1 INTRODUCTION
OVER VIEW OF THE PROJECT
Let us imagine how amazing it would be if the street lights are controlled by IR
sensor systems. Yes, it is possible by using Embedded System Technology. Its a quite
simple task, i.e. when a person enter at the road then, the IR sensors detect the person and
street light glows automatically and gets OFF when the person cross the light. The delay
is set by using microcontroller. The design of the project is IR sensor Based STREET
LIGHT THAT GLOWS ON VEHICLE MOVEMENT does this for us.
We have designed the modern street light controllers, in which the light gets ON
automatically when the object or vehicle travels in that path, and once the object crosses
the light the present and preceding light gets ON automatically and the first light gets
OFF automatically. The object in a particular path is sensed by an IR (infrared radiation).
Each IR is connected to microcontroller AT89S52 through a potentiometer in order to set
the delay of the lights glow. This can be practically applied to street light by just
connecting outputs of microcontroller to receiving IR sensor photodiodes. The output of
IR receivers is connected to light.
The program is developed and written in KEIL IDE. First of all, the program is
debugged and tested. By using Micro Flash burner /loader /programmer, we can
dump/load the program into the chip.
Purpose
The main aim of designing this project is to save the power in the areas which are
not used frequently. Instead of glowing the street lights continuously for the whole nights
in the areas where there is very less traffic we can use the street light controllers which
saves maximum power.
maintain
complex
street
lighting system more economically, various street light control systems are
developed.
These
systems
are
developed
to
control
and reduce
energy
town's public lighting system using different technologies. The Proposed work is to
control switching of street light automatically according to light intensity to develop
flow based dynamic control statistics using infrared
maintain
detection
technology
and
the latest technology for the sources of light as LED Lamps instead of generally
used
street lamps such as High Pressure Sodium Lamps, etc. The LED technology
SENSOR UNIT
CONTROLUNIT
WORKING
The circuit is quite simple to design as well as to understand the working of it.
The working of the circuit involves the conversion of AC supply to DC supply and this
DC supply is so regulated to the voltage required by the circuit. Then the control circuit
does the required operation as per the commands given to it. The required output can be
observed by the behavior of IR sensors. This is about the external working of the design.
The actual working involves as follows. Firstly a supply of 220vAC is given to the
circuit. This is given in order to use the equipment directly for AC application and the use
of battery is neglected. This voltage is stepped down to 12V AC by using a step down
transformer and is fed to bridge rectifier in order to convert it to DC.As the voltage
required to drive the circuit is only 5v DC, the 12V DC is regulated to 5V Dc by using a
voltage regulator (7805).This 5v Dc is required to run the microcontroller.
In the present deign there are eight IR sensors used for simple demonstration. The
supply is given to IC LM324, which contains in built OP-AMPs (four).The code is
written in such a way that the IC LM324 is used in inverting mode. And each IR sensor is
connected to micro-controller through a potentiometer in order to set the delay of the
lights glow. This can practically applied to street light by just connecting outputs of
microcontroller to transistors with help of the Darlington arrays to drive the IR receiver.
These transistors outputs are then given to the required LEDS. And once the vehicle
crosses a light the present and preceding light gets ON automatically and the first light
gets OFF automatically because of the delay given to it by the potentiometer. The LEDs
are used in the design in order check the order/patter of the street lights connected.
IR sensors
Crystal oscillator
Variable Resistor
IC LM324
LED
BC547
Conversion of one form of electrical power to another desired form and voltage,
typically involving
converting AC line
voltage
to
well-regulated
lower-
voltage DC for electronic devices. Low voltage, low power DC power supply units
are commonly integrated with the devices they supply, such as computers and
household electronics.
Batteries.
Solar power.
Generators or alternators.
230V AC MAINS
TRANSFORMER
BRIDGE RECTIFIER(DIODES)
CAPACITOR
RESISTOR
follows:
10
Change the AC supply frequency. However, transformers are components of the systems
that perform all these functions.
A simple transformer consists of two electrical conductors called the primary
winding and the secondary winding. If a time-varying voltage
primary winding of
is applied to the
(MMF). Just as an electromotive force (EMF) drives current around an electric circuit, so
MMF drives magnetic flux through a magnetic circuit. The primary MMF produces a
varying magnetic flux.
By cooling type (air cooled, oil filled, fan cooled, water cooled, etc.)
11
Step-up
12
through the load resistor, accomplishing full wave rectification. While one set of diodes
is forward biased, the other set is reverse biased and effectively eliminated from the
circuit.
DB107
Now -a -days Bridge rectifier is available in IC with a number of DB107. In our
project we are using an IC in place of bridge rectifier.
IN4007 Diode
These diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier
or full wave rectifier. Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of diode.
1.
2.
3.
13
Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another. Besides this diode
of more capacity can be used in place of diode of low capacity but diode of low
capacity cannot be used in place of diode of high capacity for example, in place of
IN4002; IN4001 or IN4007 can be used but IN4001 or IN4002 cannot be used in
place of IN4007.The diode BY125made by company BEL is equivalent of diode
from IN4001 to IN4003. BY 126 is equivalent to diodes IN4004 to 4006 and BY
127 is equivalent to diode IN4007.
3.1.3 Filtration
The process of converting a pulsating direct current to a pure direct current using
filters is called as filtration.
Filters
Electronic filters are electronic circuits, which perform signal-processing
functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to
enhance wanted ones.
14
Capacitors
The Capacitor or sometimes referred to as a Condenser is a passive device, and
one which stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field which produces a potential
(static voltage) across its plates. In its basic form a capacitor consists of two parallel
conductive plates that are not connected but are electrically separated either by air or by
an insulating material called the Dielectric. When a voltage is applied to these plates, a
current flows charging up the plates with electrons giving one plate a positive charge and
the other plate an equal and opposite negative charge this flow of electrons to the plates is
known as the Charging Current and continues to flow until the voltage across the plates
(and hence the capacitor) is equal to the applied voltage Vcc. At this point the capacitor is
said to be fully charged and this is illustrated below. The construction of capacitor and an
electrolytic capacitor are shown in figures 3.9 and 3.10 respectively.
automatic
protection
from
excessive
current(overload
protection)
and
overheating(Thermal protection).
Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs have three leads and look like power
transistors, such as the 7805 +5v, 1A regulator shown below.
Description
The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three- terminal positive regulator are
available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making
them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting,
thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible
.if adequate heat sinking is provided; they can deliver over 1A output current. Although
designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
Features
16
No external component
Applications
Resistors
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its
terminals that is proportional to the electric current passing through it in accordance with
Ohm's law:
V = IR
Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the current (I)
through it where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R).
Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Resistors can be made to control the flow of
current, to work as Voltage dividers, to dissipate power and it can shape electrical waves
when used in combination of other components. Basic unit is ohms.
17
Features
18
Watchdog Timer
Pin Diagram
19
BLOCK DIAGRAM
20
Pin Description
VCC
Supply voltage.
GND
Ground.
Port0
Port 0is an 8-bitopendrain bidirectional I/O port. As an
output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When1s are
written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance
inputs.
Port0can also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and
data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. External pullups are required during program verification.
Port1
Port1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.
When 1s are written to Port1 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port1 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the internal pull-ups.
In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the
timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively.
Port1 also receives the low-order address bytes during
Flash programming and verification.
Port2
Port2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull21
ups. The Port2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.
When 1s are written to Port2 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port2 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the internal pull-ups.
Port2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from
external program memory and during accesses to external data
memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX@DPTR). In this
application, Port2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s.
During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses
(MOVX@RI), Port2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function
Register.
Port2 also receives the high-order address bits and some
control signals during Flash programming and verification.
Port3
Port3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.
When 1s are written to Port3 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port3 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the pull-ups.
Port3 receives some control signals for Flash programming
and verification.
22
Port Pin
Alternate Functions
P3.0
P3.1
P3.2
P3.3
P3.4
P3.5
P3.6
P3.7
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles
while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives
high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The
DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable
this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH
out feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching
the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory.
This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash
programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant
rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external
timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is
skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired,
PSEN
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external
program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from
external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine
cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each
access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable (EA) must be strapped to GND in
order to enable the device to fetch code from external program
memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however,
that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on
reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program
executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable
voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.
Xtal1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the
internal clock operating circuit.
Xtal2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
24
25
MEMORY ORGANIZATION
MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory.
Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed.
PROGRAM MEMORY
If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external
memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses
0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H
through FFFFH are to external memory.
DATA MEMORY
The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes
occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the
upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate
from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH,
the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper
26
128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access the
SFR space.
For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at
location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV 0A0H, #data Instructions that use indirect addressing
access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing
instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than
P2 (whose address is 0A0H). MOV @R0, #data Note that stack operations are examples
of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.
27
98xTOSC, where TOSC = 1/FOSC. To make the best use of the WDT, it should be
serviced in those sections of code that will periodically be executed within the time
required to prevent a WDT reset.
UART
The UART in the AT89S52 operates the same way as the UART in the
AT89C51andAT89C52.
28
These are infrared LEDs; the light output is not visible by our eyes. They can be
used as replacement LEDs for remote controls, night vision for camcorders, invisible
beam sensors, etc.
Infrared LEDs are ideal light sources for use with night vision goggles,
surveillance cameras, and medical imaging, recognition and calibration systems.
29
Photo diode
A photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either
current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation.
Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be
either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical
fiber connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many diodes
designed for use specifically as a photodiode will also use a PIN junction rather than the
typical PN junction.
Principle of operation
A photodiode is a PN junction or PIN structure. When a photon of sufficient
energy strikes the diode, it excites an electron thereby creating a mobile electron and a
positively charged electron hole. If the absorption occurs in the junction's depletion
region, or one diffusion length away from it, these carriers are swept from the junction by
the built-in field of the depletion region. Thus holes move toward the anode, and
electrons toward the cathode, and a photocurrent is produced.
Photovoltaic mode
When used in zero bias or photovoltaic mode, the flow of photocurrent out of the
device is restricted and a voltage builds up. The diode becomes forward biased and "dark
current" begins to flow across the junction in the direction opposite to the photocurrent.
30
This mode is responsible for the photovoltaic effect, which is the basis for solar cellsin
fact, a solar cell is just an array of large photodiodes.
Photoconductive mode
In this mode the diode is often (but not always) reverse biased. This increases the
width of the depletion layer, which decreases the junction's capacitance resulting in faster
response times. The reverse bias induces only a small amount of current (known as
saturation or back current) along its direction while the photocurrent remains virtually the
same.
Although this mode is faster, the photovoltaic mode tends to exhibit less
electronic noise. (The leakage current of a good PIN diode is so low < 1nA that the
JohnsonNyquist noise of the load resistance in a typical circuit often dominates.)
Materials
The material used to make a photodiode is critical to defining its properties,
because only photons with sufficient energy to excite electrons across the material's band
gap will produce significant photocurrents.
31
Material
Silicon
1901100
Germanium
4001700
Lead sulfide
<1000-3500
Features
Critical performance parameters of a photodiode include:
Responsively
The ratio of generated photocurrent to incident light power, typically expressed in
A/W when used in photoconductive mode. The responsively may also be expressed as a
32
quantum efficiency, or the ratio of the number of photo generated carriers to incident
photons and thus a unit less quantity.
Dark current
The current through the photodiode in the absence of light, when it is operated in
Noise-equivalent power
(NEP) The minimum input optical power to generate photocurrent, equal to the
rms noise current in a 1 hertz bandwidth. The related characteristic detectivity (D) is the
inverse of NEP, 1/NEP; and the specific detectivity () is the detectivity normalized to the
area (A) of the photo detector,. The NEP is roughly the minimum detectable input power
of a photodiode.
When a photodiode is used in an optical communication system, these parameters
contribute to the sensitivity of the optical receiver, which is the minimum input power
required for the receiver to achieve a specified bit error ratio.
Applications
P-N photodiodes are used in similar applications to other photo detectors, such as
photoconductors, charge-coupled devices, and photomultiplier tubes.
33
PRINCIPLE
Transmitter and receiver are incorporated in a single housing. The modulated
infrared light of the transmitter strikes the object to be detected and is reflected in a
diffuse way. Part of the reflected light strikes the receiver and starts the switching
operation. The two states i.e. reflection received or no reflection are used to determine
the presence or absence of an object in the sensing range.
This system safely detects all objects that have sufficient reflection. For objects
with a very bad degree of reflection (matt black rough surfaces) the use of diffuse
reflection sensors for short ranges or with background suppression is recommended.
34
35
Applications of potentiometers
Potentiometers are widely used as user controls, and may control a very wide variety
of equipment functions. The widespread use of potentiometers in consumer electronics
has declined in the 1990s, with digital controls now more common, they remain in many
applications, such as volume controls and as position sensors.
Audio control
One of the most common uses for modern low-power potentiometers is as audio
control devices. Both linear pots (also known as "faders") and rotary potentiometers
36
(commonly called knobs) are regularly used to adjust loudness, frequency attenuation and
other characteristics of audio signals.
Television
Potentiometers were formerly used to control picture brightness, contrast, and color
response. A potentiometer was often used to adjust "vertical hold", which affected the
synchronization between the receiver's internal sweep circuit (sometimes a multivibrator)
and the received picture signal.
Transducers
Potentiometers are also very widely used as a part of displacement transducers
because of the simplicity of construction and because they can give a large output signal.
Computation
In analog computers, high precision potentiometers are used to scale intermediate
results by desired constant factors, or to set initial conditions for a calculation.
3.6 ICLM324
A single sided supply op-amp is one where the input and output voltages can be
as low as the negative power supply voltage instead of needing to be at least two volts
above it. The result is that it can operate in many applications with the negative supply
pin on the op-amp being connected to the signal ground, thus eliminating the need for a
separate negative power supply.
The LM324 (released in 1972) was one such op-amp that came in a quad package
and became an industry standard. In addition to packaging multiple op-amps in a single
package, the 1970s also saw the birth of op-amps in hybrid packages. These op-amps
were generally improved versions of existing monolithic op-amps and were without a
doubt the best op-amps available. As the properties of monolithic op-amps improved, the
37
more complex hybrid ICs were quickly relegated to systems that are required to have
extremely long service lives or other specialty systems.
38
DESCRIPTION
The LMV321, LMV358, and LMV324/LMV324S are single, dual, and quad lowvoltage (2.7 V to 5.5 V) operational amplifiers with rail-to-rail output swing. The
LMV324S, which is a variation of the standard LMV324, includes a power-saving shut
down feature that reduces supply current to a maximum of 5 A per channel when the
amplifiers are not needed. Channels 1 and 2 together are put in shutdown, as are channels
3 and 4. While in shutdown, the outputs actively are pulled low.
The LMV321, LMV358, LMV324, and LMV324S are the most cost-effective
solutions for applications where low-voltage operation, space saving, and low cost are
needed. These amplifiers were designed specifically for low-voltage (2.7 V to 5 V)
operation, with performance specifications meeting or exceeding the LM358 and LM324
devices that operate from 5 V to 30 V. Additional features of the LMV3xx devices are a
common-mode input voltage range that includes ground, 1-MHz unity-gain bandwidth,
and 1-V/s slew rate.
The LMV321 is available in the ultra-small DCK (SC-70) package, which is
approximately one-half the size of the DBV (SOT-23) package. This package saves space
on printed circuit boards and enables the design of small portable electronic devices. It
39
also allows the designer to place the device closer to the signal source to reduce noise
pickup and increase signal integrity.
3.7 LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as
indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as
a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light,
but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared
wavelengths, with very high brightness. The internal structure and parts of a led are
shown in figure 3.22
Working
The structure of the LED light is completely different than that of the light bulb.. The
light-emitting semiconductor material is what determines the LED's color. The LED is
based on the semiconductor diode. When a diode is forward biased (switched on),
electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form
of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the
40
semiconductor. An LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical
components are used to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection.
42
STARTUP CODE
Configuring startup code can be one of the most frustrating aspects of embedded
software development.
43
The Vision IDE automatically includes the appropriate startup code (based on the
device you select) and provides a known foundation from which to start.
The Configuration Wizard helps you set startup options for your target hardware
using familiar dialog controls.
OPTION SETTINGS
Vision lets you set the options for all files in a target, a group, or even a single source
file.
44
Click the Options for Target button on the toolbar to change the project options for
the currently selected target.
In the Project Workspace, you may right-click the target, group, or source file to open the
options dialog specific to that item.
The Device tab allows you to select the device for this target.
The Target tab allows you to specify the memory model and memory parameters.
You may enter the external (or off-chip) memory address ranges under External
Memory. When you start a new project, you typically only need to setup the options
on this tab.
The Output tab allows you to specify the contents of the output files generated by
the assembler, compiler, and linker.
The Listing tab allows you to configure the contents of the listing files.
45
The C/C++, Asm, and Linker tabs allow you to enter tool-specific options and
display the current tool settings.
The Utilities tab configures Flash memory programming for your target system
Vision may or may not prompt you to include the startup code for your selected
Microcontroller. In either case, you must configure the appropriate startup code to match
your target hardware configuration.
Fig4.6(a)
Fig4.6(b)
Simulator-RealView Target
The Simulator-Realview target uses the RealView compilation tools for ARM while the
Simulator-CARM target uses the Keil compilation tools for ARM.
46
Each target has its own tool configuration settings. Files and groups may be included or
excluded as needed for startup or other target-specific source code
Click the Setup Editor Button to manage the targets maintained in your project.
Each Target has its own option settings and output file name that you may define.
You may create one Target for testing with the simulator and another Target for a
release version of your application that will be programmed into Flash ROM.
Within Targets, you may have one or more file Groups which allow you to
associate source files together. Groups are useful for grouping files into functional
blocks or for identifying engineers in a software team.
SOURCE FILES
The source files in your Vision project display in a Project Workspace.
Each Project can be configured to generate one or more Targets. Each Target has
its own option settings and output file name that you may define. You may create
47
one Target for testing with the simulator and another Target for a release version of
your application that will be programmed into Flash ROM.
Within a Target, you may have one of more file Groups which allow you to
associate source files together. Groups are useful for grouping files into functional
blocks or for identifying engineers in a software team.
Targets, Groups, Files... which add components to a project. The Local menu in
the Project window allows you to add files to the project.
BUILDINGPROJECTS
Vision includes an integrated make facility that compiles, assembles, and links
your program.
48
assemble the source files in your project and link them together into an absolute,
executable program.
The assembler and compiler automatically generate file dependencies and add them
to the project. File dependency information is used during the make process to build only
those files that have changed or that include other files that have changed.
As Vision compiles and assembles your source files, status information as well
as errors and warnings appear in the Output Window.
To get more information about a particular error message, select the message and
press F1 for full help text.
49
PROJECTWORKSPACES
New in Vision4
Vision4 now supports multi-project workspaces that allow you to work with
multiple projects at the same time.
You create workspaces from the Project Menu. You may include as many project
files as needed to the workspace. You may change the order of projects or add
more at any time.
Click the Manage Workspace button on the toolbar to change the projects
included in the workspace.
50
When working with a workspace, the Project Workspace window displays the
projects included in the workspace.
Vision4 allows you to work in the active project while giving you the ability to view
files and settings in other projects in the workspace.
51
Another powerful feature of project workspaces is that you may now build
multiple projects with a single command.
Click the Batch Build button on the toolbar to build the selected projects in
the workspace in a single operation. The Batch Build Dialog allows you control
over what projects and targets are built.
SOURCE CODE
Each line of code is marked with code coverage indicators that show execution
status for that line.
Hover the mouse pointer over a variable and Vision displays its value.
Other features, like source outlining and breakpoints, are available from the
context menu.
Branches that have been taken are marked with a blue block.
Branches that have been skipped are marked with an orange block.
DISASSEMBLY
The Disassembly Window shows mixed high-level source code and its associated
assembler code.
Each instruction is marked with code coverage indicators that show execution
status.
Branches that have been taken are marked with a blue block.
Branches that have been skipped are marked with an orange block.
53
RUN/STOP
Starting and stopping program execution may be controlled using commands you
enter in the Output Window or using buttons on the toolbar.
Click the Run button on the toolbar to begin executing your target program in
the Vision debugger.
In the Output Window, type g,label to execute program code and stop when label
is reached.
54
5.1 FLOWCHART
55
5.2 RESULT
56
Streets
Tunnels
Main roads
Low cost
Highly reliable
If the system has traffic speed sensor then this could be used to manage traffic.
With the added intelligence in the lamp, you can add further features to increase
HID lamp life, such as softer start-up and protection against re-igniting an already
hot HID lamp, since this shortens the lamp life
57
CONCLUSION
The
project
STREET
LIGHT
THAT
GLOWS
ON
VEHICLE
58
BIBILIOGRAPHY
8051MICROCONTROLLERKENNETH J.AYALA,PENRAN INTERNATIONAL.
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS- D.V. PRASAD.
LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS ROY CHOWDARY
[1] Alzubaidi, S. Soori, P.K., "Study on energy efficient street lighting system
design," Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEDCO) Melaka,
Malaysia, 2012 IEEE International , vol., no., pp.291,295, 6-7 June 2012, doi:
10.1109/PEOCO.2012.6230877
[2] Denardin, G.W. Barriquello, C.H.; Campos, A.; Pinto, R.A.;Dalla Costa, M.A.; do
Prado, R.N.; , "Control network for modern street lighting systems," Industrial
Electronics (ISIE), 2011 IEEE International Symposium on , vol., no., pp.1282-1289,
27-30 June 2011 doi:10.1109/ISIE.2011.5984343
[3] Chunguo Jing; LiangchaoRen; DeyingGu; , "Geographical routing for WSN of
street lighting monitoring and control system," Computer Design and Applications
(ICCDA), 2010 International Conference on , vol.3, no., pp.V3-235-V3-238, 25-27
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