Design of Steel-Concrete

Composite Bridges
to

Ioannis

Eurocodes

Vayas and Aristidis Iliopoulos

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Croup
Boca Raton

CRC Press is

Taylor

&

London

New

imprint of the
Francis Croup, an Informs

A SPON

York

an

PRESS BOOK

business

Contents

Foreword

xvii
xix

Preface
Acknowledgments

xxi
xxiii

Authors
1 Introduction

1.1

General 1

1.2

List

of symbols

13

Types of steel-concrete composite bridges

2.1

General 13

2.2

Composite bridges: The concept 14

Highway bridges 16
2.3.1
Plate-girder bridges with in situ concrete deck slab 16
2.3.2
Plate-girder bridges with semiprecast concrete deck slab

2.3

2.3.3
2.3.4

2.3.5
2.3.6

2.3.7
2.3.8
2.3.9

concrete deck slab

with

Plate-girder bridges
fully precast
Plate-girder bridges with composite slab
deck with profile steel sheeting 23

18
22

Plate-girder bridges with partially prefabricated composite beams

Double-girder bridges 27
Ladder deck bridges 29
2.3.6.1
Bridges with closed box girders
Open-box bridges 34
Arch bridges 40

26

31

Cable-stayed bridges 43
Suspension bridges 46
Railway bridges 47

2.3.10
2.3.11
2.4

2.4.1

General 47

2.4.2
2.4.3

Half-through bridges 48
Plate-girder bridges 49

2.4.4

Box-girder bridges

2.4.5

Filler-beam

2.4.6

SO

bridges 51
Pipe-girder bridges 51

vii

viii

Contents

2.5

2.4.7

Arch

2.4.8

Lattice girder

bridges

General 52

2.5.2

Simply supported bridges

2.5.3

Continuous

2.5.4

Frame

55

Erection methods 57
2.6.1

General 57

2.6.2

Lifting by

2.6.3
2.6.4

Launching
Shifting 59

2.6.5

Hoisting

2.6.6

Segmental

57

59

construction 59

Concreting sequence 59
Execution 61

2.9

Innovation in

Design

57

cranes

2.8

composite bridge engineering 62

63

codes

67

Eurocodes 67
General 67

3.1.1

3.2

53

bridges 53
bridges 54
Integral and semi-integral bridges

2.7

3.1

52

forms 52

Construction

References
3

51

2.5.1

2.5.5
2.6

bridges

of structural design

69

3.1.2

EN 1990: Basis

3.1.3

EN 1991: Actions

3.1.4

EN 1998:

Design of structures for earthquake resistance 70

3.1.5

EN 1994:

3.1.6

EN 1993:

3.1.7

EN 1992:

Design of composite steel and concrete

Design of steel structures 70
Design of concrete structures 71

on structures

70

structures

70

National annexes 71

References 71
4 Actions
4.1

Classification of actions 73
4.1.1

Permanent actions

4.1.2

Variable actions 73

4.1.3

Accidental actions 73

4.1.4

Seismic actions

4.1.5

Specific permanent actions

Creep and shrinkage 75

4.1.6
4.1.7

4.2

73

Traffic
4.2.1
4.2.2

Actions

loads

on

during
road

73

74

and

effects

in

construction 75

bridges

75

carriageway into notional

Vertical loads on the carriageway 76
Division

of

composite bridges 74

the

4.2.2.1

Load model 1 (LM1) 76

4.2.2.2

Load model 2 (LM2) 78

lanes 75

Contents

4.2.2.3

Load model 3 (LM3) 79

4.2.2.4

Load model 4

(LM4) 79
footways and cycle tracks

4.2.3

Vertical loads

4.2.4

Horizontal forces 80
4.2.4.1

on

ix

80

Braking and acceleration forces 80

Centrifugal forces 81

4.2.4.2

Groups of traffic loads on road bridges 83

Actions for accidental design situations 83
Collision forces from vehicles moving under the bridge 83
4.3.1
Collision of vehicles with the soffit of the
4.3.1.1
4.2.5

4.3

bridge, for example, when tracks

than the clear

height
bridge
of vehicles on piers 83
from vehicles moving on the bridge

Actions

4.3.2.1

Vehicles

4.5

Actions

4.3.2.2

4.3.2.3

Collision

4.3.2.4

Collision

4.5.2
4.6

on

Traffic
4.6.1
4.6.2

4.6.3
4.6.4

4.7

or

the position

forces
forces

on

safety barriers

for

abutments and walls in

contact

with earth 88

Horizontal loads 88
loads

on

railway bridges

89

General 89
Vertical loads 89
4.6.2.1

Load model 71 89

4.6.2.2

Load models

4.6.2.3

Load model "unloaded train" 91

4.6.2.4

Eccentricity of vertical loads (load models 71 and SW/0) 91

4.6.2.5

Longitudinal distribution of concentrated

4.6.2.6

by the rail and longitudinal and transverse

distribution by the sleepers and ballast 91
Transverse distribution of actions

SW/0 and SW/2

90

by the sleepers and ballast 92

Dynamic effects (including resonance) 92
Horizontal forces 95
95

4.6.4.2

Centrifugal forces
Nosing force 99

4.6.4.3

Actions due to traction

Consideration

of the structural

superstructure

4.6.6

Other actions and

design

4.6.7

Groups of loads 102

Temperature

103

General 103

or

braking 100

interaction

between track and

4.7.1

86

structural members 87

Vertical loads 88

4.6.4.1

4.6.5

on

on unprotected
pedestrian parapets and railings 87

Load models
4.5.1

83

tracks up

footways
cycle
of the safety barriers 83
Collision forces on kerbs 85
to

4.4

higher

83

Collision

4.3.1.2
4.3.2

are

of the

100

situations

102

loads

Contents

4.7.3

Uniform temperature component ATN 104

Temperature difference component ATM 105

4.7.4

Combination between ATN and ATM 106

4.7.5

Nonuniform temperature component ATK

Temperature effects during erection 106

4.7.2

4.7.6
4.8

4.9

Wind 108
4.8.1

General 108

4.8.2

Wind

4.8.3

Basic wind

force

in

bridge transverse

4.8.4

velocity 109
Exposure factor 109

4.8.5

Force

4.8.6

coefficient Cfy
Reference area Arcfy

4.8.7

Wind force in

Earthquake

References
5 Basis of

direction y 108

110
110

bridge vertical direction

111

114

119

121

design

5.1

General

5.2

Limit state

5.3

Ultimate limit

121
122

design

5.3.3

(ULS) 123
Design formats 123
Combination of actions 124
Safety factors and combination values 125

5.3.4

Basic combinations 129

5.3.5

Accidental combinations 131

5.3.6

Seismic combinations 132

5.3.1
5.3.2

5.4

106

Serviceability

state

limit

5.5

Safety factors of

5.6

Durability

state

(SLS)

140
140

5.6.1

Concrete

5.6.2

Structural steel 142

References

133

resistances yM 140

cover

143

145

6 Structural materials
6.1

Concrete 145
6.1.1

Strength
6.1.1.1

classes 145

Normal concrete

6.1.1.2
6.1.2

146
Lightweight
Time-dependent deformations due to creep
6.1.2.1

6.1.3

147

General 147

Time-dependent deformations due

6.1.3.1

6.1.4

145

concrete

to

shrinkage 159

General 159

Time-dependent deformations due to time-dependent

development of the modulus of elasticity of concrete 162

Contents

6.1.5

Time-dependent deformations due

Cracking of concrete 164

6.1.6

to

hydration of cement

xi

163

6.1.6.1 General 164

6.2

Structural steel 172

6.2.1

Steel

6.2.2

Fracture

grades

6.2.2.1

toughness and through thickness properties

Material toughness 174

174

Lamellar tearing 178

6.2.2.2
6.2.3

172

Other material

properties for structural steel

6.3

Reinforcing steel

6.4

Prestressing steel 181

6.5

Bolts

6.6

Stud shear connectors 181

180

180

181

References 182
7

183

Modeling and methods for global analysis

7.1

Global

analysis models 183

7.1.1

Introduction 183

7.1.2

Beam models 183

Bridges with

girders 183
Bridges with multiple main girders

7.1.2.1
7.1.2.2

and
7.1.2.3

two main

stiff cross girders

Box-girder bridges
Bridges with two main girders and horizontal

7.1.2.4

bracing between the

7.1.3

Grillage

7.1.5

7.3

flanges

196

7.1.3.1

General 199

7.1.3.2
7.1.3.3

Simply supported plate-girder bridges

Continuous plate-girder bridges 201

7.1.3.4

Skew

7.1.3.5

bridges 205
Box-girder bridges 205

199

bridges 204

Curved

3D models 208

7.1.4.1

General 208

7.1.4.2

Representation of steel and composite

7.1.4.3

Slab representation 213

7.1.4.4

3D

model implementation

concreting stages
Analysis during
7.1.4.6
Analysis at final stage 221
Models for other types of bridges 223

Effective width of wide flanges due

7.2.1

General 223

7.2.2

Effective5

7.2.3

Effective5 width

width

to

shear

of concrete flanges

of steel flanges

Cross-sectional properties 232

226

girders

215

the

7.1.4.5

7.2

lower

models 199

7.1.3.6
7.1.4

184

188

lag
225

223

218

208

xii

Contents

7.4

Effects of the theological behavior of concrete

7.4.1

on

structural systems 233

General 233

Creep in statically determinate systems 233

7.4.3
Creep and shrinkage in statically indeterminate systems 234
7.4.3.1
Creep due to movements of supports 237
7.4.3.2
Shrinkage 238
Models for slab analysis and design in transverse direction 242
7.4.2

7.5

7.6

7.5.1

General 242

7.5.2

Distributed permanent and variable loads 242

7.5.3

Wheel loads

7.5.4

Finite element models 245

Finite element models

References
8

for global analysis

249

251

Buckling of plated

253

elements

8.1

Introduction 253

8.2

Elastic critical

stress

257

8.2.1

Introduction 257

8.2.2

Unstiffened panels 257

Stiffened panels 261
Stiffened and unstiffened panels:

8.2.3
8.2.4

Combined
8.3

from traffic 244

Strength of plates

loading conditions 271

273

8.3.1

General 273

8.3.2

Postbuckling plate behavior: Plate buckling

8.3.3

Column-like behavior

8.4

Design by the reduced stress method 288

8.5

Effective
8.5.1

curves 274

278

width method 306

General 306

8.5.2

8.6

Unstiffened panels 306

Longitudinally stiffened panels 307
Member verification for axial compression and bending 309

8.7

Resistance to shear 311

8.5.3

8.8

Resistance to concentrated transverse

8.9

Interaction 317

8.10

8.11

8.9.1

Interaction

N, M, V 317

8.9.2

Interaction

N,M,FS 318

Flange-induced buckling 318

Design of stiffeners and detailing

319

8.11.1

Introduction 319

8.11.2

Intermediate

8.11.3

Shear in

8.11.4

Torsional

8.11.5

Discontinuous

8.11.6

Splices of plate sheets 326

stiffeners
stiffeners 322

transverse

transverse

forces 313

in

compression panels 319

requirements for open section stiffeners 324

longitudinal stiffeners 325

Contents

stiffeners

326

stiffeners
flange welds

327

8.11.7

Cutouts in

8.11.8

Transverse

8.11.9

Web

to

xiii

327

References 339
9 Ultimate limit

states

341

9.3

Classification of cross sections 341

Resistance to tension: Allowance for
fastener holes in bending capacity 350
Resistance of steel members and cross sections

9.4

Resistance

to

9.5

Resistance

to

9.6

Interaction

9.7

Class 1 and 2

9.1

9.2

9.7.1

shear due

to

compression 351

vertical shear and torsion 354

bending of steel cross sections 356

of bending with shear for steel cross sections 357
cross

sections 358

General 358
9.7.1.1

Sagging bending 358

Hogging bending 359

9.7.1.2
9.8

to

Cross sections with class 3 webs that may be treated

class 2 sections (hole-in-web method) 365

as

9.9

Class 3

cross

sections 369

9.10

Class 4

cross

sections that

9.11

Class

cross

sections 396

9.12

Class 4

cross

sections

9.13

Lateral torsional

9.14

as

class 3

composed of the flanges

buckling

cross

sections 375

396

398

Introduction 398

9.13.2

General method 398

9.13.3

9.13.4

Simplified method: Rigid lateral supports 401

9.13.3.1
Verification during concreting stages 401
9.13.3.2
Verification at hogging moment areas
of continuous plate-girder bridges 403
Simplified method: Flexible lateral supports 408

9.13.5

Resistance and

Design of the

concrete

rigidity of supporting members

413

deck slab 414

416

Serviceability

limit

417

states

10.1

Introduction 417

10.2

Stress

analysis and limitations

10.2.1

Structural steel 418

10.2.2

Reinforcement 419

10.2.3

Concrete 420

10.3

treated

9.13.1

References
10

are

Cracking of concrete
10.3.1

General 420

10.3.2

Minimum

417

420

reinforcement

421

xiv

Contents

10.3.3
10.3.4

of crack width 421

Thermal cracking during concreting
(determination of cracked regions) 422

breathing

10.4

Web

10.5

Deflections 433

10.6

432

10.5.1

General 433

10.5.2

Filler-beam decks 436

Vibrations 439

References
11

Limitation

440

441

Fatigue
11.1

General 441

11.2

Fatigue resistance

11.3

Fatigue

11.4

Detail

11.5
11.6

to constant

resistance to variable

amplitude loading 441

amplitude loading 444

categories 445
Fatigue load models and simplified fatigue analysis 449
Fatigue verification for structural steel 452
11.6.1

Simplified fatigue assessment

11.6.1.1 Road bridges 452

11.6.2

Stress range and

11.6.1.2

Railway bridges

11.6.2.1 Road

fatigue
bridges

452

456

assessment 457

457

11.6.2.2

11.7

Railway bridges 457

Fatigue verification for headed studs 461
11.7.1

General 461

11.7.2 Stress range and

11.8

Fatigue verification for

11.8.1

Fatigue

fatigue

assessment

reinforcing

461

steel 463

assessment 463

11.8.1.1 Road
11.8.1.2

bridges 464
Railway bridges 465

11.8.2 Stress ranges 466

11.9

Fatigue verification for concrete 470

of omitting fatigue assessment 471
Residual stresses and postweld treatment 484

11.10 Possibilities
11.11

References 485
12 Shear connection

487

12.1

Introduction 487

12.2

Resistance and

detailing of headed

stud shear

12.2.1

General 488

12.2.2

Shear resistance

of vertical studs

12.2.3

Tensile

489

12.2.4

Detailing of shear connectors 491

Horizontal arrangement of studs 491

12.2.5

loading

489

connectors

488

Contents

12.3

Longitudinal shear for elastic behavior 494

12.4

Longitudinal shear for

12.5

13

shear due

12.6

Longitudinal
Longitudinal shear

12.7

Shear connection

inelastic behavior 501

to

concentrated

forces

507

in concrete slabs 510

of composite

closed box

bridges

References

518

Structural

bearings, dampers, and expansion joints

13.1
13.2

xv

516

519

General 519

Reinforced elastomeric bearings

13.2.1

520

General 520

13.2.1.1 Check

of distortion 522
13.2.1.2 Check of the tension of the steel plates 524
13.2.1.3 Limitation
13.2.1.4

of rotation

524

525

13.3

Stability
Safety against slip 525
13.2.2
Modeling for global analysis: Provision of seismic isolation
Spherical bearings 528

13.4

Pot

13.5

Seismic isolation 529

13.2.1.5

13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9

525

bearings 528

13.5.1

High-damping reinforced elastomeric bearings

13.5.2

Lead rubber

530

bearings 531
Anchorage of bearings 533
Calculation of movements and support reactions 534
Bearing schedules, support plans, and installation drawings

536

Fluid viscous dampers 544

13.10 Friction devices 545

13.11 Expansion joints 546

References
Index

548

551