in
Microprocessor 8085 and
Electronics
with Answers
FAQs answered by:-
Soumyadev Adhikari
Instrumentation and Control Engineering
6th Sem, Roll 1032
Academy Of Technology, Hooghly, WB.
Typical system uses a number of busses, collection of wires, which transmit binary
numbers, one bit per wire. A typical microprocessor communicates with memory and
other devices (input and output) using three busses: Address Bus, Data Bus and
Control Bus.
Address Bus
The Address Bus consists of 16 wires, therefore Its "width" is 16 bits. A 16 bit Address
bus can identify 2^16=65536 memory locations i.e. 0000000000000000 up to
1111111111111111. Because memory consists of boxes, each with a unique address, the
size of the address bus determines the size of memory, which can be used. To
communicate with memory the microprocessor sends an address on the address bus, e.g.
0000000000000011 (3 in decimal), to the memory. The memory the selects box number
3 for reading or writing data. Address bus is unidirectional, i.e. numbers only sent from
microprocessor to memory, not other way.
Data Bus
Data Bus: carries ‘8-bit data’, in binary form, between µP and other external units, such
as memory. The Data Bus typically consists of 8 wires. Data bus used to transmit "data",
i.e. information, results of arithmetic, etc, between memory and µP. Bus is bi-directional.
Size of the data bus determines what arithmetic can be done. If only 8 bits wide then
largest number is 11111111 (255 in decimal). Data Bus also carries instructions from
memory to the microprocessor. Size of the bus therefore limits the number of possible
instructions to 256, each specified by a separate number.
Control Bus
It is a group of various single lines used to provide control and synchronization signals.
µP generates different control signals for different operations. These signals are used to
identify the device with which the µP wants to communicate.
7. What are tri-state devices and why they are essential in a bus oriented system?
Tri state logic devices have three states (0, 1 and high impedance). When the enable (may
be active high or active low) line is activated, the device works. The
disabled enable line makes the device at high impedance state and it is
disconnected from the circuit. For example see the tri stated inverter in
the figure shown.
In microcomputer system the peripherals are connected in parallel
between address bus and data bus. Because of tri stated interfacing
devices, peripherals do not load the system buses. Processor
communicates with one peripheral or device at a time by enabling the
tri state line of the interfacing peripheral or device. Tri state logic is
critical to proper functioning of the microcomputer.
Rd = Destination register, Rs
= Source register, M =
Memory location pointed out
by HL register pair, reg =
Register, data = 8-bit data.
Now, to be able to access slow memory the µP must be able to delay the transfer until the
memory access is complete. One way is to increase the µP clock period by reducing the
clock frequency. Some µPs provide a special control input called READY to allow the
memory to set its own memory cycle time. If after sending an address out, the µP dies not
receive a READY input from memory, it enters a wait state for as long as the READY
line is in 0 state. When the memory access is completed the READY goes high to
indicate that the memory is ready for specified transfer.
21. Which line will be activated when an output device require attention from CPU?
Interrupt Request (INTR, pin 10, it is an input signal to µP). It goes high when the
external devices want to communicate.
Part 2
Electronics
1. What is meant by D-FF?
A FF having one delay (D) input and two outputs is called D-FF. The next state
of the FF follows the value of the input D when a clock pulse is applied. But the
transfer of data from input to output is delayed and so it is called delay FF.
3. What is a multiplexer?
Our aim is to design the circuit for the next state decoder.
Step 2:- The Present State-Next State table for JK F/F is drawn
as follows:
Step 3:- Using the Application table of SR F/F, the next state codes i.e. the S & R
values can be added in the above PS/NS table of JK F/F as follows:
Step 4:- The K-maps are drawn as follows to find the expression of S & R in
terms of J, K, Qn and Qn’ to design the next state decoder circuit:
Step 5:- Now the SR F/F is converted to JK F/F by using the next state decoder
circuit (see on next page).
5. How can you convert a JK Flip-flop to a D Flip-flop?
Step 1:- Block diagram is drawn as follows:
Our aim is to design the circuit for the next state decoder.
Step 2:- The Present State-Next State table for D F/F is drawn as follows:
Step 3:- Using the Application table of JK F/F, the next state codes i.e. the J & K values
can be added in the above PS/NS table of D F/F as follows:
Step 4:- The K-maps are drawn as follows to find the expression of J & K in terms of D,
Qn and Qn’ to design the next state decoder circuit (see on next page):
Step 5:- Now the JK F/F is converted to D F/F by using the next state decoder circuit.
It is a problem regarding the level triggered FF. Consider a JK FF. When the inputs are
J=K=1 and Q=0 and a clock pulse of width tp is applied, the output will change from 0 to
1 after a time interval of ∆t (propagation delay through 2 NAND gates in series). Now,
after time ∆t, we have J=K=1 and Q=1. After another time interval of ∆t the output will
be 0 again. Hence, the output will oscillate between 0 and 1 in the duration tp. So, at the
end of the clock pulse the value of Q is uncertain (either 0 or 1). This situation is known
as Race Around Condition.
It can be avoided if tp< ∆t can be achieved. Lumped delay lines can be used in series with
the feedback connection in order to increase the loop delay beyond tp. Before the
development of edge triggered FF, this type of problems of level triggered FF was
encountered by using Master-Slave FF.
The main difference between a practical source and an ideal source is that the practical
one always has some internal source resistance (Rs), which the ideal one dose not has. If
we apply KVL in both the ideal and practical circuits, the voltage across the load
(VL=iRL) will be:
For practical case: VL = V – iRs -----------------------> (1)
For ideal case: VL = V ------------------------------> (2)
The V-I characteristics of both the sources are drawn by following the equations (1) &
(2).
For a highly doped diode, the junction width is very small. When reverse voltage of such
a diode is increased, the electric field at the junction increases. This electric field is so
high that it tears valance electrons from the atoms inside the junction. Very large number
of electrons and holes are generated due to this high electric field at the junction. As a
result a sudden change in the reverse current occurs. At that condition, a small change in
the reverse voltage can cause big change in reverse current. This phenomenon is called
Zener Breakdown.
At a comparatively higher reverse voltage than that where Zener breakdown occurs,
thermally generated holes & electrons at the junction get energy by this reverse voltage.
After being energized, they collide with the atoms of the junction and dislodge electrons
from the valance band. Number of hole-electron pairs are multiplied with stages of
collision. As a result a sudden change in the reverse current occurs. At that condition, a
small change in the reverse voltage can cause big change in reverse current. This thing is
said to be Avalanche breakdown.
Actually, the reverse current of the diode suddenly increases due to Zener and/or
Avalanche effect.
11. What is the need of filtering ideal response of filters and actual response of filters?
Impulse
response is
the
response
of a
dynamic
system to an impulse (δ(t) =0 for all t except t =0) change in the input. Suppose the
transfer function of the system is C(S) / R(S) = 1 / (S+1). If the unit impulse change in
the input occurs, then c(t) = exp(-t) [As r(t) = δ(t), R(S) = 1]; So, the time domain
impulse response is nothing but the plot of inverse Laplace Transform of the system
transfer function. Sometimes, therefore, this is called the Natural response.
14. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of FIR filters compared to IIR
counterparts.
FIR filters are characterized by their simple architecture and thus lower
implementation complexity. For example, the FIR filter can be implemented using
only a single multiplier and an accumulator. In addition the FIR can use fewer bits
than the IIR filter due to the absence of a feedback loop which introduces more
errors.
In contrast to the IIR filters where the output can sometimes be unstable, the FIR, on
the other hand, can always be designed such that its output is stable. In addition, the
FIR filter can have a linear phase if the filter coefficients are symmetrical or anti-
symmetrical around the center frequency. This feature is essential for data
transmission, video processing and high-quality audio systems.
Another advantage of the FIR filters is that errors introduced as a result of quantizing
filter coefficients can have a low impact on the filter outputs in case the quantization
process was properly handled. This is a very important property when a low bit-
error rate is desired.
Even though the FIR possesses have many advantages; many disadvantages arise
compared to the IIR. FIR filters usually have a higher order than IIR filters for a given
spectral characteristic. Thus, FIR filters require a higher number of multipliers
compared to IIR filters in case the implementation is fully pipelined and thus every
output needs one iteration. On the other hand, if the implementation is not
pipelined, the FIR would take more time than the IIR filter. These disadvantages
translate into larger memory requirements and computational resources. In
addition, “FIR coefficients must be designed using an iterative method since the
required filter length to satisfy a given filter specification can only be estimated”.
In other words, the designer specifies the order of the filter, given certain specs,
and then simulates the frequency response. If it didn’t meet the desired response,
he re-estimates a new order based on the previous results and repeats the process.
16. What do you mean by half-duplex and full-duplex communication? Explain briefly.
20. Why we use vestigial side band (VSB-C3F) transmission for picture?
Bandwidth of signals used for picture reception is very large, so standard AM
cannot be used. If SSB was used, it would result in half the bandwidth. But, SSB
receivers being complex, they are not used. So vestigial transmission is used in
which a vestige or trace of the unwanted sideband is transmitted along with the
wanted sideband and carrier. Actually in VSB, instead of rejecting one side band
completely like SSB, a gradual cut off of one side band is accepted.
Consider a 6bps (taken very slow for easy understanding) digital signal
transmission. The best case and worst case digital and analog signals are shown.
In worst case and best case, to simulate the digital signal the, necessary analog
signal should be of 3Hz and 0Hz respectively. As the bit rate increases, the
necessity of high frequency analog signal increases and the possibility of sending
a single frequency (fundamental) signal decreases. So, for high bit rate, to
improve the shape of the signal to make it recognizable by the receiver, we need
to add some odd harmonics.
22. For asynchronous transmission, is it necessary to supply some synchronizing pulses
additionally or to supply start and stop bit?
Yes, it is necessary. Otherwise the receiver will not be able to detect the starting
or the ending of a byte sent by receiver. And in Asynchronous transmission it is
not the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits sent by sender.
If the question is “BPSK is more efficient than BFSK in presence of noise. Why?”
(Not sure whether it is a printing mistake or not but if one knows what is BPFSK
please inform me) then the answer is as follows:
Actually, BPSK is not susceptible to the noise degradation that affects ASK or
bandwidth limitations of BFSK ( BFSK needs more bandwidth than BPSK) . This
means that smaller variations in the BPSK signal due to noise can be detected
reliably.