UNIT IV

DIRECTING

AGENDA
LEADERSHIP
LEADERSHIP QUALITIES
LEADERSHIP STYLES
THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP
COMMUNICATION
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
BARRIER IN COMMUNICATION
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION AND IT
LEADERSHIP
Leadership is an integral part of the management
and plays a vital role in managerial operation.
George R. Terry has defined, Leadership is the
activity of influencing people to strive willingly for
group objectives
Nature of Leadership
Leadership is a relationship between two or
more people in power are unevenly distributed.
A leader must have followers. Leadership does
not flourish in vacuum.
It is also a psychological process. It is an
complex and multi-dimensional in character.
Leadership is an function of the leader, the
follower and other situational variable. L=f(l,f,s).
Leaser guides his followers to achieve the goals
of the organisation.
Importance of leadership
1.
Motivating employees.
2.
Leader develops team work.
3.
Better utilization of Manpower.
4.
Creating confidence of followers.
5.
Directing group activities.
6.
Building morale.
7.
Maintaining discipline.
Leadership qualities
Leaders are born not made.
1.
Honesty.
2.
Confidence.
3.
Patience.
4.
Focus.
5.
Dedication.
6.
consistency.
7.
Motivate others.
8.
Effective communication.
9.
Multiplicity of Roles.
10.
Individuality.
11.
Personal Dignity.
Leadership styles
The behaviour exhibited by a leader during
supervision of followers is known as leadership
style.
It can be classified into three types on the
basic of how leader uses their power such as
1. Autocratic Leadership.
2. Participative.
3. Free rein.
Autocratic or Dictatorial Leadership
The leader takes all decision by himself without
consulting subordinates.
The subordinates have to follow his directions
without any question.
The leader use threats and punishments to get work
from the subordinates.
Cnts.

Types of autocratic leaders.

1.
Strict Autocrat: the leader follows autocratic
styles in a strict sense. He follows the negative
motivation.
2.
Benevolent Autocrat: the leader follows
autocratic styles but his motivation style positive.
3.
Incompetent Autocrat: leader adapts
autocratic leadership style just to hide hid/her
inabilities. But it cannot be used for long time.
Cnts..
Advantages of Autocratic.
I.
It facilitates quick decision-making.
II.
Highest productivity.
III.
Less competent subordinates are
need at lower level.
IV.
It can yield the positive outcome
under conditions of stress.
Limitations
I.
Employee morale will be low.
II.
Absence of leader will affect the
output heavily
III.
One-way communication without
feedback leads to misunderstanding
and communications breakdown.
Participative or democratic leadership
The subordinates are consulted and their feedback
is taken into decision making process.
Therefore, the authority is decentralized, the
participative leader attaches high importance to
both work and people.
Cnts.
Advantages of democratic leadership.
I.
The subordinates are motivated by
participation in decision-making process.
II.
Absence of leader does nor affect the
output.
III.
The quality of decision is improved.
Limitations
I.
Its time-consuming and may result in delays
in decision-making.
II.
If subordinates are lazy and avoid work,
then controlling them is difficult.
III.
It cannot be successfully applied at lower
level of management and production
activity.
Free rein leadership
In this type, a complete freedom is given to
the subordinates so that they plan, motivates,
control and otherwise, be responsible for their own
actions.
The authority is completely decentralized.
Cnts..
Advantages of Free-rein leadership.
1. Positive effect on job satisfaction
and moral of subordinates.
2. It creates on environmental of
freedom, individuality as well as the
team-spirit.
3. Full utilization of the potential of
subordinates
Limitations
1. Lack of discipline.
2. Lowest Productivity.
3. No control and co-ordination.
4. Some members may put their own
interests above the group and team
interests.
communication

Communication is the process of passing of

information from one person to another person.

It should always be clear and understood by

the person who receives information.

communication is the number one tool in

the organisation.

It is the most powerful tool and significant

characteristic of man-kind.

Nothing will happen without

communication.
Communication cnts.
Importance of communication.
For ensuring good coordination, communication is
must.
Most of the problem for human occur due to lack or
insufficient communication.
Communication is the process of initiating,
transmitting and receiving information.
Among these three stages, if any one lacks,
definitely it will lead to misunderstanding of
concept.
Purpose of communication
Need for communication.
1. To establish and spread goals of an
enterprise widely.
2. To develop plan for further achievement.
3. To organize human and other resources in
the most effective and efficient way.
4. To select, develop and apprise the members
of the organisation.
5. To control and maintain the uniform
performance throughout.
Flow chart represents the communication
relation
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
The five important elements in the process of
communication are.
1. Sender
2. Communication channels
3. Symbols
4. Receiver
5. Noise and Feedback in communication
Communication Models
Communication flow in the organisation
Normally, communication flows in three directions.
1. Downward communication
2. Upward communication
3. Horizontal or Lateral communication
Downward communication
Higher level -------(information)----- Lower level.
Ex. Instructions, speeches, meetings, memos, letter,
policy statement.
Upward communication
Flow from subordinates to superior
This is mainly applicable for participative and
democratic organisation.
Ex. Suggestion, appeal and grievances, complaints,
group meeting etc.
Horizontal or lateral communications
The information is passed between same levels of
organisation.
Ex. Mutual consultants, routine informations,
discussions etc.
Communication network
The communicating networks are as follows.
1. Simple chain
2. Wheel
3. Circular
4. Free flow

5.

Inverted V
Communication n/w s. cnts.
Methods of communication
Generally, communication can be broadly classified
into two types as follows.
i.
Formal communication
ii.
Informal communication
Formal communication
It is also named as Through proper channel.
It regulates the flow of communication and it
ensures smooth, accurate and timely passing of
information.
Its provide an effective functioning of an
organisation.
i.
(i). Written communication.
ii.
(ii). Oral communication.
Written communication.
The passing of information in writing is done from
one person to another. Ex. Circulars, posters etc.
Advantages
i.
It provides a permanent record for further
reference.
ii.
It is very suitable for lengthy messages.
iii.
It is verifiable.
iv.
Disadvantages
v.
The process is slow.
vi.
Feedback is not known immediately.
vii.
It requires skill and education for
understanding.
viii.
Oral communication
Ex. Face to face in meeting or by telephone, MMS,
Video conferencing etc.
Advantages
i.
Doubts are clarified immediately.
ii.
Feedback is immediately known.
iii.
It is the quick and effective method.
iv.
Disadvantages
v.
There is no permanent record of the
communication.
vi.
It is not suitable for lengthy messages.
Informal communication
People who know each other in the organisation talk
together informally.
They normally talk about the happenings in the
organisation
The informal communication are carried out as
follows.
i.
Work related
ii.
People related
Informal communication cnts..
This informal communication exits outside the
official network but continually interacts with the
formal communication.
Structure less and information pass through all
directions.
Characteristics:
i.
Mostly oral.
ii.
Reaches people faster
iii.
Mostly, found to be accurate
Advantages:
i.
More flexible and much faster
ii.
Much freer to lead less distortion
Barriers to effective communication
The massage sent by the sender to the
receiver which may not be effectively understood by
the receiver in the same sense.
Some problems may arise in its encoding
and decoding or communication channel.
Classification:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Physical barriers
Socio-psychological or personal barriers
Organisational barriers
Semantic barriers
Mechanical barriers
Rules for effective communication.
The information should be simple and clear.
The information should be in known language to the
receiver.
The sender should use correct communication
channel.

In written communication, principle of line authority

should be followed.
The information should contain all adequate data.
Communication should be sent and reached timely.
Communication and it
Information technology integrate with organisation.
Computers,
Laptops, mail,
Mobile phones,
Mobile banking.