Systematic Review of Herbals As Potential Memory Enhancers

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
ISSN: 2229-3701
_______________________________________________Review Paper
Systematic Review of Herbals as Potential Memory Enhancers

Anita Rani Shiksharthi*, Stuti Mittal and Jaspreet Ramana
L. R. Institute of Pharmacy, Rajgarh Road, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.

_________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
In recent times, the use of herbal products has increased tremendously in the western world as well as in
developing countries. Numerous natural products have been evaluated as therapeutics for the treatment
of variety of purposes, including poor memory. Memory is the most vital aspect for effective survival of
human beings. It also differentiates humans from animals. Memory is the ability of an individual to record
the information and recall it whenever needed. Traditionally herbal drugs have been used to enhance
cognitive functions. A number of medicinal plants and medicines derived from these plants have shown
memory enhancing properties by virtue of their medicinal constituents. There has been considerable
pharmacological investigation into the memory enhancing activity of some compounds. Since allopathic
system of medicine is yet to provide a radical cure, the utility of traditional medicines needs to be
explored. This article reviews the memory enhancing properties of the most commonly employed herbal
medicines and their identified active constituents. The herbs acting on the brain are called Nootropic
herbs and their isolated constituents are referred to as smart drugs. These herbs enhance the memory as
well as increase blood circulation in the brain.
Key Words: Nootropics, Memory, Cognitive, Herbals, Enhancers.
INTRODUCTION
In a general sense, cognitive enhancers are drugs
that improve some aspect of brain function. Many
such enhancers have been found and their actions
tend to involve interactions between neurohumoral
signalling and responses and the cholinergic
system. Neurohumoral signalling is a type of slowacting chemical communication in the nervous
system, which contrasts with the fast-acting
communication
of
neurotransmitters.
Neurohumoral signalling often occurs between the
central nervous system and peripheral tissues and
can influence motivational and emotional states.
Cholinergic is pertaining to acetylcholine
neurotransmission.1
Memory is the ability of an individual to record
sensory stimuli, events, information, etc. and retain
them over short or long periods of time and recall
the same at a later date when needed. Dementia is a
mental disorder characterized by loss of intellectual
ability (judgment or abstract thinking) which
invariably involves impairment of memory. The
most common cause of dementia is Alzheimers
disease (AD), which is a progressive
neurodegenerative disorder associated with loss of
neurons in distinct brain areas and cord.2 Poor
memory, lower retention and slow recall are
common problems in todays stressful and
________________________________________
*Address for correspondence:
E-mail:anitashiksharthi@rediffmail.com
Vol. 2 (3) Jul Sep 2011
competitive world. Age, stress and emotions are

conditions that may lead to memory loss, amnesia,
anxiety, high blood pressure, dementia, to more
ominous threat like schizophrenia and Alzheimers
disease.3
To keep our minds sharper and our memory more
clear is going to be the trick in staying before the
ever accelerating aging population, as we move
into the future. Last year the figures showed us that
7% of the planet's population is regarded old and
by the year 2040 it is expected this percentage will
double to 14%.4 Population aging is a worldwide
phenomenon and India is no exception to the rule.
Census reports indicate that the Indian population
has approximately tripled during the last 50 years,
but the number of elderly Indians has increased
more than fourfold. When considering the
continuation of the trend, the United Nation
predicts that the Indian population will again grow
by 50 percent in the next 50 years, whereas the
elderly population is expected to grow another
fourfold. Cerebral abilities have been observed to
diminish signicantly with advancing age and
factors such as emotional stress. Thus, memory
enhancers are going to be of great importance in
the near future.5
Memory enhancers and cognitive enhancers
are drugs, supplements, nutraceuticals
and functional foods that are purported to improve
mental
functions
such
as cognition, memory, intelligence, motivation,
www.ijrpbsonline.com
918
attention and concentration.

Nootropics are
thought to work by altering the availability of the
brain's
supply
of
neurochemicals
(neurotransmitters, enzymes, and hormones), by
improving the brain's oxygen supply, or by
stimulating nerve growth. However the efficacy of
nootropic substances, in most cases, has not been
conclusively determined. This is complicated by
the
difficulty
of
defining
and
quantifying cognition and intelligence.6
Memories are stored in network of brain cells and
form links between different brain cells, by
interconnecting neuronal dendrites (Figure 1). The
memory itself is thought to be stored by altering the
structure of a molecule called RNA within brain
cells. For a memory to be made it must enter the
cell by seeing, hearing or doing something, which
accounts for the three kinds of memory visual,
auditory or kinesthetic. If a memory involves all
three, it will exist in a maximum number of brain
cells. Thats why if you see a telephone number,
repeat it to yourself aloud and punch the numbers
on the phone several times you are more likely to
remember it. The brain, particularly the
hippocampus region, then decides whether its
worth storing. In Alzheimers, the hippocampus
loses its ability to file memories, resulting in an
inability to store new memories.The best way to
enhance your memory and mind, and protect
yourself from memory decline, is to ensure you are
taking in optimal levels of eight nutrients from
which your body can make key brain chemicals.
These natural mind and memory enhancers are:7
Acetylcholine precursors
i) Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE)
ii) Choline
Receptor enhancers
iii) Pyroglutamate
iv) Phosphatidyl Serine
v) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Fuel for brain cells
vi) Glutamine
Circulation improver
vii) Gingko Biloba
Vitamins
viii) Vitamin B
These are becoming widely available and can be
found in combination in brain boosting
supplements, as well as in certain foods. Amongst
the various functions of the brain, one of the most
interesting is the ability to acquire new information
and store it for further retrieval. Several Central
Nervous System disorders (CNS) are often
associated with impairment in cognitive functions.
Alzheimers
disease
(AD),
a
complex,
multifactoral,
progressive,
neurodegenerative
disease primarily affecting the elderly population is
estimated to account for 5060% of dementia cases
in persons over 65 years of age. According to the
Vol. 2 (3) Jul Sep 2011
ISSN: 2229-3701
World Health Organisation around 35 million

people in industrialized countries suffered from AD
by 2010. Alzheimers disease has a primary impact
on learning and memory. Other disorders like
schizophrenia, bipolar depression are associated
with secondary deficits in learning and memory
functions. The mechanisms underlying learning
and memory include an interaction between the
various neurotransmitter systems, amongst which
the central cholinergic function is known to play a
prominent role. Estimation of acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) activity provides a relatively easy and
valuable assessment of cholinergic function.8
Recently, the interest in the use of herbal products
has grown dramatically in the western world as
well as in developing countries.9 The term
cognitive enhancer should not be confused with the
word "nootropic". Nootropics are by definition
cognitive enhancers, but a cognitive enhancer is not
necessarily a nootropic. A cognitive enhancer is a
substance that enhances concentration and
memory. Nootropics are referred to as smart drugs,
memory enhancers, and cognitive enhancers.10 The
word nootropic was coined in 1972 by a Romanian,
Dr. Corneliu E. Giurgea, derived from the Greek
words nous, or "mind," and trepein
meaning "to bend/turn". A nootropic is a cognitive
enhancer that is neuroprotective or extremely
nontoxic.11 The drugs acting on the brain are called
as nootropic drugs. The natural memory enhancing
drugs control the activity of acetylcholinesterase
(AChE). AChE modulates acetylcholine (ACh) to
proper levels by degradation. Accordingly
excessive AChE activity results in Ach deficiency
which leads to memory and cognitive
impairements. These natural agents inhibit the
excessive AChE activity and protect the people
suffering with dementia. This review focuses on
natural herbal drugs as memory enhancing agents
on curing the dementia. 12
Herbs have been highly valued and used regularly
for thousands of years by people of the world as
medicine of the masses. Man has always searched
for that herb that heals the body and soothes the
mind and there has never been a shortage of
vegetation to investigate with some 20,000 species
that have been used by various cultures. Medicinal
plants have been used to treat such psychotropic
and behavioral conditions as anxiety, depression,
seizures, poor memory, dementia, insomnia and
drug intoxication.13 Memory herbs increase the
level
of
neurotransmitters,
particularly
acetylcholine, and improve blood flow to the brain,
thereby increasing its oxygen and nutrient supply,
which will aid brain function and memory. Herbal
remedies for Alzheimers disease have become
more and more popular in the recent years and not
without a reason. That there is a possibility to slow
down the brains degeneration caused by
Alzheimers with natural treatments has drawn the
919
attention of the scientific community. Many natural

herbal treatments have been researched and the
benefits derived from using herbal treatments for
Alzheimers and Dementia have been very
promising and the use of some medicinal herbs
have been touted to extend beyond that of modern
prescription drugs. 14
With so many natural and healthy compounds, its
no wonder that these medicinal herbs may hold the
key to the cure to this devastating disease. In
addition, these herbs are inexpensive and can be
easily obtained. The World Health Organization
(WHO) estimates that 80% of the worlds
population presently uses herbal medicine for some
aspects of primary health care. Therefore, natural
products may provide a new source of beneficial
neuropsychotropic drugs provided they are
adequately tested and their mechanisms are
properly deciphered.15 While pharmaceutical
companies continue to invest enormous resources
in identifying agents that could be used to alleviate
debilitating disorders and
retard
mental
deterioration aficting numerous people around the
world, a source of potentially benecial agents,
namely phytochemicals, would appear to have
signicant benets that have yet to be fully
exploited. Therefore, several plants have been
selected based on their use in traditional systems of
ISSN: 2229-3701
medicine (Table 1). Research has identied a

number of natural compounds that could act as
nootropic agents.
CONCLUSION
From this study, it is clear that the herbals play a
vital role against poor memory. Various herbal
plants and plants extracts have significant memory
improving activity in animal models. They have
anti-acetylcholinesterase property and may be
useful as a nootropic agent in delaying the onset
and reducing the severity of Alzheimers Disease
when compared with that of reference drugs. The
memory improving activity is probably due to the
presence of flavonoids in almost all these plants. A
variety of botanical products have been reported to
possess memory improving activity; finally, it
should be noted that substances such as flavonoids,
and tannins that possess memory improving
activity are of particular therapeutic importance.
The results of this study indicate that extracts of
leaves and plants extracts of some medicinal plant
have good potential for use in poor memory. It has
been attributed with a plethora of physiological
effects that could potentially benefit cognitive
performance or mood.
Fig. 1: Network of Brain Cells
Vol. 2 (3) Jul Sep 2011
920
ISSN: 2229-3701
Table 1: Some Herbs as Memory Enhancers2, 8, 13, 15-51
S. No.
1
Common name
in Hindi
Vacha/
Sweet
Flag
Garlic/ Lasun
Dong quai
Satavari
Milk Vetch Root
Brahmi
Thuja
Hog Weed/ Tar

Vine
Green tea
10
Jyotishmati.
11
Gotu
Kola/
Mandookaparni
12
Butterfly-pea
13
Dang Shen
14
Guggulu
15
Huang Lian
16
Saffron
17
Turmeric
18
Teasel root
19
20
Indian
gooseberry /amla
Evodia
21
Shankhpushpi
22
Snowdrop
Botanical
name
Acorus
calamus
Linn.
Allium
sativum
Linn.
Angelica
sinensis
Oliv.
Asparagus
recemosus
Willd.
Astragalus
membrana
ceus
Fisch.
Bacopa
monnieri
Wettst.
Biota
orientalis
Linn.
Boerhavia
diffusa
Linn.
Camellia
sinensis
Linn.
Celastrus
paniculata
Willd.
Centella
asiatica
Linn.
Clitoria
ternatea
Linn.
Codonopsi
s pilosula
Franch.
Commipho
ra
whighitti
Arnott.
Coptis
chinensis
Franch.
Crocus
sativus
Linn.
Curcuma
longa
Linn.
Dipsacus
asper
Wall.
Emblica
officinalis
Evodia
rutaecarpa
Benth.
Evolvulus
alsinoides
Linn.
Galanthus
nivalis
Vol. 2 (3) Jul Sep 2011
Family
Part used
Active constituents
Araceae
Rhizomes
-and Asarone & Methyl Isoeugenol
Alliaceae
Bulb
Sallylcysteine
Umbelliferae
Root
Z-ligustilide, 11-angeloylsenkyunolide
F, Coniferyl ferulate, Ferulic acid.
Liliaceae/
Asparagaceae
Roots
Triterpene Saponins Shatavarin I IV,
Fabaceae
Root
Cycloastragenol
Scrophulariac
eae
Whole
Plant
Bacosides A and B
Cupressaceae
Seeds
Pinusolides
Nyctaginaceae
Roots
Alkaloidal-punarnavine.
Theaceae
Leaves
Flavonoids
(-)-epigalochatechin-3gallate (EGCG), Isoflavone- diadzein
Celastraceae
Seeds
Alkaloids-Celastrine,
Paniculatin,
Celapagine & Celapanigine
Umbelliferae
(Apiaceae)
Whole
Plant
Fabaceae/Leg
uminosae
Roots
Triterpenic
pentacyclic
saponinsMadicasoside,
Asiaticoside
&
Brahmoside
Histidine, Threonine
Campanulacea
e
Roots
Burseraceae
Whole
plant
Resin- Goguuisterone
Ranunculacea
e
Whole
plant
Alkaloids-Berberine,
Palmatine
Iridaceae
Whole
plant
Crocin, Crocetin
Zingeberaceae
Rhizomes
Dipsacaceae
Root
CurcuminoidsCurcumin,
Demethoxycurcumin,
Bisdemethoxycurcumin and Calebin-A
Dipsacus saponins
Euphorbiaceae
Fruit
Rutaceae
Whole
plant
Convolvulace
ae
Whole
Plant
Flavonoids
Amaryllidacea
e
Crude
drug
Galanthamine
Coptisine
and
Vit-C, Phyllemblin, Phyllnathin and

Hypophyllanthin
Dehydroevodiamine
921
ISSN: 2229-3701
Linn.
23
Gastrodia tuber
Gastrodia
elata
Blume
Ginkgo
biloba
Linn.
Orchidaceae
Root
p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) and

Gastrodin (GAS)
24
Ginkgo
Ginkgoaceae
Leaf
Glycyrrhiz
a glabra
Linn.
Huperzia
serrata
(Thunb.
ex Murray)
Trevis.
Hypericum
perforatum
Linn.
Ilex
paraguarie
nsis Yebra.
Fabaceae
Root
Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Kaempferol,

Quercetin
and Terpene lactones-Ginkgolides and
Bilobalide
Glycyrrhizin.
25
Mulethi
26
Firmoss
Lycopodiacea
e
Moss
Huperzine A
27
St. Johns Wort
Clusiaceae
Roots
NaphthodianthroneHypericin
and
Prenylated Phloroglucinol- Hyperforin
28
Mate tea
Aquifoliaceae
Leaves
Qing dai
Indigo
naturalis
Apiaceae
30
Henna
Lythraceae
31
Maca
32
Wolfberry
33
Hurricane
lily/
Red spider lily
Lawsonia
inermis
Lipidium
Meyenii
Walp.
Lycium
barbarum
Linn.
Lycoris
radiata
L'Hr.
Plantbased
powder
Leaves
Polyphenols
Chlorogenic
acid,
Xanthines (Caffeine, Theophylline, and
Theobromine), Flavanoids (Quercetin,
Kaemferol)
Indirubins
29
34
Houpu Magnolia
35
Lemon balm
36
Daffodil
37
Jatamansi
38
Tobacco
39
Ginseng
40
Calabar bean
41
Paan-patta
42
Kava
43
Senega
44
Vidarikand
Magnolia
officinalis
Rehd.&
Wils.
Melissa
officinalis
Linn.
Narcissus
confusus
Linn.
Nardostac
hys
jatamansi
DC (Menj)
Nicotiana
tobaccum
Linn.
Panax
ginseng
Meyer.
Physostigm
a
vennosam
Balf.
Piper betel
Linn.
Piper
methysticu
m Frost.
Polygala
tenuifolia
Wild.
Pueraria
tuberose
Roxb.
Vol. 2 (3) Jul Sep 2011
Brassicaceae
PolyphenolicAnthocyanins.
Solanaceae
Dried
Hypocotyl
s
Fruit
Quercetin
and
Amaryllidacea
e
Whole
plant
Galanthamine
Magnoliaceae
Bark
Biphenolic
lignans4-Omethylhonokiol, honokiol and Magnolol
Lamiaceae
Flower
Essential oil- Monoterpenes Citral and

Citronellal
Amaryllidacea
e
Crude
drug
Galanthamine
Valerianaceae
Whole
Plant
Jatamansone and Nardostachone
Solanaceae
Leaves
Nicotine
Araliaceae
Root
Leguminosae
Beans
Saponins- protopanaxdiol, protopantriol

and oleanolic acid
Ginsenosides Rg1,Rg2,& Rg3
Physostigmine
Piperaceae
Leaf
Arecoline
Piperaceae
Whole
plant
Kavalactones
Polygalaceae
Rhizome
Sinapic acid, Tenuifoilin, Tenuigenin,

BT-11
Fabaceae
Tubers
Flavanoids
Lycium barbarum polysacharides (LBP)
922
45
Rhubarb
46
Grassleaf
Sweetflag
47
Eranda/
Castor bean
48
49
Spanish Sage
50
Dan-Shen
51
Sage
52
Magnolia
vine/wu-wei-zi,
53
Sesame
54
Haritki
55
Giloy
56
57
Leigongteng/
Thunder
God
Vine
Cat's Claw
58
Grape Vine
59
Ashwagandha
60
Ardraka
Rheum
spp. Linn.
Rhizoma
acori
Tatarinowi
i
Ricinus
communis
Linn.
Rosa Alba
Polygonaceae
Rhizome
Araceae
Leaf
Stilbenes- Resveratrol, Rhaponticin and

Rhapontigenin
Eugenol and h-asarone
Euphorbiaceae
Beans
Ricinine
Rosaceae
Flowers
Salvia
lavandulifo
lia Vahl.
Salvia
miltiorrhiz
a Bung.
Salvia
officinalis
Linn.
Schizandra
chinensis
(Turcz.)
Baill.
Sesamum
indicum
Linn.
Terminalia
chebula
Linn.
Tinospora
Cordifolia
Tripterygiu
m wilfordii
Hook. f.
Uncaria
tomentosa
Willd.
Vitis
vinifera
Linn.
Withania
somnifera
Linn.
Zingiber
Officinale
Roscoe.
Lamiaceae
Whole
plant
Cyclic
monoterpenes-1,8-cineole,
linalool, and -pinene
Lamiaceae
Rhizome
Lamiaceae
Leaf
Salvianolic acids A and B, Tanshinone I

and Tanshinone IIA, Dihydrotanshinone,
Cryptotanshinone
Monoferpenoid, Carnosic acid and
Rosmarinic acid
Magnoliaceae
Fruit
Schizandrin
Combretaceae
Rhizome
Chebulic acid
Menispermace
ae
Celastraceae
Whole
plant
Whole
plant
Tinosporine, Tinosporide
Rubiaceae
Aerial
parts
Uncarine E (UE)
Vitaceae
Seed
Resveretrol
Solanaceae
Root
Withanolides, Sitoindosides VII-X and

Withaferin
Zingiberaccae
Rhizomes
Gingerin,Gingerol,
Zingerone
Pedaliaceae
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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences