reliability, high performance and low total cost of ownership. Available for mainframe,
Linux, UNIX and Windows (LUW) platforms. ADABAS is integrated with NATURAL, - Software AG's
application development and deployment environment known for ease of-use, cross-platform
portability and developer productivity.
File Maker:
FileMaker was the #1-selling easy-to-use database software for Windows and Mac OS.
However, on the rise of Microsoft Access, FileMake has lost its competitive edge in the
Windows environment, which forced FileMaker strategically build strength on the Mac
platform. FileMaker, Inc., is now an Apple subsidiary, which may secure FileMaker's future
supported by the strength of Apple products. FileMaker Server maximizes performance of shared
databases while increasing security.
Microsoft Access:
Microsoft Access is the most used desktop database application in Windows.
Coming with the Microsoft Office suite, Access is cheap and accessible from
most Windows laptops and workstations. Although mainly considered as a
desktop database, Access becomes ever popular database for internet systems, - many e-commerce
and content management systems is powered by Access database running on the Microsoft's IIS web
server platform. Skills of Microsoft Access are always in demand, although the pay may not be great.
Informix:
Informix, now under IBM, once was the most promising objectoriented database. It had been speculated that the object-oriented
database would one day replace the traditional RDBMS (relational
database management system), which means Infomix could have taken over Oracle in the IT world,
but it had never happened. Thus as a falling star, Infomix was acquired by IBM. The latest version of
Infomix has built with some new features, such as NoSQL capability, which unleashes the way to
combine unstructured and structured data in a smart way, bringing NoSQL to the SQL database.

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Database Schema:
DBMS Language:
Database languages are used for read, update and store data in a
database. There are several such languages that can be used for this
purpose; one of them is SQL (Structured Query Language).
Types of DBMS language:

Data Definition Language (DDL):
A database schema is the

skeleton
structure
that
represents the logical view of
the entire database. It defines
how the data is organized and
how the relations among them
are associated. It formulates all
the constraints that are to be
applied on the data.
DDL is used for specifying the database schema. Lets take SQL for instance to categorize the
statements that comes under DDL.
To create the database instance CREATE

To alter the structure of database ALTER
To drop database instances DROP
To delete tables in a database instance TRUNCATE
To rename database instances RENAME
All these commands specify or update the database schema thats why they come under Data
Definition language.
Data Manipulation Language (DML):

DML is used for accessing and manipulating data in a database.
To read records from table(s) SELECT

To insert record(s) into the table(s) INSERT
Update the data in table(s) UPDATE
Delete all the records from the table DELETE
Data Control language (DCL):

DCL is used for granting and revoking user access on a database :
To grant access to user GRANT

To revoke access from user REVOKE
In practice, the data definition and data manipulation languages are not two separate
languages. Instead they simply form parts of a single database language such as Structured
Query Language (SQL). SQL represents combination of DDL and DML, as well as statements
for constraints specification and schema evaluation.
Although the current Database era is Fully dominated by SQL but some other Query languages are:
Contextual Query Language (CQL), Cypher, DMX for Data Mining models, HTSQL is a query language that
translates HTTP queries to SQL, OQL is Object Query Language, Gremlin is a graph traversal language.

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SQL:
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a special-purpose programming
language designed for managing data held in a relational database
management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data
stream management system (RDSMS).
Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL
consists of a data definition language, data manipulation language, and a
data control language. The scope of SQL includes data insert, query,
update and delete, schema creation and modification, and data access
control.
The original version called

SEQUEL (structured English
query
language)
was
designed by an IBM research
center in 1974 and 1975 by
Donald D. Chamberlin and
Raymond F. Boyce. SQL was
first
introduced
as
a
commercial database system
in
1979
by
Oracle
Corporation.
Historically, SQL has been the favorite query language for database management systems running on
minicomputers and mainframes. Increasingly, however, SQL is being supported by PC database
systems because it supports distributed databases (databases that are spread out over several
computer systems). This enables several users on a local-area network to access the same database
simultaneously.
OQL (Objective Query Language):

Object Query Language (OQL) is a query language standard for object-oriented databases modeled
after SQL. OQL was developed by the Object Data Management Group (ODMG). Because of its overall
complexity no vendor has ever fully implemented the complete OQL. OQL has influenced the design
of some of the newer query languages like JDOQL and EJB QL, but they can't be considered as
different flavors of OQL.
NoSQL (Not Only SQL database):

NoSQL database, also called Not Only SQL, is an approach to data management and database design
that's useful for very large sets of distributed data. NoSQL, which encompasses a wide range of
technologies and architectures, seeks to solve the scalability and big data performance issues that
relational databases werent designed to address. NoSQL is especially useful when an enterprise
needs to access and analyze massive amounts of unstructured data or data that's stored remotely on
multiple virtual servers in the cloud.
Arguably, the most popular NoSQL database is Apache Cassandra. Cassandra, which was once Facebooks
proprietary database, was released as open source in 2008. Other NoSQL implementations include
SimpleDB, Google BigTable, Apache Hadoop, MapReduce, MemcacheDB, and Voldemort. Companies
that use NoSQL include NetFlix, LinkedIn and Twitter.

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The short description of SQL:
SQL stands for Structured Query Language

SQL lets you access and manipulate databases
SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard
Capabilities of SQL:
SQL can execute queries against a database

SQL can retrieve data from a database
SQL can insert records in a database
SQL can update records in a database
SQL can delete records from a database
SQL can create new databases
SQL can create new tables in a database
SQL can create stored procedures in a database
SQL can create views in a database
SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views
SQL Statement:
SQL is NOT case sensitive:

select is the same as SELECT
Most of the actions we need to perform on a database are done with

SQL statements.
The following SQL statement selects all the records in the "Customers" table:
SELECT * FROM Customers;
Some database systems require a semicolon at the end of each SQL statement.
Semicolon is the standard way to separate each SQL statement in database systems that
allow more than one SQL statement to be executed in the same call to the server.
SQL Statements & Their format:

SELECT
DISTICT
WHERE
AND
Operator
The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.

SELECT column_name,column_name FROM table_name;
The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct values.
SELECT DISTINCT column_name, column_name FROM table_name;
The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified
criterion.
SELECT column_name,column_name FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value;
The AND operator displays a record if both the first condition AND the second
condition are true.
SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE Country='Germany' AND
City='Berlin';

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OR Operator
ORDER BY
INSERT INTO
UPDATE
DELETE
DELETE ALL
SELECT TOP
LIKE
Operator
IN Operator
BETWEEN
ALIASES
UNIOIN
SELECT INTO
INSERT INTO
SELECT
Create DB
Create Table
The OR operator displays a record if either the first condition OR the second
condition is true.
SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City='Berlin' OR
City='Mnchen';
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by one or more columns.
SELECT column_name, column_name FROM table_name ORDER BY
column_name ASC|DESC, column_name ASC|DESC;
The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.
INSERT INTO table_name (column1,column2,column3,...)
VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);
The UPDATE statement is used to update records in a table.
UPDATE table_name SET column1=value1,column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value;
The DELETE statement is used to delete records in a table.
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column=some_value;
It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the table.
DELETE * FROM table_name;
The SELECT TOP clause is used to specify the number of records to return.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name LIMIT number;
The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for
a specified pattern in a column.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name
LIKE pattern;
The IN operator allows us to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN
(value1,value2,...);
The BETWEEN operator selects values within a range. The values can be
numbers, text, or dates.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
SQL aliases are used to give a database table, or a column in a table, a
temporary name.
SELECT column_name AS alias_name FROM table_name;
The SQL UNION operator combines the result of two or more SELECT
statements.
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table2;
The SELECT INTO statement copies data from one table and inserts it into a
new table.
SELECT * INTO newtable [IN externaldb] FROM table1;
The INSERT INTO SELECT statement selects data from one table and inserts it
into an existing table. Any existing rows in the target table are unaffected.
INSERT INTO table2 SELECT * FROM table1;
The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a database.
CREATE DATABASE dbname;
The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in a database.
CREATE TABLE table_name
(column_name1 data_type(size),
column_name2 data_type(size),
column_name3 data_type(size),
....);
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13
LO
Task
Understand databases and data management

systems.
Based on the case study of FastCabs company, analyze the key issues and
application of database within that organization.
Issues[Problems faced by FastCabs due to absence of a DBMS]:

After critically analyzing the current situation of FastCabs I was able to point out the following key
issues in the organization which were a direct result of absence of a DBMS:
Huge amounts of Paperwork:

Due to the expansion of company fields now the company has to process huge
amounts of paperwork. This means lots and lots of paper composition, Printing,
Distribution and storage.
Hiring of massive staff:

In order to keep up with the current amounts of event logging and paper processing
the company has no choice but to hire more and more of office staff.
Lack of Communication & Distribution:

The company faces a serious lack of communication and distribution because the
company is present in all major cities of Scotland the company documentation has
to be shared to all braches simultaneously which is nearly impossible. This results
into miscommunication and mismanagement of company work.
Mistakes:
Huge amounts of paperwork & lack of communications means there is more room
for mistakes. Some serious management and misguidance of Drivers is a major issue
in FastCabs.
Increases in Operating cost:

All of the above mentioned issues ultimately result in huge budget of company.
Which is why the FastCabs operating income is declining day by day.
FastCabs Bankruptcy:
The company CEO is already suspecting that the success of his company will be short
lived. In order to avoid this the issue mentioned above must be addressed
immediately.

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Applications of DBMS in FastCabs:

Here are some of the key Applications that can be implemented in FastCabs:
Electronic Records (softcopy):

Records of every asset and service of the company will be maintained electronically through
custom designed tables. e.g. Offices, Managers, Staff, Drivers, Cars, Jobs, Clients and
Contracts. So no more physical paperwork.
Absolute Detailing:
In depth details of everyday work and company assets including satff will be maintained
through dedicated columns in each table. For each staff store information such as staffNo,
fName, lName, sAddress, jobDescription, salary, NIN, sex, and DOB. Each office office
number, address, and phone number.
Tracking:
Tracking of clients, Contracts and Drivers will configured to be logged in the DBMS.
Report Generation:
A real time latest state report generation capability will configured in the DBMS. Current
reports will be generated in the matter of seconds.
Data Entry Through Forms:

Data entry will be done through elegantly designed forms for each Table.
Query Generation:
Options for Query generation can be configured in the DBMS to show only the specific data
asked by Users and Staff.
User Control(Access Control):

The DBMS can be configured in way that only authorized user having a Valid Username and
Password will be able to use the Company Database.

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15
Task
Critically evaluate the features and advantages of using MS-Access as a database

management system for a company like FastCabs.
Features of MS Access:
Table creation is simply done by design or wizard options.

Data entered and stored in MS-Access can easily be exported or pasted into spreadsheets or
statistical software for further analysis.
As part of the MS Office Suite, MS Access integrates seamlessly with MS Word and Excel. Any
data stored in MS-Access can be easily used throughout the MS-Office applications.
One of the powerful features of Microsoft Access is the ability for developers to create custom
solutions using VBA code (Visual Basic for Applications), which is similar to Visual Basic 6.0.
Another useful feature of MS-Access is its relational ability that allows users to join tables, using
fields common to both, thereby allowing users to extract data from one table that relates to
data in another.
The "Report Writer" function in MS-Access is one of the best available. The stored data can be
given in a wonderful format to take print or any other purpose.
In general users with little programming knowledge can use MS Access effectively.
There is no console window, no complex Syntaxes, and no complex queries for Ms-Access.
There is also the Jet Database format (MDB or ACCDB in Access) which can contain the
application and data in one file. This makes it very convenient to distribute the entire application
to another user, who can run it in disconnected environments.
Advantages of MS Access for FastCabs:

Here are some Key advantages of MS Access for FastCabs:
Cost Benefits:
Microsoft Access is virtually free. If FastCabs computers already have the Microsoft Office
Professional Suite of business products installed that is automatically bundled as part of Microsoft
Office Professional, Microsoft Access is already available and there is no additional database
software that is required.
Cost of Development:
There is a tremendous amount of Access developer resources to choose from. Due to the wide
spread popularity of Access, Access developers are often available at a very competitive market rate
that is significantly lower than Oracle or SQL Server database consultants.
Implementation and Maintenance:

Due to the simplicity of Microsoft Access, implementation and maintenance is significantly cheaper
when compared to more complex database systems such as SQL Server or Oracle.

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User Friendly:
Access is user friendly and features the familiar Windows look and feel which is appealing to most
users.
Unique Identifier:
Each piece of information is assigned a unique identifier. This is extremely important since it ensures
that each piece of information is only entered once, eliminating human and duplication errors.
Custom Design:
Customized forms can be created that will make it easy for FastCabs employees to enter your
information.
Scalability:
If FastCabs is growing, one of the benefits of Microsoft Access is that it has upgrade capabilities. If
the size of FastCabs database is continually growing and the performance starts to suffer, we can
easily upgrade to SQL Server along with an Access Data Project (ADP).
Backup:
The database can be backed up to prevent the loss of data.
GUI interface:
Another advantage is, it provides excellent graphical user interface (GUI) whereas most database
management tools provide console operating interface (CUI). This feature creates excellent Userfriendly environment.

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17
LO
Task
Understand database design techniques.

Based on the requirements and the assumptions you have made of FastCabs case
study, analyze the use of popular Prototyping database development methodology.
For Prototyping and Database development process we can use The SDLC(System Development Life
Cycle).
Prototyping:
SDLC:
Software prototyping is a risk-reduction

technique commonly used in software
development when the requirements of the
system under development are not well
defined. For this purpose a software prototype
is a partial implementation of the system to be
built. This software prototype is exposed to user
comment and then refined to meet additional
requirements or correct errors.
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a

process used in the development, creation, and
maintenance of an information system. This
process is often used in the creation or updating
of a database system, and can serve as a useful
tool for anyone trying to undertake a large
database project.
Its often denoted as DBLC.
As a specific type of information system, Database Design can be modeled using a similar SDLC type
approach, sometimes referred to as DBLC or the Database Development Life Cycle. As in the SDLC
approach, DBLC consists of several iterative steps (which vary slightly depending on the model used).
However, the overall approach is the same:
Our DBLC will comprise of the following Six steps:
STEP-1: Database Initial Design

This stage is essentially the planning stage of the SDLC.
Purposes
Analyze company situation
Operating environment
Organizational structure
Define problems and constraints
Define objectives
Define scope and boundaries

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STEP-2: Database Design

This stage encompasses much of both the Analysis and Design stages of the SDLC.
Most Critical DBLC phase

Makes sure final product meets
requirements
Focus on data requirements
Sub phases
Create conceptual design
DBMS software selection
Create logical design
Create physical design
STEP-3: Implementation & Loading

The efforts so far are implemented!
Creation of special storage-related

constructs
to house end-user tables
Data loaded into tables
Other issues
Performance
Security
Backup and recovery
Integrity
Company standards
Concurrency controls
STEP-4: Testing & Evaluation

Make sure that the Database is working as planned!
Database is tested and fine-tuned for

performance, integrity, concurrent
access, and security constraints
Done in parallel with application
programming
Actions taken if tests fail
Fine-tuning based on reference
manuals
Modification of physical design
Modification of logical design
Upgrade or change DBMS
software or hardware

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STEP-5: Operation
The Database is up and running! Of course problems arise, and changes are always necessary!
Database considered operational

Starts process of system evaluation
Unforeseen problems may surface
Demand for change is constant
STEP-6: Maintenance & Evaluation

Changes are made to the system as problems are solved and new requirements are identified.
In short, the process begins anew!
Preventative maintenance
Corrective maintenance
Adaptive maintenance
Assignment of access permissions
Generation of database access statistics
to monitor performance
Periodic security audits based on
system-generated statistics
Periodic system usage-summaries

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Task
Discuss entity-relationship modeling and normalization.
2
What is Entity Relationship Diagram?
An entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is a graphical representation of an
information system that shows the relationship between people,
objects, places, concepts or events within that system. An ERD is a data
modeling technique that can help define business processes and can be
used as the foundation for a relational database.
Three main components of an ERD are the entities, which are objects or
concepts that can have data stored about them, the relationship
between those entities, and the cardinality, which defines that
relationship in terms of numbers.
ERM:
The entity-relationship model (or
ER model) is a way of graphically
representing the logical
relationships of entities (or
objects) in order to create a
database. The ER model was first
proposed by Peter Pin-Shan Chen
of Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) in the 1970s.
Normalization:
One of the ways an ERD is enhanced during the logical design phase is through the process of
normalization. Normalization is one of the key tenets in relational model design. It is the process of
removing redundancy in a table so that the table is easier to modify. It usually involves dividing an
entity table into two or more tables and defining relationships between the tables. The objective is
to isolate data so that additions, deletions, and modifications of an attribute can be made in just one
table and then propagated through the rest of the database via the defined relationships.
Performing normalization during ERD development can improve the conceptual model, and speed its
implementation.
Entity Relationship Diagram for FastCabs:

As we know that all of the required fields and their attributes are provided by the CEO of FastCabs I
just categorized them in their relevant Tables.
Made some enhancements to their respective entries.
Included some more precise and to the point entries.
Made a logical schema design so I can determine relationship between tables.
Determined primary and foreign keys.
The Following EERD was developed:

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ERD for FatsCabs:

Contracts
Contract ID
Start Date
End Date
Rate
Total Charge
Drivers
Driver ID
Driver Name
Mobile Num
Gender DOB
Driver Add
License No
License Type
License Expiry
Penalty Points
Job
Job ID
Job
Phone
Contract ID
Pickup Add
Drop Add
Pickup Date
Pickup Time
Vehicles
Vehicle ID
Reg Number
Veh_Model
Veh_Make
Veh_Color
Veh_Capacit
Milage
MOT Due
Office
Staff ID
First Name
Last Name
Staff Add
Designation
Salary
NIN
Gender
DOB
User Name
Password
Address
Address ID
Address
City
Postal Code
Office
Office ID
Office Add
Office Mail
Manager
Phone No
Client
Client ID
Client Name
Phone No
Client Add
City

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Staff
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LO
Task
is to
Be able to design, create and document

databases.
Apply prototyping database to the FastCabs data set. The purpose of this prototype
allow the Director to provide feedback on your proposed design. The prototype
should facilitate the creation, maintenance and querying of records and where
appropriate automate various tasks for the user.
Prototyping the Database of FastCabs:

As all the data set required was already explained to me and I had successfully developed the ERD
for FastCabs Database. Hence I started the following:
Step 1: Created the Tables in Accordance with the ERD.

Step 2: Made raw forms for automated entry of data.
Step 3: I generated some queries and Reports. As shown Below
This only the

prototype
RAW
database
design. Actual
Interactive is
designed in
task 2

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Task
Complete the design of FastCabs database and implement it using MS-Access as a

target DBMS including user interface.
1. Create the tables for the FastCabs database. Where appropriate set field and table properties,
including any required indexes. Ensure that referential integrity is established between related
tables.
Creation & All Tables
Clients Table & its Design Properties
Contracts Table & its Design Properties
Driver Table & its

Design Properties

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Office Table & its Design Properties
Job Table & its Design Properties
Staff Table & its

Design Properties
VehicleTable & its

Design Properties
As Shown Above I created All of the required Tables and their fields.
Forms Shown Below:
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Forms Section Contains

Navigation Buttons to all Forms
Info
Reports Section Contains

Navigation Buttons to all Reports
Main
Menu
Exits the Whole Database
Query button Leads to a

dedicated Query Form
Clients
Form
Link to FastCabs Website
Clients Theme
Close & Back to Main
Data View & Entry Area
Record Navigation
Record Manipulation
Record Printing Button

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Contracts Data View & Entry form
Drivers Data View & Entry form

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Jobs Data View & Entry form
Staff Data View & Entry form

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Vehicle Data View & Entry form
Navigation form for Queries

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Reports: As shown in Main Menu there is a separate section for Report
generation:
Each Button Shows a

Corresponding Report
Which then has options

for
Printing
Mailing
& Exporting
Date Stamp
Report Preview

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Mailing, Exporting &

Printing Options
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Database Security: [Login Authentication]

I created a separate login form:
Set control sources for LoginID and Password which were in staff table:
After that I set the close events for exit button.
Set properties as modal form so on startup the user
must enter username password.
Set masking's for Password so they can't be visible.
Started working on the VB Code for Login Button
As Shown Below:
VB Code for Login

Button:
Closing and Main

Menu Open Cmds
Setting MsgBoxs Login Requirment

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Integrating User name Password location.
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On my way out I Disabled some options to Enable effective security performance:
The result was as desired:
To be Sure of the security measures. I ran some further tests on the "login"
which turned out to be Satisfactory.

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Task
Evaluate the effectiveness of the database solution and suggest methods of

improvement.
Effectiveness of the Database in overcoming the problems:

After Testing, Evaluation and Implementation it's clear that the database has successfully overcame
the following problems:
Problem
Is it Solved
Huge amounts of Paperwork

Massive Staff
Lack of Communication &
Distribution
Mistakes
Increases in operating Cost
Bankruptcy
Remarks
Paperwork is almost eliminated. Through ERecords. A good Sign for Operating Costs.
Clerical and paper handling staff can now be
reduced to minimum.
Now with DBMS deployed strong
Communication & Distribution is in Place.
No mistakes with DBMS.
All of the above ultimately result in dramatic
reduction of Operating cost.
No chance of Bankruptcy if All of the above
problems are solved.
Suggestions for improvement of the Existing DBMS:

Although the FastCabs DBMS is more than capable of doing the
required job but there is always room for improvements:
Which are:
The Database should be integrated with a web based application so Customers can
make an On-Line booking.
The database should be configured as a JET Database so just install and run.
User Level Security clearance should be configured to tighten the security.
A web integrated report generation system should be deployed so the CEO can see his
company's progress anywhere anytime.

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Task
Create a user manual that describes your database solution for the FastCabs
database. The user manual should introduce the database application to the users,
describe the functionality of the database application and clearly demonstrate how
to use the application.
User manual:
1. Open the Database File:
2. Enter Username and Password as provided by your IT-Admin.
3. Choose your desired field among main menu items:

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4. To view records or to create new just click on the related form:

Use form close or Main
Menu Buttons
Use Navigation to
explore other records
Create or Print Records

Using These
5. To view or Print report just click on the desired report from main Menu and Right Click for more
Options:
6. To generate a Query just click on the
7. To Exit Application Just Click

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Button and click on desired Query:
In main Menu.
35
Career In Database
Database managers, sometimes referred to as database administrators, identify a
company's information management needs and create a database to meet those needs.
They also merge old and new databases, ensure that databases operate correctly, ensure
that database information is secure, and fix any related problems.
Besides
No business solution could work without database. SQL is the language to use in almost all
databases. SQL programming skill is a must for all IT professionals, especially database
programmers and solution developers. In addition to basic SQL programming skill, you
should also master vendor-based SQL extensions - SQL in Oracle, IBM DB2, and Microsoft
SQLServer.
Some Work designations Database Administration:
Designation
Description
Database
Administrator
(DBA)
Database
Developer
Database
Designer/Database
Architect
Data Analyst/Data
Scientist
Responsible for installing, configuring and maintaining a database

management system (DBMS). Often tied to a specific platform such as
Oracle, MySQL, DB2, SQL Server and others.
Works with generic and proprietary APIs to build applications that interact
with DBMSs (also platform specific, as with DBA roles).
Researches data requirements for specific applications or users, and designs
database structures and application capabilities to match.
Responsible for analyzing data from multiple disparate sources to discover
previously hidden insight, determine meaning behind the data and make
business-specific recommendations.
Specializes in dissecting, analyzing and reporting on important data streams,
such as customer data, supply chain data, transaction data and histories,
and others.
Data
Mining/Business
Intelligence(BI)
Specialist
Data Warehousing Specializes in assembling and analyzing data from multiple operational
systems (orders, transactions, supply chain information, customer data and
Specialist
so forth) to establish data history, analyze trends, generate reports and
forecasts, and support general ad hoc queries.
Top 5 Database Certifications.
OCP: Oracle Certified Professional.

ICCP CDMP: Certified Data Management Pro.
Microsoft SQL Server Database Certifications.
IBM Information Management Certifications.
MongoDB NoSQL Certifications.
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References
http://searchsqlserver.techtarget.com/definition/database
http://bin-co.com/database/sql_tutorial/db_terms_meanings.php
http://searchsqlserver.techtarget.com/definition/database-management-system
http://www.itcareersuccess.com/tech/database.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Query_Language
http://searchdatamanagement.techtarget.com/definition/NoSQL-Not-Only-SQL
https://www.access-programmers.com/benefits.aspx
http://pkirs.utep.edu/cis4365/Tutorials/Database%20Design/General%20Design/Tutorial%207.0010
0/tutorial%207.00100.htm
http://searchcrm.techtarget.com/definition/entity-relationship-diagram

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Ahmed Ali (Database Design & Concepts)

Diunggah oleh

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Ahmed Ali (Database Design & Concepts)

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Unit Report On:

Ahmed Ali Khan

Sir Muhammad Bilal Khan

Grafton College, Islamabad.

My Special Gratitude towards the respected

Ahmed Ali Khan HD-92224

Understand databases and data management systems

Issues[Problems faced by FastCabs due to absence of a DBMS]

Critically evaluate the features and advantages of using MS-Access as a

Understand database design techniques

What is Entity Relationship Diagram

Be able to design, create and document databases

apply the database developmental cycle to a given data Set

Prototyping the Database of FastCabs

Effectiveness of the Database in overcoming the problems

provide supporting user and technical documentation.

Ahmed Ali Khan HD-92224

Herman Hollerith conceived the idea

1. Document Oriented Database:

Ahmed Ali Khan HD-92224

Microsoft Encarta was a digital

7. Flat File Database:

Ahmed Ali Khan HD-92224

Ahmed Ali Khan HD-92224

The three basic tasks of DBMS:

Ahmed Ali Khan HD-92224

The hierarchical structure

4. Object Oriented Database(OODBMS):

Ahmed Ali Khan HD-92224

Some Dominating DBM Softwares:

Microsoft SQL Server:

Ahmed Ali Khan HD-92224

Types of DBMS language:

A database schema is the

To create the database instance CREATE

Data Manipulation Language (DML):

To read records from table(s) SELECT

Data Control language (DCL):

To grant access to user GRANT

Ahmed Ali Khan HD-92224

The original version called

OQL (Objective Query Language):

NoSQL (Not Only SQL database):

Ahmed Ali Khan HD-92224

The short description of SQL:

SQL stands for Structured Query Language

SQL can execute queries against a database

SQL is NOT case sensitive:

Most of the actions we need to perform on a database are done with

SELECT * FROM Customers;

SQL Statements & Their format:

The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.

Ahmed Ali Khan HD-92224

Understand databases and data management

Issues[Problems faced by FastCabs due to absence of a DBMS]:

Huge amounts of Paperwork:

Hiring of massive staff:

Lack of Communication & Distribution:

Increases in Operating cost:

Ahmed Ali Khan HD-92224

Applications of DBMS in FastCabs:

Electronic Records (softcopy):

Data Entry Through Forms: