TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Letter of Transmittal
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction
1.1
Historical development
1.2
Definition
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature review
2.1
Theory of distillation
2.2
Types of distillation
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Methodology/Fabrication Procedure
3.1
The column
3.2
The condenser
3.3
The packing
3.4
3.5
3.6
The stand
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0
Conclusion
5.1
Recommendation
References
Appendix I
Appendix II
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The aim of this project is to construct a packed distillation column. The
separation of liquid mixtures into their several components is one of the major
operations in the chemical and petroleum industries, and distillation, the most
widely used method of achieving this end, is the key operation of the oil
refinery. Throughout the chemical industry the demand for puner products,
coupled with a relentless pursuit of greater efficiency, has necessitated
continued research into the techniques of distillation. The operation is
restricted to situations when components distribute themselves between liquid
and vapour phases. The vapour phase is generated by the addition of heat and
separation is enhanced by the differences in the vapour pressure of the
components, hence their boiling points.
Packed columns are generally used for distillation, gas-absorption and
liquid-liquid extraction. They ensure continuous contact of liquid and gas in
both counter-current and concurrent flows and are essentially, vertical columns
which have been filled with packings or devices of larger surface. The liquid is
distributed over and trickles down through the packed-bed, exposing a large
surface to contact the gas, while the gas or vapor moves upwards countercurrently. In some gas-absorption columns, concurrent flow is used.
The packings for the tower should offer the following characteristics: 1. Provide for larger interfacial surface between liquid and gas.
2. Posses desirable fluid characteristics.
3. Be chemically inert to fluids being processed.
4. Have structural strength to permit easy handling and installation.
5. Represent low cost
6. Should be light in weight.
There are two major types of packings arrangements:
a. Random and
b. Regular packings.
The performance of a packed column is dependent on the maintenance
of a good liquid and gas distribution throughout the packed-bed and this is an
important consideration in packed column design.
A packed distillation column is similar to a plate column with the plates
replaced. Be packed sections but in process industries they are considered more
economically than plate columns for the following reasons: -
a. For columns less than 0.6m (2.0 ft) diameter, packings are usually
cheaper than plates unless alloy-metal packings are required.
b. Acids and many other corrosive materials can be handled in packed
columns because construction can be of ceramic, carbon, or other
resistant materials.
c. Packings often exhibit desirable efficiency drop characteristics for
critical vacuum distillations.
d. Liquids ending to form may be handled more readily in packed columns
because of the relatively low degree of liquid agitation by the gas.
e. Holdup of liquid can be quite low in packed columns, an advantage
when the liquid is thermally sensitive.
Conditions unfavourable to packed columns are:
a. If solids are present in the liquid or gas plate columns can be designed to
permit easier cleaning.
b. Some packing materials are subject to easy breakage during insertion
into the column or resulting from thermal expansion and contraction.
c. High liquid rates can often be handled more economically in plate
columns than packed columns.
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Distillation seems to have been mentioned firstly by a man called
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the liquid mixtures to be separated and condensing the vapour without allowing
any liquid to return to the still. There is then no reflux. The second method is
based on the return of part of the condensate to the still, under such conditions
that this liquid returning is brought into intimate contact with the vapour on
their way to the condenser. It is known as rectification with reflux.
1.2
DEFINITION
Distillation is defined as the process involved in the conversion of a
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