Howell
Solar
Wind
Geothermal
Biomass
Photosynthesis
Hydro
Photovoltaic
Chapter 1: Introduction
Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Chapter 1: Introduction
Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Chapter 1: Introduction
Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Chapter 1: Introduction
Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Simultaneous heat and mass transfer between the fuel and mainstream
flow
Conductive and convective heat transfer
Multi-component nature of real fuels
Effect of realistic pressure and temperature levels on latent heat and
diffusion coefficients
Non-homogenous flow patterns from complexities of combustion of solid
fuel
Chapter 1: Introduction
Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Fuel Cells
A fuel cell is an electrochemical energy device that converts the chemical energy in
the fuel directly into electrical energy.
It is becoming increasingly attractive alternatives to other conversion technologies,
from small-scale passive devices like batteries to large-scale thermodynamic cycle
engines.
Unlike conventional power devices, i.e., steam turbines, gas turbines and internal
combustion engines, which are based on certain thermal cycles, the maximum
efficiency of fuel cells is not limited by the Carnot cycle principle.
A fuel cell generally functions as follows:
1.
2.
3.
The desired output is the largest flow of electrons possible over the highest electric
potential.
Although other oxidants such as the halogens have been used where high efficiency
is critical, oxygen is the standard because of its availability in the atmosphere.
Fuel cells typically use hydrogen, carbon monoxide or hydrocarbon fuels (i.e.,
methane, methanol).
The hydrogen and carbon monoxide fuels may be the products of catalytically
processed hydrocarbons.
1.5 Modern Applications of Heat and Mass Transfer
Chapter 1: Introduction
Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Cathode
Load
Electrolyte
e-
Anode
Fuel
(e.g., H2,
Chapter 1: Introduction
Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Chapter 1: Introduction
Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Chapter 1: Introduction
Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Lightweight
Durable
High power density
Rapid adjustment to power demand
Can be fueled by either hydrogen or methanol
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Catalyst Layer
Bipolar Plate
Bipolar Plate
-
H2O
H2O
H+
H+
H2
O2
H2
O2
Figure 1.17 Basic construction of a typical PEM fuel cell stack (Faghri and Guo, 2005)
1.5 Modern Applications of Heat and Mass Transfer
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
The MEA
Key component of the PEMFC
Composed of a proton exchange membrane sandwiched
between two fuel cell electrodes
The anode where hydrogen is oxidized
The cathode where oxygen form air is reduced
A gas diffusion layer is formed from a porous material that
has
High electric conductivity
High gas permeability
High surface area
Good water management characteristics
One side of the bipolar plate is next to the cathode of a
cell
Other side of the plate is next to the anode of the
neighboring cell
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
This falls into the range of minichannels hydraulic diameters from 0.2
to 3 mm
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Heat and mass transfer in single cell, tissue, and organs has been
investigated because their structure must allow rapid exchange of
molecules between blood and tissues (Truskey et al., 2003).
Although transport process occurs in all organs, the effect is very
significant in some organs such as cardiovascular and respiratory
system, the gastrointestinal tract, the liver and kidneys.
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
1.5.3 Security
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
1.5.3 Security
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
1.5.3 Security
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
1.5.3 Security
u = 1 m/s
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
1.5.3 Security
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
1.5.3 Security
In order to consider fire as a design load, it is imperative to develop sciencebased set of verified tools to evaluate the performance of the entire
structure under realistic fire conditions.
For example, the World Trade Center (WTC) towers could have sustained the
impact of the planes during the attack in September 11, 2001, but the resulting
fires caused structure failure and a total collapse (Usmani et al., 2003).
Since the building materials are not intended to use as fuel, the data to
characterize the fuel and the fire environment are not available (Baum, 2000);
this makes development of reliable simulation tool more challenge.
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Heat pipes
Micro heat pipes
Miniature tubes
Heat sinks
Heat spreaders
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Heat Pipes
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
The wick heat pipe can operate in any orientation because it uses a wick to
distribute the liquid.
The principle of wick heat pipe operation:
Heat is applied to the evaporator section and is conducted through the wick
and liquid.
Liquid evaporates at its interface with vapor as it absorbs the applied heat.
In the condenser section, the vapor releases heat to its cooler interface with
liquid as it condenses.
In the wick, the menisci are increasingly pronounced approaching the
evaporator end due to the growing pressure drop required to draw the liquid
through the increasing length of wick.
There are additional contributions to pressure drop, such as friction of the
vapor flow and adverse orientation against gravity or other acceleration
sources.
Subsequently, the vapor pressure drops as it flows from the evaporator to the
condenser.
The friction of the liquid flow through the wick causes the liquid pressure to
drop from the condenser to the evaporator.
If the heat pipe is to function, all pressure drop sources need to be balanced by
the capillary pressure differential provided at the menisci in the capillary wick.
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
1.5.5 Nanotechnology
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
1.5.5 Nanotechnology
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
1.5.5 Nanotechnology
Figure 1.21 Ultrafast laser surface melting of a metallic material (Wang and
Prasad, 2000; Reprinted with permission from Elsevier).
1.5 Modern Applications of Heat and Mass Transfer
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
1.5.5 Nanotechnology
Material removal can be achieved by liquidvapor phase change by using an ultrafast laser
at intensity higher than that discussed above.
Normal evaporation
Normal boiling
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
1.5.5 Nanotechnology
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
1.5.5 Nanotechnology
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
1.5.5 Nanotechnology
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
1.5.5 Nanotechnology
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Advanced Heat and Mass Transfer by Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, and John R. Howell
1.5.5 Nanotechnology
Chapter 1: Introduction
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