APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

Plane Areas By Integration

y

y f (x )

Given: y f (x) which is continuous and non-negative on [ a, b] , then the definite integral,

f ( x)dx lim f ( xi )xi

n

i 1

Let [ a, b] be subdivided into n rectangles with points xi & width xi . As the no. of rectangles increase,
xi becomes small & approach zero. The limit of the sum

f ( x ) dx as the number of strips is indefinitely

increased as described in the figure above is the area of the curve y f (x) from x0 a to xi 1 b .
Steps for finding the required area:
1. Make a sketch of the area to be determined, when possible, shade the required area.
2. Draw a vertical(or horizontal) rectangular element of area and express its area as a function of x & dx
( or y & dy).
3. Determine the limits of integration from the figure & integrate to obtain the area. ( Note: there is no negative
area).
4. Make a rough check of the result by estimating the area graphically.
Examples: Find the area enclosed by or bounded by each of the following curves:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

y x 2 , the x-axis, and the lines x 1 and x 3 .

x 8 2 y y 2 , y 1 and y 3 .
y x 3 6 x 2 8 x and the x-axis.
y 2 4 x and y 2 x 4 .
x 2 2ay and y 2a .
y 6 x x 2 and y x 2 2 x .
y x 3 and y 4x 2 .
y 5 2 x x 2 and the chord joining the pts. 2,3 and 3,2 .
y x 2 , y 8 x 2 , and y 4 x 12 .
enclosed by the curve : y 2 x 2 x 4 .
area cut from x 2 y 2 25 by the line x 3 .

2nd quadrant loop of the curve: y 2 x 4 4 x

Transcendental & Other Curves

1. one arch of y x cos x from x 0 to x

19

2.
3.
4.

y e x , y e x , x 0 , and x 2 .
y ln x , y 0 , x e and x 2e .
xy 12 , y 0 , x 1 , and x e 2 .

1
, and y 0 .
1 x2
6. y sin x and y cos x between 2 consecutive pts. of intersection.
7. area of one arch of cycloid x sin , y 1 cos .
5. 1st quadrant of y

8. Derive the formula for area of an ellipse by integration.

Exercises: Find the area enclosed by or bounded by each of the following curves:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

y x2 1 , y x 2 , x 0 , x 1
y x 2 4 x and y x 2 2 x .
y 2 x and x 2 2 x 3 y 2 .
y x 4 2x 2 and y 2x 2 .
x y 2 y and x y .
y 3 x 1 and y x 1 .

4
, y 4 and x 0 .
2 x
2
xy 2 x 1 and the y-axis.
y

9. in quadrant2 under the curve xy 2 e x .

ln x
10. y
, the x-axis, and the maximum ordinate.
x
1

Area in Polar Coordinates

Consider the area AOB bounded by radial lines 1 & 2 & the curve r f ( ) where f ( ) is
continuous and single-valued function. If <AOB is divided into n equal parts d by means of radial lines from O,
the area is divided into n increments of area such as OPQ .Approximating each of the increments by elements of area
in the form of circular sector OPP , then we have

Examples:
Find rhe area bounded by:
1. One leaf of the rose r a cos 2
2. 3- leaved rose r 2 sin 3

1
2

r 2 d

3. Inside the circle r 3 cos and outside the cardiod r 1 cos

4. Lemniscate of Bernoulli r 2 a 2 cos 2

Exercises:
Find rhe area bounded by:
1. r 2 cos 3
2. r 2 2 sin
3. r 12 cos

6. r 2 4 cos 2
7. r 2 cos
8. r 2a sin 2

20

4. The intersection of r 5 sin & r 5 cos

r 2 sin

5. r 4 sin
r a & r a(1 cos )

9. Inside r 5 sin and outside

10. Common area inside both

Length of Arc of a Curve

y

x
The length of arc AB of a curve is by definition the limit of the sum of the length of a set of consecutive
chords AP1 , P1 P2 , P2 P3 ,, Pn 1 B , joining pts. in the arc, when the number of pts. is indefinitely increased
in such a manner that the length of each chord approaches zero.
If A & B are 2 points on the curve y f (x) , where f (x) and its derivative f (x ) are continuous on the
interval a x b , the length of arc AB is given by :

dy

dx

dx if

dx

dt

dy

dt

y f (x )

dx

dy

dy if

x f ( y)

dt when x&y are given in terms of a parameter t and the derivatives

dx
dy
and
dt
dt

are continuous functions in a x b .

Examples:
Find the length of arc of each of the following curves:
1.

y 23 x

from x 0 to x 3

2. x 3y 2 from y 0 to y 4
3

3.

2
x 2 2t 3 2 , y 3 t 1 from t 1 to t 3
3

4. arch of the cycloid x sin , y 1 cos

Exercises:
Find the length of arc of each of the following curves:
3

1. y x 2 from x 0 to x 5
3. y ln cos x from x 0 to x 4
Area of Surface of Revolution

21

If A & B are 2 pts. of the curve y f (x) where f ( x) & f ( x ) and are continuous and f (x ) does not
change sign on the interval a x b , the area of the surface generated by revolving the arc AB about the:
a) x-axis is given by:
S x 2

AB

b) y-axis is given by:[ If A& B are 2 pts of the curve:

x g ( y) ]
S y 2 xds

yds

AB

2 y 1
a

2 y
c

dy 2
dx
dx 2
dy

dx

2 x 1

dy

2 x

dy 2
dx

dx

dx 2
dy

dy

a) if A & B are 2 pts on the curve defined by the parametric equation:

about the x-axis :
t2

S x 2 y
t1

dx 2
dt

dy 2
dt

about the y-axis :

dt

t2

S y 2 x
t1

dxdt 2 dydt 2

dt

Examples:
Find the area of the surface of revolution generated by revolving about:
1. the x-axis, the arc of the parabola y 2 12 x from x 0 to x 3
2. the y-axis, the arc of x y 3 from y 0 to y 1

Exercises:
Find the area of the surface of revolution generated by revolving about:
1. the y-axis, the arc of y 3 x 2 from x 1 to x 8
x2 y2

1
16
4
3. Derive the formula by integration:
a) surface area of sphere
spheroid)

2. the x-axis, half of the ellipse

b) surface area of ellipsoid(prolate

Volume of Solid of Revolution (VSR)

A solid of revolution is generated by revolving a plane area about a line called the axis of revolution/rotation
in the plane. The VSR may be found by using one of the following procedures:
Circular Disc Method

22

Circular Ring or Washer Method

Cylindrical Shell Method

Formulas:
Circular Disc:

Circular Ring:

Using V.E.

Using H.E.

V y 2 dx
a

V x 2 dy

or
2

V ro ri dy

where:
y= radius of disc
dx= thickness

where:
x=radius of disc
dy=thickness

V y h yl dx or V
b

Using V.E.
d

xr

Using H.E.

V ro ri dx
a

or

where:
where:
ro = outer radius of ring
ri = inner radius of ring
dy = thickness
dx = thickness

xl dy
2

Cylindrical Shell:
Using V.E.

Using H.E.

23

V 2 xydx
a

or

V 2 yxdy
c

where:
where:
x = radius of cyl. shell y = radius of cyl. shell
y = height of cyl. shell
x = height of cyl. shell
dy
dx = thickness
= thickness

V 2 x y h yl dx
b

or V 2 c y xr xl dy
d

Examples: Find the volume of solid generated by revolving the area enclosed by or bounded by each of the
following curves about the indicated axis/line:
1. 1st quadrant of y 2 8 x , the latus rectum x 2 ; a) x axis b) y axis
2. y x , the y-axis and y 1 ; a) y 1
b) y 1
2
st
3. 1 Q of y 4 x and y 2 x 4 ; a) y axis
b) x axis
2
2
4. y 6 x x and y x 2 x ; a) OY
b) x 4
2
2
y

4
ax
x

4
ay
x

0
x

4
a
5.
and
; a)
b)
6. y x , y x 1 , x 1 , and y axis ; OY
7. 2nd Q loop of y 2 x 4 (4 x) ; OX

8. y x cos x , from x 0 to x ; OY
2
x
x
9. y e , y e , and x 2 ; x 2 .
10. y ln x , y 0 and x e ; x axis

c) x 2

Exercises: Find the volume of solid generated by revolving the area enclosed by or bounded by each of the
following curves about the indicated axis/line:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

y x 3 1 , the axes, x 3 ; OX

1
, y-axis , y 1 & y 3 ; OY
x
y x 1 and y 2x 2 ; OX
y 2 x and y x 3 ; x 1
x 9 y2 , x 0 ; y 0
y x 2 2 , y x , x 2 , and y axis ; OX
1st Q of y x 2 , y 4 , x 0 ; y axis
2
y 2 x 5 x ; x 5
y sin 1 x , y 0 , and y ; x 0 .
The smaller arc cut by x y 5 from x 2 y 2 25 ; a) OX b) OY c) x 5 .
y

Moment of Mass. Centroids.

The mass of a physical body is the measure of the quantity of matter in it, while the volume of the body is the
measure of the space it occupies. If the mass/unit volume is the same throughout, the body is said to be homogeneous
or have constant density. It is desirable in physics and mechanics to consider a given mass as concentrated at a point,
called its center of mass ( or also the center of gravity) . For a homogeneous body, the point coincides with the
geometric center or the centroid.
Webster Definition

24

Center of Gravity the point through which the resultant of the distributed gravity force passes regardless of the
orientation of the body in space.
Center of Mass (also known as center of gravity) the point at which the whole mass of a body may be considered
to be concentrated.
Centroid - the point within an area or volume at which the center of mass would be if the surface or body had a
uniform density.
Moment of Mass
If a particle of mass m is located at a distance r from a fixed point, line or plane, the product m x r is called
the moment of mass m with repect to the pt., line or plane.
If n particles of masses m 1, m2 , m3 ,..., mn are located at pts.

P1 x1 , y1 , z1 , P2 x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ,...Pn x n , y n , z n respectively, the moment of mass of the system of particles with

respect to the rectangular coordinate planes are:

n

M yz mi xi

M xz mi yi

i 1

M xy mi z i

i 1

i 1

The centroid or center of gravity of the system of particles is defined as the pt. C x , y , z whose
coordinates are:
Mx M yz
Mz M xy
My M xz
,
,
where M denotes the total mass m 1 m2 m3 ... mn

Centroid of Plane Area (C.P.A)

Ax

Steps in Solving C.P.A.

1. Compute for Area.
2. Determine xc and y c .

dA

Using V.E.

Ay

dA

Using H.E.

25

xc x
yc

yc y

y h yl
2

xc

x r xl
2

3. Solve for Ax and Ay .

4. Find C x , y
Examples: Find the centroid of area enclosed by or bounded by each of the following curves:
1. y 2 4 x , x 0 and y 4
5. y 2 sin 3 x from x 0 to x 3
2.
3.
4.

y x 2 and y 2 x 3
x y 2 and x 2 8 y
y x , y x 1 , x 1 and y axis

6. y ln x , x 1 and x e
7. 1st quadrant loop of y 2 x 2 4 x

Exercises: Find the centroid of area enclosed by or bounded by each of the following curves:
1
1. x 2 y y 2 and x 0
5. y
, y 0 , 1 x 4 .
x
2.

y 6 x x 2 and y x 2 2 x

3.
4.

y 2 x 3 and y 2 x
y x 2 4 x 2 and y x 2

8
, y 0 , x 2 , x 2
x 4
7. y e x , y e x , and x 2
6. y

Centroid of Solid of Revolution (C.S.R.)

Vx

dV

Steps in Solving C.S.R.

1. Compute for Volume.
2. Determine xc and y c . (same as in area)
3. Solve for either Vx or Vy .
If axis of rotation is:
y axis
x axis
y 0 , Vx ?

Vy

x k1

x 0 , Vy ?

dV

y k2
x k1 , Vy ?

y k 2 , Vx ?
4. Find C x , y
Examples: Find the centroid of solid of revolution if the area enclosed by or bounded by each of the following
curves is revolved about the indicated axis/line:
1. y x 3 , x 2 and y 0 ; x 2
5. 2nd Q loop of y 2 x 4 (4 x) ; OX
2. y x 2 and y x 2 ; y 4
6. y sin 2 x ; OX
2
st
3. 1 Q of y 4 x ; x 2
7. y e x , y e x , and x 2 ; x 2
4. y x , y x 1 , x 1 and y axis ; OY
8. y ln x , y 0 and x e ; x axis
Exercises: Find the centroid of solid of revolution if the area enclosed by or bounded by each of the following
curves is revolved about the indicated axis/line:
1. y x , y 2 , x 0 ; x axis
2. y x 2 , and y 4 x x 2 ; y 6
3. upper segment of x 2 y 2 25 cut by the line y 3 ; OX
y0

4. 1st Q loop of y 2 x 4 (4 x ) ; OX
5. y cos 2 x , y 0 , x 0 ; OX
6. y e x , y 0 , x 0 and x 1 ;

26

First Theorem of Pappus : The surface area generated by a surface of revolution is equal to the product of the
length of generating arc L to the distance travelled by its centroid.

S LC , S L 2x L

Second Theorem of Pappus : The volume generated by a solid of revolution is equal to the product of the
generating area to the distance travelled by its centroid.

V AC , V A 2x A

Examples:
1. Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the rectangle of dimensions a by b about an axis c
(a,b) units from the centroid.
2. Find the volume of the torus generated by revolving the circle x 2 y 2 36 about the line x 10.
x2 y2
3. Find the volume generated by revolving the area bounded by the ellipse

1 about the line

4
9
x 3.
Fluid Pressure
Pressure (p) = force per unite area =

force acting perpendicular to an area

area over which the force is distributed

The pressure p in a horizontal surface of area A due to a column of fluid height h resting on it is given by
p wh , where w = weight of fluid per unit of volume.
The force on this surface F= pressure x surface area i.e. F whA
The force exerted by a fluid at any pt. within it is equal in all directions.
Force on a Submerged Plane Area

Since the total force F is the limit of the sum of the force-element as

n , it follows by the Fundamental

Theorem that F wc yxdy

The fluid exerted on a plane area submerged vertically in a liquid is equal to the product of the weight of a
unit volume of the liquid, the area submerged and the depth f the centroid of the area below the surface of the liquid.
Examples:
1. Find the force on one face of a rectangle submerged in water as shown in the figure below. Water weighs
62.4 lb/cu.ft.
Surface of water

27

2. Find the force of one face of the triangle shown in the figure below, the units being feet and the liquid
weighing 50 lb/cu.ft.

3. A plate is in the form of a parabolic segment with base 12 ft. and height 4 ft. is submerged in water so that
its base is in the surface of the liquid. Find the force on a face of the plate.
Exercises:
1. A rectangular plate 6 ft. x 8 ft. is submerged vertically in a liquid weighing w lb/cu. Ft. Find the force of
one face if the:
a) shorter side is uppermost and lies in the surface of the liquid.
b) shorter side is uppermost and lies 2 ft. below the surface of the liquid.
c) longer side is uppermost and lies in the surface of the liquid.
2. A triangular plate whose edges are 5, 5 and 8 ft is placed vertically in water with its longest edge
uppermost , horizontal and 3 ft. below the water level. Calculate the force on a side of the plate.
3. A cylindrical tank 6 ft. in radius is lying on its side. If it contains oil weighing w lb/cu.ft. to a depth of 9 ft.,
fin the force on one end.
Work
If the application of a constant force F to a body results in a displacement s in the line of action of the force
F, the force is said to do work on the body amounting in magnitude to the product F s
Constant Force: The work W done by a constant force F acting over a directed distance s along a straight line is
given by: W F s units
Example: Find the work required to raise a 100-lb weight to a height of 4 ft.
Solution: W 100 x5 500 ft lb.
Variable Force: Consider the work done by a variable force acting in the direction of and along a straight line
segment. We assume that the magnitude of the force is a continuous function F(x) of its position x
on the line.
In order to determine the work done by the force as the point of applications moves from x a to x b we
divide the interval into n increments each of length dx. Since the force changes but little in the interval from
x to x dx , we conclude from the definition that the work done is approximately F ( x ) dx.
Thus, by the Fundamental Theorem, n element of work dW may be taken as dW F ( x ) dx

28

The total work done by the variable force from x a to x b is the limit as

elements of work. Hence it follows by the Fundamental Theorem that W

of the sum of the

F ( x ) dx

Work Done by a Spring

Hookes Law states that within the limits of elasticity, the displacement produced in a body is proportional
to the force applied, i.e. F kx where k is the constant of proportionality called the modulus. Thus,
F kx ,

W k xdx
a

Work Done in Pumping a Liquid

The total work done in lifting all or part of the liquid in a container to any point P above its top is :
W

whdV

or

W w hdV
a

Where w = weight /unit volume of the liquid

h = distance of the element from the pt. P.
dV = volume of the solid generated by revolving the element
a & b is determined by the amount of liquid initially in the container.
Examples:
1. Find the total work done if an object is moved along the x-axis from x 1 cm to x 4 cm , with the force
exertedto be F ( x ) x 2 x dynes.
2. A spring has a natural length of 14 cm. If a force of 50 dynes is required to keep the spring stretched to 2
cm., how much work is done in stretching the spring
a) from its natural length to a length of 20 cm?
b) from 16 cm. to 21 cm.?
3. A force of 600 lbs. compresses a spring 3 in. from its natural length of 15 in.
a) Find the work done to compress the spring to a length of 6 in.?
b) Find the work required to compress the spring from a length of 12 in. to 10 in.?
4. A water tank in the shape of an inverted cone is of altitude 15 ft and radius of 10 ft. If the tank is full of
water, find the work done in pumping all the water
a) over the top of the tank
b) to a point 3 ft above the top of the tank
c) to the top of the tank if the tank is filled with water to a height of 8 ft.
5. A hemispherical tank of radius 10 ft. is full of water. Find the work done in pumping the water
a) to the top of the tank.
b) out to a height 2 ft. above the top of the tank.
c) over the top of the tank if the tank is filled with water to a height of 6 ft.
Exercises:
1. Find the work done by the force F ( x ) 2 x 3 in moving a particle along the x-axis from a 1 to b 6 .
2. A spring has a natural length of 10 cm. If 10 dynes of force are required to hold, it stretched cm., how
much work done in stretching it from its natural length to a length of 14 cm?
3. A force of 1200 dynes compresses a spring cm from its natural length of 8 cm. Find the work done in
compressing it from 8 cm. to 6 cm.
4. A tank having the shape of a right circular cylinder of altitude 8 m and radius of the base 2 m is half full of
water. Find the amount of work done in pumping all the water to the top of the tank.
5. A spherical tank of radius 100 ft. is full of gasoline weighing 40 lb/cu ft. How much work is done in
pumping all the gasoline to the level of the top of the tank?

29

Multiple Integrals
Double Integrals

f ( x, y ) dA - the double integral of f ( x, y ) over a region R.

Triple Integrals

f ( x, y , z ) dV - the triple integral of f ( x, y, z ) over a region V.

The procedure of evaluating double/triple integrals in a simpler fashion is called iterated integrals.
Iterated integrals indicates that successive integrations are to be performed in a given order.
Iterated Integrals
In a manner analogous to partial differentiation, a function of 2 independent variables may be integrated with
respect to one variable while holding the other variable constant.

ex.

4x

4x

xy 2
2

xydy

8x 3
0

The process is called partial integration with respect to y. When the limits are functions of x, the integral is a
function of x, and hence the result may in turn be integrated with respect to x.
2

4x

xy 2
xydydx

1 2
b

The expression

y2 ( x )

y1 ( x )

4x

dx
0

8 x 3 dx 2 x 4

2
1

30

f ( x, y ) dydx where a & b are constants is called an iterated integral.

Procedure: 1) integrate f ( x, y ) partially with respect to y and insert the limits for y.

2) evaluate

Similarly,

f ( x ) dx .

x2 ( y )

f ( x, y ) dxdy where c & d are constants is called an iterated integral.

x1 ( y )

Procedure: 1) integrate f ( x, y ) partially with respect to x and insert the limits for x.

2) evaluate

f ( y ) dy .

The expression

y2 ( x )

y1 ( x )

z2 ( x , y )

z1 ( x , y )

f ( x, y , z )dzdydx is called an iterated triple integral.

Examples:
I.
Evaluate each of the following twice iterated integrals:
1.
2.
3.
4.

II.

2y

x 3 ydxdy
e

dy

1
1
1

sin y

dx
x

6.

xdxdy
1 x

5.

e x y dydx

8.

r sin drd
x
dydx
y

tan d sin d
3

x 2

7.

a cos

1 x 1 2

2x x

y 2 dydx

Evaluate each of the following thrice iterated integrals:

30

1.

2.

3.

xy

cos

r cos

ydy

4.

zdzdxdy
2

y2

rdzdrd

dx

ln x

5.

e z dz

6.

d

2

rdr

1 cos

xy

a csc

1 cos

sin d sin 2 d

r 3 dr

zdz

cos xz dzdydx

Exercises:
I.
Evaluate each of the following twice iterated integrals:
a

1.

2.

II.

4.

e y dxdy
a2 y2

dy 0

3.

y2

tan x

dx

x
4

xdxdy

dy
1 y2

y 2 dydx
1

5.

6.

x2

y
xe dydx
0 0
arctan 3 2

2 sec

dd

Evaluate each of the following thrice iterated integrals:

5 x

1.

2.

3.

5 x y

4.

dzdydx

cos y

a2 x2

r 2 sin drdd

5.

r 2 cos dzdrd

6.

sin( y z ) dzdxdy

a x

2 sin

r cos

ydzdydx

rdzdrd

Iterated Integrals By Inversion of Order

Examples:
I.
Evaluate each of the following iterated integrals:
1.

y2

2.

dydx

ydxdy
x y
2

3.

0
y
1

sin x
dxdy
x

Double Integral as a Volume of Solid Bounded by Surfaces

If f ( x , y ) 0 x, y , then the double integral

f ( x , y )dA

represents the volume of the solid S under the surface z f ( x , y ) and above the region R.

31

x
Region R in xy-plane is of two types:
1. Type I Region
A type I region is bounded on the left and right by the lines x = a and x = b and
is bounded below and above by continuous curves y g1 ( x ) and y g 2 ( x ) ,ywhere g1 ( x ) g 2 ( x ) for
a x b.

The volume V is given by

y g2 (x )

V f ( x , y)dA

dy

dx

y g1 ( x )
b

b g (x)

f ( x , y)dydx
a g1 ( x )

2. Type II Region
A type II region is bounded below and above by the lines y = c and y = d and is bounded on the left and right by
continuous curves x h1 ( y ) and x h2 ( y ) , where h1 ( y ) h2 ( y ) for c y d .

The volume V is given by

d
dy

dx

V f ( x , y)dA

x h2 ( y )

x h1 ( y )

d h2 ( y )

f ( x , y)dxdy
c h1 ( y)

Find the volume of the solid bounded by the given surfaces.

1. z 4 x y , x =1, and y = 2 in the first octant.
The sketch of the solid is shown below.

z
y
3

1
dy

1
1

dx

x
Region R

32

The region R is defined by {(x, y) | 0 x 1, 0 y 2}. R can be considered Type I or Type II region. Let us use
Type I as shown in the figure above.

1 2

6x x

(4 x y)dydx 4 y xy 12 y2
0 0
0

V f ( x , y)dA

dx

(8 2x 2)dx

= 6(1) 1 = 5 cu. units

0

If we use Type II region , we have

y

2 1

(4 x y)dxdy
0 0

V f ( x , y)dA

4x 12 x 2 xy dy
0
0

dy
dx

(4 12 y)dy

7
2

y 12

=
0

7
2

Region R

(2) 12 4 5 cu. units

z
2. z 5 , y = x + 4, y = x, z = 0, and x = 0.
The sketch of the solid4 is shown below.

y
33

y= 4x

dy

dx

y= x

x
4

Region R

R is of Type I region and is defined by {(x, y) | 0 x 2, x y 4 x } as shown in the figure above.

V f ( x, y )dA

4x

2 4 x

5dydx 5y dx
0 x
0 x

[(20 5x ) 5x ]dx

20x 5x = 20(2) 5(4) = 20 cu. Units

0 I or II region. Let us choose Type I so that R is defined by
R is either of Type
2

2
0 yy2
2,40 xx in4the
yfirst
} asoctant.
shown in the figure above.
3. {(x,
z y)
4 |and

V f ( x , y)dA
4

2 4 y 2

4dxdy
0 0

4 y2

4x dy y (16 4 y ]dy
0 0
2

64
16 y

8
sq. units
2
3
3
If Type II region will be considered, the volume is given by dy
4
3

2
y3 0

x = 4 y2

32 2 4

2
2

4x

V 4dydx
0 0
y

dx

We can also consider the region R to be in the yz plane so that the volume
RegionisRgiven by either

or

2 4

V (4 y2 )dzdy
0 0
2 4

(from
4 y2 )the
dydzdocument or the
[TypeVaquote
summaryof
0 an
0 interesting point. You

can position the text box anywhere in

the document. Use the Text Box Tools
tabxztoplane.
change the formatting of the pull
It is even possible to consider R in the
quote text box.]
4 4

34

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