Global Fishery Production

UGEC2210 Food and Hunger

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CONTENT

1. Importance of fisheries
2. Global fishery production
Aquaculture production
Capture fisheries production

3. Status of capture fishery resources

4. Fishing methods
5. How to stop overfishing and illegal fishing?

Importance of Fisheries
People depend upon fisheries for food, income & livelihood.
Importance on employment

58.3 million people (4.4% of 1.3 billion) in 2012

84% of them in Asia
Historically, employment in the fisheries has grown faster than the worlds
population and than employment in the traditional agriculture sector

Importance of Fisheries: Employment

Importance of Fisheries: Food Trade

The most traded food commodities
In 2012, about 200 countries export fishery

products
Fishery trade has expanded considerably

25% in 1976 to 37% in 2012

Since 2002, China has been the largest
exporters

Importance of Fisheries: Food Trade

Developing countries increased their trade share from 34% of world trade

in 1982 to 54% in 2012.

For many developing countries, fisher trade represents a significant source
of foreign currency earning.
Developed countries continue to dominate world imports of fish and
fishery products.

Importance of Fisheries: Food Security

Fishery products play a critical role in nutritional needs of people.
Rich in micronutrients, minerals, essential fatty acids and proteins
A portion of 150 g of fish can provide about 50-60% of an adults daily
protein requirements.

Importance of Fisheries: Food Security

2.9 billion people receive more than 20% of animal protein from fisheries.
Protein availability has risen overall, but his increase has not been equally
distributed.
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Fishery Item Share of Total Food Budget

Utilization of Fishery Production

1. Consumption as food (86% in 2012)

Live, fresh or chilled (46% in 2012)

2. Fishery products as non-food uses

Used for animal feeding
Fishing as a source of leisure activities

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Global Fishery Production

1. Capture fisheries production

2. Aquaculture production or fish farming
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Global Fishery Production and Utilization

Growth in the last five decades with the average annual rate of 3.2%

Outpacing world population growth at 1.6%

World per capita fish consumption increased from 9.9 kg in 1960s to 19.2kg in 2012
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Fishery Production by Country

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China is the largest producer!

In 2006, 47.5 (33.8%) million tonnes of reported fishery
production including 16.9 (17.8%) and 30.6 (67.2%) million
tonnes from capture fisheries and aquaculture, respectively.

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Food Fish Supply by Region

China: 35.1 kg in 2010

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Fishery Food Supply in the World and China

What Is Aquaculture Production?

Aquaculture production or fish farming
The cultivation of fish or shellfish, algae and other aquatic
organisms

The earliest records of fish farming date back thousands of years to

China where carp, a freshwater species, was raised in ponds.

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Aquaculture Production
Aquaculture is the fastest growing
sector of the world food economy
increasing by more than 10% per year
for most species
by weight, increasing from 3.9% of total
fishery production in 1970 to 42.2% in
2012

Unevenly distributed around the

globe both in volume and value
terms
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Aquaculture Production by Region and Country

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Aquaculture Production in Future

Aquaculture continues to grow more rapidly than all other
animal food-producing sectors.

However, there are signs that the rate of growth for global
aquaculture may have peaked, although high growth rates may
continue for some regions and species.

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Criticisms of Aquaculture Production

1. Aquaculture feeds
2. Aquaculture waste
3. Diseases and parasites
4. Interactions between wild and
farmed fish

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Capture Fisheries Production

Top Ten Countries

in 2006
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Capture fisheries includes inland and marine

capture fisheries

- Inland
- Marine
Total
capture

2002 2005 2006 2010

(Million Tonnes)
8.8
9.3
10.1 11.3
84.5 84.5 81.9 77.8
93.3 93.8 92.0 89.1

2011

2012

11.1
82.6
93.7

11.6
79.7
91.3

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Inland Capture
Fisheries

Continual upward trend

Important in Africa
one-third of total capture fisheries production comes from inland waters
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Marine Capture
Fisheries

11 of them are in Asia

Most of these Asian counties have shown considerable increases in marine
catches in the last 10 years, except Japan and Philippines
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Status of Marine Fishery Resources

State of exploitation of the world marine fishery in 2006

Recovering: 1%
Depleted: 8%
Overexploited: 19%
Fully exploited: 52%
Moderately exploited: 18%
Underexploited: 2%
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Trend of the Global Marine Stocks

In the years of 1974 -2011

10% - 28.8% in overfished
50% - 61.3% in fully fished
40% - 9.9% in underfished
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Status of Marine Fisheries

a historical perspective

Marine Capture Fisheries Production

Principal marine fisheries
areas in 2006

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Marine Capture Fisheries Production

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Nearshore ecosystems are the most productive

fishing areas

MILLER. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections and Solutions Brooks / Cole

Trend in Mean Depth of Catch Since 1950

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Increased Fish Harvest from High Seas Areas since 1950

High seas areas lie outside of the Exclusive Economic

Zone of any country (>200 miles)

Rapid Depletion of Fisheries for 9 oceanic (a-i) and 4

continental shelf (j-m) ecosystems

Data from Myers and Worm (2003)

Marine Capture Fisheries

2002
- Inland
- Marine
Total
capture

8.8
84.5
93.3

2005 2006 2010

(Million Tonnes)
9.3
10.1 11.3
84.5 81.9 77.8
93.8 92.0 89.1

2011

2012

11.1
82.6
93.7

11.6
79.7
91.3

Status of Marine Capture Fisheries

Marine capture fisheries are in a state of decline.
Causes: overfishing, illegal fishing, fishing technique, habitat
loss and other environmental degradation

Impacts: ???
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Some Basic Economic Ideas

Single Species Fishery
Moderate fishing gives maximum catch
Too much fishing causes extinction or depletion

www.fao.org/docrep/006/x1357e/X1357E03.htm
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Shark Overfishing

Orange Roughy
Distribution: world wide, high concentrations in New Zealand
Found: 700-1000m depth
Life span: slow-growing, long-lived, ~150 years

Some Basic Economic Ideas

Multi-Species Fishery
Total catch approximately constant
Valuable species become extinct or depleted first

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Fisheries Collapses

Atlantic cod
Atlantic salmon
Pacific sardine
Haddock
Atlantic halibut
Peruvian anchovy

Collapse of the Atlantic Cod Fishery

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Some Basic Economic Ideas

Economics of Multi-Species Fishery
Moderate fishing gives maximum profit
Too much fishing may give zero profit

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Fishing Methods and Sustainability of Fishery Production

Fishery production is affected by the critical issue of

how to capture fishes.

Fishing methods
Trawling
Angling
Kite fishing
Explosive fishing
Cormorant fishing
Poison fishing

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Fish nets

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Torch Light Net

Set Net

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Gill Net

Binding Net

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Trawling Net

Purse Seiner

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Trawling

Bottom trawling
Midwater trawling

Before and After Trawling

Bycatch (or bykill) Problem:

animals unintentionally killed during harvest of the target

species
Trawling: Bycatch trawling is very high (125 to 830% of
the catch is discarded as bycatch), turtles often caught in
trawls.

Angling

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Pole and Lines Boots

Longline Fishing

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Squid Jigging

Spear Fishing

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Kite Fishing

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Cormorant Fishing

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Explosive Fishing (dynamite fishing )

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Poison Fishing (Cyanide Fishing)

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Electrofishing

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Ice fishing

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The Fishless Seas

Because of overfishing, illegal fishing and

unsustainable fishing methods, the total catch of the
Philippines has declined by 90% over the last 50 years.

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How to solve the problem of overfishing?

1. Input controls

limiting the number of participants

Restricting season length
Closing fishing areas as marine protected areas
Restricting types and amount of gear

2. Output controls
Total Allowable Catch (TAC)

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How to Stop Illegal Fishing

Strengthening governance at national, regional and global levels
Sharing expertise and information
Providing coordination and cooperation
Equipping with new and advanced technologies

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High-tech in Stopping Illegal Fishing

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, ?
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Should we stop eating shark fins?

Hong Kong imported more than 9,300 tonnes of dried and

frozen shark fins last year.

It is estimated that the city accounts for 50 per cent to 80 per
cent of the global trade.

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Conclusion

People depend upon fisheries for food, income &

livelihood.

Sustainable fishery production is important.

Reference:
FAO (2014), The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Opportunities and Challenges,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome

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