Chapter 5

-Igor Stravinsky
-1882-1971
-The most important composer of the 20th century
-Experimented in almost all "isms"
Russian born, moved to US in 1939
-Music:
-Experimented with time and rhythm
-Used a lot of Polyrhythmic and polytonal writing
-Has a lot of folk influence
-Music from 1900-1920 still widely performed, the rest is often ignored
(includes ballets)
Expression in Art: Edvard Munch (1893)
-Arnold Schoenberg
-Austrian Composer, conductor, teacher, and artist
-Self Taught Musician
-Atonality and serial composition. Implemented the Tone Row system
-Teacher of Alban Berg, Anton Webern
-Emigration to the U.S. 1933
-Taught at USC and UCLA
-Serialism: Twelve Tone system where the tones are Mathematically arranged into
a Tone Row (no one tone is more important that the other)
-Varieties in tone row
-Transposed Row: Same pattern, but starting on a different note
-Inversion: Same thing as a transposed row, only Upside Down
-Retrograde: Play the pitches in the reverse order
-Retrograde Inversion: Upside down/backwards

Alban Berg: (1885-1935)

-Started studying with Arnold Schoenberg at age 19
-Drafted by the military in 1914
-Wozzeck: Most Famous opera
-Hitler banned his music
-Lulu: a ballet he wrote
-Died on Christmas Eve, 1935
-Was rooted deeply into Romanticism, but still mixed in the twelve tone
method
America
-Interest in "classical" or "high art" music peaked in the US in the middle of
the 20th century
-More Orchestra and performing ensembles than anywhere else in the world
-Cleveland, Boston, Philadelphia, New York, and Chicago are home to the
biggest orchestras in the US
-Music became a major part of college curriculums to nearly every school
-Still a vital part of culture and education
American Musical Traditions
-Band Music: An orchestra without strings.
-Frederick Fennel: (1914-2004) Eastmand Wind Ensemble. The father of
band music
-The U.S. Marine is one of the more famous bands.
-John Phillip Soussa: (1854-1932) Headmaster of the US Marine band from
1880-1892. He is the "king" of marches.
-Semper Fidelis
-Washington Post
=Stars and Stripes
Charles Ives

-Steeped in American Musical heritage (his father played in bands during the
civil war)
-First great American composer of the 20th century
-At first started out his adult life by staring an insurance company. Ives & Co.,
later Ives & Myrick
-Ives Music:
Four Symphonies, over 100 songs
Piano Sonatas
Chamber Music
Aaron Copland (1900-1990)
-Studied in Paris, Taght in US for several decades.
-Used Jazz and popular music-often called "pops" music
-Dabbled in man "-isms" but still known for his orchestral writing.
-Wrote "What to Listen for in Music".
Music:
-Ballets: Appalachian Spring, Billy the Kid, Rodeo
-Orchestral Works: Fanfare for the Common Man
-Film Scores: Our Town
-Piano and Chamber Works
William Grant Still (1895-1978)
-Grant's music Celebrated African-American culture and arts
-Considered the first great African-American composer in the 20th century
-First symphony: the Afro-American- premiered in 1931
-Wrote for television
-Works are often influenced by other African-American artists and jazz

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Music to listen for

Debusy: Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
-Lush Melodies
-Very relaxed
Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring
-Ballet and orchestral concert piece
-Depicts pagan rituals and sacrifice
-Cause a riot at first performance in 1913 because it is so radical
-Used later in Fantasia
-Depicts a girl dancing herself to death as a sacrifice to the Spring God
Was written by:
Serge Diaghilev: Head ballet Ruse. Recruited Stravinsky to write
ballets
Vaslav Nijinsky: Choreographer
Nicholas Roerich: Stage/costume design
Igor Stravinsky: Wrote the music
Pastrole
-Dedicated to his teacher
-This song is very Neoclassical
-A song without words
-Written in 1907
-Mostly charming ad tonal
Schoenberg: Pierrot Lunaire
-Song Cycle

-Song is about a sad clown who is obsessed with the moon

-Is in Rondo form
-Orchestral piece (woodwinds and strings)
-Atonal: No tone center
-No distinction between consonance and dissonance.
-Sprechstimme: Spoken Voice
Klangfarbenmelodie: Sound Color Melody. (Every note in the tune is played
by different instruments. The focus is not the notes in the melody but the tones in
the melody)
Berg: Wozzeck
-Many romantic elements
-Leitmotifs: Themes for different characters
-Major/minor keys
-Still used the twelve tone system
-Different Characters:
-Wozzeck: Soldier in WW1
-Marie: Wozzeck's lover whom he has an illegitimate child
-Doctor: Experiments on Wozzeck
-Drum Major: A man Marie starts to fall for
-Wozzeck kills Marie so she can't cheat on him, then kills himself
Bartok: Contrasts/ Concerto for Orchestra
Ives: Country Band March
-Forceful march theme
-Very dissonant and polytonality
-Humorous realization of amateur bands
-Scored for a small chamber orchestra
Still: Suite for Violin and Piano

-Third Movement
-Jazz influence
-Stride: An insistent bass line on the left hand of the piano