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INTI INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY


BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS) IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (BMEGI)
MEE 3221: FLUID MECHANICS 2
MEE4205 ADVANCED FLUID MECHANICS 2
FINAL EXAMINATION: JANUARY 2015 SESSION
This paper consists of TWO (2) sections. Answer THREE (3) questions in SECTION A and
any ONE (1) question in SECTION B. All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION A
Question 1:
a) In a steady, two-dimensional, the velocity components are given by u=a(x2 y2), and v=-2axy
where a is a constant.
i.

Determine that the flow field satisfies the incompressible continuity equation.
[5 marks]

ii.

Determine the stream function of the flow.


[5 marks]

iii.

Identify that the flow is irrotational, and hence find the velocity potential.
[5 marks]

b) Consider the two-dimensional incompressible velocity potential = xy + x2 y2.


i.

Identify is it true that 2 = 0, and, if so, explain what does this mean?
[5 marks]

ii.

Determine the stream function (x, y) of this flow.


[3 marks]

iii.

Identify the equation of the streamline which passes through (x, y) = (2, 1).
[2 marks]

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Question 2:
a) Nature has long been an inspiration for research in engineering. In particular, the biological
surfaces of aquatic swimmers have been studied extensively. The hydrodynamic benefit of
grooves embedded parallel to the flow, which appear on many aquatic biological surfaces,
have been well documented and implemented in practical engineering applications. Sharks are
covered with scales that are flexible at the base and capable of bristling, forming grooves
running transverse to the flow. Similarly, the skin of dolphins is embedded with grooves that
run perpendicular to the flow of water over their bodies. Dolphins have impressed humans
with their incredible swimming speeds and aquatic acrobatics. A dolphins skin is grooved in
the direction perpendicular to the flow over its body. These grooves are on average 0.04 cm in
width, and 0.01 cm in depth (see Figure Q2a). The presence of the embedded transverse
grooves on the skin of sharks and dolphins combined with the theory that such grooves may
have a positive aerodynamic benefit. Evaluate how such grooves may have a positive
aerodynamic benefit? Justify your answer based strictly upon your understanding of boundary
layer theory plus adverse and favorable pressure gradients.
[10 marks]

Figure Q2a. Diagram of groove orientation on a dolphins body and Image of dolphin skin.
(Simpson, R.L. 1997)

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b) A thin flat plate 55 cm by 110 cm is immersed in a 6-m/s stream of SAE 10 oil at 20C (see
Figure Q2b). For SAE 30 oil at 20C, take = 891 kg/m3 and = 0.29 kg/ms. Two direction
of the flow over flat plate will be considered.
i.
ii.
iii.

First compute the total friction drag force if the stream is parallel to the long side.
[5 marks]
Second compute the total friction drag force if the stream is parallel to the short side.
[5 marks]
Identify which one has lower total friction drag.
[5 marks]

Figure Q2b
Question 3:
a) To determine the viscosity of a liquid, you fill, to a depth of 12 cm, a large container which
drains through a 160-cm-long vertical tube attached to the bottom (see Figure Q3a). The tube
diameter is 2 mm, and the rate of draining is found to be 1.9 cm3/s. For liquid take =948
kg/m3, and g=9.81 m/s2. Minor losses are negligible.
i.

Identify what is your estimate of the fluid viscosity?


[10 marks]

ii.

Is the tube flow laminar?


[5 marks]

Figure Q3a

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b) Glycerin at 20C is to be pumped through a horizontal smooth pipe at 3.1 m3/s. It is desired
that (1) the flow be laminar and (2) the pressure drop be no more than 100 Pa/m. For glycerin
at 20C, take =1260 kg/m3 and =1.49 kg/ms. Minor losses are negligible. Determine what
is the minimum pipe diameter allowable?
[10 marks]
SECTION B
Question 4:
Air flows from a tank through a nozzle into the standard atmosphere, as in Figure Q4. A normal
shock stands in the exit of the nozzle, as shown. (1 standard atmosphere=101350Pa and R=287
J/kg K).
a) Identify the Mach number in the throat.
[5 marks]
b) Identify the pressure in the tank.
[10 marks]
c) Determine the mass flow.
[10 marks]

Figure Q4

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Question 5:
A large tank at 500 K and 165 kPa feeds air to a converging nozzle. The back pressure outside
the nozzle exit is sea-level standard. (1 standard atmosphere= 101350Pa, R=287 J/kg K and
k=1.4).
a) Identify whether the nozzle is choked or not.
[8 marks]
b) Identify the exit pressure.
[7 marks]
c) Determine what is the appropriate exit diameter if the desired mass flow is 72 kg/h?
[10 marks]

- THE END MEE 3221/ MEE 4205 / JANUARY 2015/ Dr. Mohammad Hossein Yazdi

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Appendices:
Pipe flow
Reynolds number in round pipe with diameter, d:

Re = Vd/= 4Q/(d)
The laminar head loss:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total system loss equation:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Recommended Roughness Values for Commercial Ducts

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The Moody chart for pipe friction with smooth and rough walls.

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Compressible flow

For isentropic flow of a perfect gas, k=1.4, (Table B1)

and

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Critical value when Ma=1, for k=1.4

Mass-Flow Functions:
The Local Mass-Flow Function

The maximum mass flow when k=1.4

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Normal Shock equations (Table B2)

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Boundary Layer and Potential Flow


The friction and pressure drag:

Average friction coefficient over the entire plate

Velocity potential:

Stream function for plane incompressible flow in x-y coordinates:

Navier-Stokes equations for steady two-dimensional incompressible viscous flow with the x
direction along the wall and y normal to the wall:

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