Processors Study Notes

A microprocessor is an integrated circuit built on a tiny piece of silicon. It contains thousands, or even millions,
of transistors, which are interconnected via superfine traces of aluminum. The transistors work together to store
and manipulate data so that the microprocessor can perform a wide variety of useful functions. The particular
functions a microprocessor performs are dictated by software.

Intel's first microprocessor was the 4004. It was introduced in 1971, and contained 2,300 transistors. Today's
Pentium® 4 processor, by contrast, contains 55 million transistors.

One of the most common tasks microprocessors perform is to serve as the "brains" inside personal computers,
but they deliver "intelligence" to countless other devices as well. For example, they may give your telephone
speed-dial and redial options, automatically turn down your house's thermostat at night, and make your car safer
and more energy efficient.

Complete Intel Family Processors

Intel® Pentium® M Processor

Intel® Itanium® Processor Family

Intel® Xeon™ Processor Family

Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor

Desktop

Processor ClockSpeed(s) Intro Mfg. Cache Bus Typical Use

Date(s) Process/Transistors Speed

Intel® 3 GHz Apr. 14, 0.13-micron55 512 KB 800 Desktops and

Pentium® 2003 million Advanced MHz entry-level
4 Transfer workstations
Processor L2 cache

Intel® 3.06 GHz Nov. 14, 0.13-micron55 512 KB 533 Desktops and
Pentium® 2002 million Advanced MHz entry-level
4 Transfer workstations
Processor L2 cache

Intel® 2.80 GHz2.66 Aug. 26, 0.13-micron55 512 KB 533 Desktops and
Pentium® GHz2.53 20022.80 million Advanced MHz entry-level
4 GHz2.40 GHz2.66 Transfer workstations
Processor GHz2.26 GHz GHzMay 6, L2 cache
20022.53
GHz2.40
GHz2.26
GHz

Intel® 2.60 GHz2.50 Aug. 26, 0.13-micron55 512 KB 400 Desktops and
Pentium® GHz2.40 20022.60 million Advanced MHz entry-level
4 GHz2.20 GHz2.50 Transfer workstations
Processor GHz2 GHz GHzApr. 2, L2 cache
20022.40
GHzJan. 7,
20022.2
GHzAug.
27, 20012
GHz

Intel® 2 GHz1.90 Aug. 27, 0.18-micron42 256 KB 400 Desktops and

Pentium® GHz1.80 20012 million Advanced MHz entry-level
4 GHz1.70 GHz1.90 Transfer workstations
Processor GHz1.60 GHzJul. 2, L2 cache
GHz1.50 20011.80
GHz1.40 GHz GHz1.60
GHzApr.
23,
20011.70
GHzNov.
20,
20001.50
GHz1.40
GHz

Applied Computing

Processor ClockSpeed(s) Intro Date(s) Mfg. Cache Bus Speed Typical Use
Process/Transistors

Intel® Pentium® 4 2.40 GHz June 25, 2002 0.13-micron55 512 KB 400 Applied computing,
Processor for Applied million on-die L2 MHz533 communications, interactive
Computing cache MHz client and industrial automation
applications.

Mobile Intel® 1.70 GHz June 25, 2002 0.13-micron55 512 KB 400 Applied computing,
Pentium® 4 million on-die L2 MHz533 communications, interactive
Processor-M for cache MHz client and industrial automation
Applied Computing applications.

Intel® Pentium® III Processor

Desktop

Processor ClockSpeed(s) Intro Mfg. Cache Bus Typical Use

Date(s) Process/Transistors Speed

Intel®Pentium® 1 GHz933 Mar. 8, 0.18-micron28 256 100 Business,

IIIProcessor MHz866 20001 million KBAdvancedTransfercache MHz133 consumer
MHz850 MHz GHzMar. MHz PCs;1- and 2-
20, 2000866 way servers
MHz850 andworkstations
MHzMay
24, 2000933
MHz

Intel®Pentium® 733 MHz700 Oct. 25, 0.18-micron28 256 KB 100 Business,

IIIProcessor MHz667 1999 million AdvancedTransfercache MHz133 consumer
MHz650 MHz PCs;1- and 2-
MHz600 way servers
MHz550 andworkstations
MHz533
MHz500 MHz

Intel®Pentium® 600 MHz550 Aug. 2, 0.25-micron9.5 512 KB 100 Business,

IIIProcessor MHz500 1999600 million MHz consumer
MHz450 MHz MHzMay PCs;1- and 2-
17, 1999550 way servers
MHzFeb. andworkstations
26, 1999500
MHz450
Mhz

Server

Processor ClockSpeed(s) Intro Mfg. Cache Bus Typical Use

Date(s) Process/Transistors Speed

Intel®Pentium® 1.40 GHz Jan. 8, 2002 0.13-micron44 512 133 Rack-mountedand

IIIProcessorfor million KBAdvancedTransferCache MHz pedestalfront-
servers endapplicationservers;ultra-
denseservers

Intel® Celeron® Processor

Desktop

Processor ClockSpeed(s) Intro Date(s) Mfg. Cache Bus Typical

Process/Transistors Speed Use
Intel® 2.40 GHz2.30 Mar. 31, 0.13-micron 128 KB 400 Value
Celeron® GHz2.20 20032.40 Advanced MHz PCs
Processor GHz2.10 GHz GHz2.30 Transfer
GHzNov. 20, L2 cache
20022.20
GHz2.10
GHz

Intel® 2 GHz Sept. 18, 0.13-micron 128 KB 400 Value

Celeron® 2002 Advanced MHz PCs
Processor Transfer
L2 cache

Intel® 1.80 GHz1.70 June 12, 0.18-micron 128 KB 400 Value

Celeron® GHz 20021.80 Advanced MHz PCs
Processor GHzMay 15, Transfer
20021.70 L2 cache
GHz

Intel® 1.40 GHz1.30 May 15, 0.13-micron 256 KB 100 Value

Celeron® GHz1.20 GHz 20021.40 Advanced MHz PCs
Processor GHzJan. 3, Transfer
20021.30 L2 cache
GHzOct. 2,
20011.20
GHz

Intel® 1.10 GHz1 Aug. 31, 0.18-micron 128 KB 100 Value

Celeron® GHz950 20011.10 Advanced MHz PCs
Processor MHz990 GHz1 Transfer
MHz850 GHz950 L2 cache
MHz800 MHz MHzJul. 2,
2001900
MHzMay 21,
2001850
MHzJan. 3,
2001800
MHz

Intel® 766 MHz733 Nov. 13, 0.18-micron 128 KB 66 Value

Celeron® MHz700 2000766 Advanced MHz PCs
Processor MHz667 MHz733 Transfer
MHz633 MHzJune 26, L2 cache
MHz600 2000700
MHz566 MHz MHz667
MHz633
MHzMarch
29, 2000600
MHz566
MHz

Intel® 533 MHz500 Jan. 4, 0.25-micron19 128 KB 66 Value

Celeron® MHz466 2000533 million Advanced MHz PCs
Processor MHz433 MHzAug. 2, Transfer
MHz400 1999500 L2 cache
MHz366 MHzApr. 26,
MHz333 1999466
 MHz300 MHz MHzMar. 22,
1999433
MHzJan. 4,
1999400
MHz366
MHzAug. 24,
1998333
MHzAug. 24,
1998300A
MHz

Intel® 300 MHz266 June 8, 0.25-micron7.5 NA 66 Value

Celeron® MHz 1998300 million MHz PCs
Processor MHzApr. 15,
1998266
MHz

Intel® Pentium® II Processor

Desktop

Processor ClockSpeed(s) Intro Mfg. Cache Bus Typical Use

Date(s) Process/Transistors Speed

Intel® 450 MHz Aug. 24, 0.25-micron7.5 512 100 Business and
Pentium® 1998 million KB MHz consumer
II on- PCs; 1- and
Processor dieL2 2-way servers
cache and
workstations.

Intel® 400 MHz350 Apr. 15, 0.25-micron7.5 512 100 Business and
Pentium® MHz 1998 million KB MHz consumer
II on- PCs; 1- and
Processor dieL2 2-way servers
cache and
workstations.

Intel® 333 MHz Jan. 26, 0.25-micron7.5 512 66 Business and

Pentium® 1998 million KB MHz consumer
II on- PCs; 1- and
Processor dieL2 2-way servers
cache and
workstations.

Intel® 300 MHz266 May 7, 1997 0.35-micron7.5 512   High-end

Pentium® MHz233 MHz million KB business
II on- desktops,
Processor dieL2 workstations
cache and servers.

 
Intel486™ Processors and Earlier

Processor ClockSpeed(s) Intro Date(s) Mfg. Transistors Addressable Typical Use

Process/Transistors Memory

Intel486™ 33 MHz25 Nov. 9, 1992 0.8-micron 1.4 million 64 MB First CPU

SL MHz20 MHz specifically
Processor designed for
Notebook PCs

IntelDX4™ 100 MHz75 Mar. 7, 1994 0.6-micron 1.6 million 4 GB High-

Processor MHz(256 performance,
KBL2 cache) entry-level
desktops and
value
notebooks

IntelDX2™ 66 MHz50 Aug. 10, 199266 0.8-micron 1.2 million 4 GB High-

Processor MHz(256 Mhz(256 KBL2 performance,
KBL2 cache) cache)Mar. 3, low-cost
199250 Mhz desktops

Intel486™ 33 MHz25 Sept. 21, 199233 0.8 and 1-micron 1- 4 GB Low-cost,

SX MHz20 MHzSept. 16, micron1,185,0000.8- entry-level
Processor MHz16 MHz 199125 MHz20 micron900,000 desktops
MHz16 MHz

Intel386™ 25 MHz20 September 30, 1-micron 855,000 4 GB First CPU

SL MHz 199125 MHzOct. designed
Processor 15, 199020 MHz specifically
for portables

Intel486™ 50 MHz33 June 24, 199150 1-micron50 1.2 million 4 GB Desktops and
DX MHz25 MHz MHzMay 7, MHz0.8-micron33 servers.
Processor 199033 MHzApr. MHz25 MHz
10, 198925 MHz

Intel386™ 33 MHz25 Oct. 26, 199233 1.5- and 1-micron 275,000 16 MB Entry-level
SX MHz20 MHz25 MHzJan. desktop and
Processor MHz16 MHz 25, 198920 portable
MHzJune 16, computing
199816 MHz

Intel386™ 33 MHz25 Apr. 10, 198933 1.5- and 1-micron 275,000 4 GB Desktops
DX MHz20 MHzApr. 4,
Processor MHz16 MHz 198825 MHzFeb.
16, 198720
MHzOct. 17,
198516 MHz

80286 12 MHz10 February 1982 1.5-micron 134,000 16 MB Desktops

MHz6 MHz (standard
CPU for all
IBM PCs
clones at the
 time)

80186 12 MHz10 1982       Used mostly

MHz in controller
applications

8088 8 MHz5 MHz June 1979 3-micron 29,000   Desktops

(standard
CPU for all
IBM PCs and
PC clones at
the time)

8086 10 MHz8 June 8, 1978 3-micron 29,000 1 MB Portable

MHz5 MHz computing

8085 5 MHz March 1976 3-micron 6,500   Toledo scale.

Computed
cost from
weight and
price. High
level of
integration,
operating for
first time on a
single 5-volt
power supply
(down from
12 volts).

8080 2 MHz April 1974 6-micron 4,500 64 KB Traffic light

controller,
Altair
computer
(first PC).

8008 200 KHz April 1972 10-micron 3,500 16 KB Dumb

terminals,
general
calculators,
bottling
machines,
data/character
manipulation

4004 108 KHz Nov. 1971 10-micron 2,300 640 Bytes Busicom
calculator,
arithmetic
manipulation

Intel® Pentium® Pro Processor

Processor ClockSpeed(s) Intro Mfg. Cache Bus Typical Use

Date(s) Process/Transistors Speed
Intel® 200 MHz Aug. 18, 0.35-micron5.5 1 MB   High-end
Pentium® 1997 million on- desktops,
Pro dieL2 workstations
Processor cache and servers.

Intel® 200 MHz180 Nov. 1, 0.35-micron5.5 256   High-end

Pentium® MHz166 1995 million0.6-micron KB512 desktops,
Pro MHz150 MHz KB on- workstations
Processor dieL2 and servers.
cache

Intel® Pentium® Processor Family

Desktop

Processor ClockSpeed(s) Intro Mfg. Typical Use

Date(s) Process/Transistors

Intel® 233 MHz June 2, 1997 0.35-micron4.5 High-

Pentium® million performance
Processor with desktops and
MMX™ servers
Technology

Intel® 200 MHz166 Jan. 8, 1997 0.35-micron4.5 High-

Pentium® MHz million performance
Processor with desktops and
MMX™ servers
Technology

Intel® 200 MHz166 June 10, 0.35-micron3.3 High-

Pentium® MHz 1996 million performance
Processor desktops and
servers

Intel® 166 MHz150 Jan. 4, 1996 0.35-micron3.3 High-

Pentium® MHz million performance
Processor desktops and
servers

Intel® 133 MHz June 1995 0.35-micron3.3 High-

Pentium® million performance
Processor desktops and
servers

Intel® 120 MHz Mar. 27, 0.6-micron0.35- Desktops and

Pentium® 1995 micron3.2 million notebooks
Processor

Intel® 100 MHz90 Mar. 7, 19940.6-micron3.2 Desktops

Pentium® MHz million
Processor

Intel® 75 MHz Oct. 10, 0.6-micron3.2 Desktops and

Pentium® 1994 million notebooks
Processor

Intel® 66 MHz60 Mar. 22, 0.8-micron3.1 Desktops

Pentium® MHz 1993 million
Processor