concrete
uses
binders,
such
as
epoxies
(glues),
1.
Basics
Polymer cement comes in a variety of colors; tan and gray
are the most common. For large projects, this material is usually
sold as a liquid, which is then poured into a frame. The material
cures (dries and hardens) fully after seven days.
Polymer cement may be used around the home to patch masonry
work. For smaller projects, it is usually sold at home
improvement stores in a premixed bucket or as a 50-lb. bag of
powder that must be mixed by hand. Polymer concrete has a
liquid working temperature between 60 F and 85 F. The maximum
workable temperature of this type of concrete is 150 F.
2.
Strength
Strength is an important characteristic of concrete, as it is
often used as a structural foundation material. Polymer concrete
has an average compressive strength between 10,000 and
12,000 pounds of pressure per square inch (PSI). Exact
compression strength varies depending upon the brand of
polymer concrete and what type of material is used as a binder.
Compressive strength increases over time. Polymer Methyl
Methacrylate Concrete has compressive strength of 8,000 PSI
after one hour of setting and 12,000 PSI after seven days of
setting.
3.
Corrosion
u
40
0..
;:::
::::l
J..
(f)
0
LJ.J
fe::
LJ.J
<
20
o11
----,,'----:-'-::-----:,-'::-------;;'-;;----=-'::------' 0
0.5 1.0 1.5 20 25
FIBER CONTENT (VI 0/0)
FIG. t. Effect of fiber content on workability.
40
c
a.
;;,
30
w
20
""IVl
W
<
v;
Vl
W
""a.
;;,
0
u
0
COMPRESSIVE STRAIN
FIG. 2. Effect of hooked fiber content on compressive stressstrain curves (28 days).56 Faisa/ Fouad Wafa
o
u
FIBER CONTENT (VI %)
FIG. 3. Effect of hooked fiber content on compressive strength at
different ages.
hooked fiber content on the compressive strength after 7, 28 and
90 days. It is observed that although slight scatter exists, the
percentage of fiber volume content has
practically no influence on the compressive strength of concrete
either at early or
later stage of its life. Table 2 and Fig. 4 present a comparison of
the strength for
hooked and straight fibers which indicates that the fiber types
and content have little
effect on the compressive strength. The results are similar to
those of other investigators[2,31.
TABLE 2. Comparison of strengths using hooked and straight
fibers (7 days) .
-.
Compressive Strength Modulus of Rupture Split Tensile Streng~h
Vr
20
"Z
!AI
D'
15 FLEXURAL STRENGTH ...
'" (MODULUS OF RUPTURE)
10 OS -0- - - ....... - - -o-----o-y~ -...- .
=:.::- ---;L1~T1NG STRENGTH
0
I
0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3
FIBER CONTENT (Vf .,.)
FIG. 4. Compressive, flexural and splitting strengths for hooked
and straight fibers (7 days).
Modulus ofElasticity
Figure 2 shows that the initial slope of the stress-strain curve is
practically the same
for all mixes and equal to 31,900 MPa compared to 30,400 MPa
obtained using the
ACI formula. This indicates that the modulus of elasticity does not
change much by
the addition of fibers.
Flexural Test Modulus ofRupture
Sixty concrete beams (100 x 100 x 350mm) were tested in
flexure (ASTM C7875) after 7, 28 and 90 days. Figures 5 and 6 show the loaddeflection curves for
hooked and straight fibers with different volume content. The
load-deflection curve
for plain as well for fibrous concrete is linear up to point A (Fig. 5)
and the strength
at A is called the first cracking strength. For plain concrete
beams, cracking immediately leads to failure. Beyond point A, the
curve is non-linear due to the presence of fibers and reaches the
ultimate strength at B. After reaching the peak value,
the flexural strength drops and attains a steady value of 60 to 70
percent of the peak58
c
>
g
30
20
10
B
I
:1.8 mm
I
I
I
I
I
Faisal Fouad Wafa
oL---1Lo-----.l2Lo------:-3~.0---4~.-::0---:5~0-;::-------;6:-'0;;------:7~0~--;;-'80
DEflECT ION(mm)
FIG. 5. Load-deflection curves for hooked fibers.
30
_ 20
z
"'
Cl
'"9
10
o0
1.0
I1.Bmm
I
I
30 40 5.0 6.0 70
5%
8.0
DELECTION (mm)
FIG. 6. Load-deflection curves for straight fibers.Properties and
ApplicatiollS ofFiber Reinforced COllcrele 59
value in the case of hooked fibers. For straight fibers, the flexural
strength goes on
dropping until failure, showing continous slippage of the straight
fiber. This behaviour can be explained as follows. For the fibrous
concrete, once cracks are initiated, the fibers start working as
crack arresters. Use of fiber produces more closely
spaced cracks and reduces crack width. Additional energy is
required to extend the
cracks and debond the fibers from the matrix. The deformed ends
of the hooked fibers contributed significantly to the increase in
the bond between fiber and matrix and
extra energy is required for straightening the deformed ends
before a complete debonding can take place.
Figure 7 shows the effect of hooked fiber content on flexural
strength after 7, 28
and 90 days. The addition of 1.5 p rcent of hooked fibers gives
the optimum increase
of the flexural strength. It increased the flexural strength by 67
percent, whereas the
addition of 2.0 percent straight fiber gives the optimum increase
of the flexural
strength by 40 percent more than that of the plain concrete
(compared to the 250 percent increase given in literatureI21 u
ing 4 percent fibers). At a high dosage of hooked
fiber (2 percent), the test specimens were difficult to consolidate
and fibers were
probably not randomly distributed. This caused a slight reduction
in strength. Table
2 and Fig. 4 show the comparison between the two fibers.
....
<S:
IX
X
....
....
u.
....
Cl
<S:
IX
....
<
<S:
=7 DAYS
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5 1--1_"-1-1- __
28 DAYS o 90 DAYS
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
FIBER CONTENT (VI % I
FIG. 7. Effect of hooked fiber contenl on flexural .-trength at
L1ilkr<:nl a!!<:,.60 Faisal Fouad Wafa
Splitting TeosHe Strength
Sixty concrete cylinders (150 x 300mm) were tested for splitting
strength (ASTM
C496) after, 7,28 and 90 days. Fig. 8 shows the effect of hooked
fiber addition on the
splitting tensile strength. It is clear that the highest improvement
is reached with 1.5
percent fiber content (57 content more than plain concrete).
Table 2 and Fig. 4 show
the comparison between hooked and straight fibers.
8.--------------------------,
o 7 DAYS 28 DAYS 90 DAYS
7
6
5
...
...
'"z
...
I4
3
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
1
C)
I- 2
::!
....
A.
"'
FIBER CONTENT (Vf 0/0
FIG. 8. Effect of hooked fiber content on splitting tensile strength
at different ages.
Toughness (Energy Absorption)
2600
9
ID
2100 ...
o
aI:
w
1600
(;:
Z
1100
First Crack
o Failure
1747
623
3795
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
FIBER CONTANT (Vf .,.)
FIG. 9. Effect of hooked fiber content on the impact strength.h2
Faisal FOllad Wafa
Conclusion
Based on the test of one hundred and ninety five specimens
made with the available local materials, the following conclusions
can be derived:
1. No workability problem was encountered for the use of hooked
fibers up to 1.5
percent in the concrete mix. The straight fibers produce balling at
high fiber content
and require special handling procedure.
2. Use of fiber produces more closely spaced cracks and reduces
crack width. Fibers bridge cracks to resist deformation.
3. Fiber addition improves ductility of concrete and its postcracking load-carrying capacity.
4. The mechanical properties of FRC are much improved by the
use of hooked
fibers than straight fibers, the optimum volume content being 1.5
percent. While fibers addition does not increase the compressive
strength, the use of 1.5 percent fiber
increase the flexure strength by 67 percent, the splitting tensile
strength by 57 percent, and the impact strength 25 times.
5. The toughness index of FRC is increased up to 20 folds (for 1.5
percent hooked